Gom Bien Hoa toan van

Gom Bien Hoa toan van

1 Pages 1-10

▲back to top

1.1 Page 1

▲back to top

1.2 Page 2

▲back to top

1.3 Page 3

▲back to top

1.4 Page 4

▲back to top

1.5 Page 5

▲back to top
7KӵFKLӋQ

1.6 Page 6

▲back to top
/ʓ,1*ʅ
1 JKӅJӕP[XҩWKLӋQNKiVӟPWUrQYQJÿҩW%LrQ+zD[ѭD±
ĈӗQJ1DLQD\\1KӳQJSKiWKLӋQNKҧRFәFiFFXӝFNKDLTXұWWUrQ
ÿӏDEjQĈӗQJ1DLÿmWKXWKұSQKLӅXKLӋQYұWYӅJӕP+LӋQYұWYӅ
JӕPWLӅQVӱVѫVӱӣĈӗQJ1DLÿDGҥQJYӅFKӫQJORҥLSKRQJFiFK
QLrQÿҥL«ÿѭӧFOѭXJLӳӣQKLӅXQѫLÿһFELӋWӣ%ҧRWjQJĈӗQJ1DL
7URQJTXiWUuQKWөFѭYӅVDXFiFOӟSGLGkQWӯFiFQѫLNKiFÿӃQ
VLQKVӕQJWLӃSWөFSKiWWULӇQQJKӅWKӫF{QJQj\\WUѭӟFKӃWYӟLWѭ
FiFKFӫDPӝWKRҥWÿӝQJNLQKWӃÿmJySSKҫQOjPSKRQJSK~VLQK
NӃFӫDFӝQJÿӗQJ7URQJOӏFKVӱSKiWWULӇQFӫDQJKӅJӕPPӝWGҩX
ҩQÿһFELӋWNӇWӯNKL7UѭӡQJ'ҥ\\QJKӅ%LrQ+zDÿѭӧFWKjQKOұS
YjRÿҫXWKӃNӹ;;7ӯKRҥWÿӝQJWKӫF{QJÿѭӧFWUX\\ӅQQJKӅWKHR
WUX\\ӅQWKӕQJJLDÿuQKQJKӅJӕPÿѭӧFÿѭDYjRJLҧQJGҥ\\YjÿjR
WҥREjLEҧQ7UҧLTXDQKӳQJWKăQJWUҫPJӕPPӻQJKӋ%LrQ+zDWUӣ
WKjQKWKѭѫQJKLӋXÿӝFÿiRYѭӧWUDNKӓLSKҥPYLFӫDTXӕFJLD
WKDPJLDFiFFXӝFWULӇQOmPNKXYӵFYjTXӕFWӃ+LӋQQD\\QJKӅ
JӕPӣ%LrQ+zDYүQÿDQJSKiWWULӇQWURQJEӕLFҧQK[mKӝLFyQKLӅX
WiFÿӝQJҧQKKѭӣQJ
1ăPQKyPWiFJLҧ1JX\\ӉQ9ăQ7K{QJ1JX\\ӉQ<rQ
7UL3KDQĈuQK'NJQJELrQVRҥQF{QJWUuQK*ͩP%LrQ+zDÿѭӧF
1Kj[XҩWEҧQĈӗQJ1DLҩQKjQK&{QJWUuQKFXQJFҩSQJXӗQWѭ
OLӋXOLrQTXDQÿӃQJӕP%LrQ+zD±ĈӗQJ1DLWӯWKӡLWLӅQVӱVѫVӱ
FiFOjQJJӕP[ѭDYjQJ{LWUѭӡQJÿHPOҥLGҩXҩQÿһFELӋWFKRQJKӅ
JӕPFӫD%LrQ+zDĈӗQJWKӡLF{QJWUuQKJLӟLWKLӋXQKӳQJQJKӋ
QKkQJҳQEyÿyQJJySQKLӅXF{QJVӭFWURQJSKiWWULӇQQJKӅJӕP
YjNӻWKXұWTX\\WUuQKFKӃWiFJӕP%LrQ+zD0ӝWVӕOѭӧQJOӟQKuQK
ҧQKYӅQJKӅJӕPÿѭӧFFiFWiFJLҧJLӟLWKLӋXSKҧQiQKQKLӅXFKLӅX
YӅQJKӅYjVҧQSKҭPWKӫF{QJJӕP%LrQ+zD

1.7 Page 7

▲back to top
7UrQFѫVӣFӫDEҧQWKҧR*ͩP%LrQ+zDFK~QJW{LWKӵFKLӋQWiLEҧQ
ÿӇSKөFYөFKRYLӋFWuPKLӇXQJKLrQFӭXYӅQJKӅWKӫF{QJYjVҧQSKҭP
JӕP%LrQ+zD/ҫQWiLEҧQF{QJWUuQKQj\\FK~QJW{LEj\\WӓOzQJWULkQÿӃQ
KDLWiFJLҧÿmTXDÿӡLWKҫ\\1JX\\ӉQ9ăQ7K{QJWKҫ\\1JX\\ӉQ<rQ7UL+DL
WKҫ\\ÿmGj\\F{QJWkPKX\\ӃWWURQJOҫQELrQVRҥQQӝLGXQJEҧQWKҧROҫQWKӭ
QKҩWYjKLӋQQD\\ÿmKzDWXәLÿӡLFӫDPuQKWURQJ³KRDÿҩW[ӭJӕP´%LrQ
+zD1KyPWiFJLҧWKӵFKLӋQWiLEҧQ3KDQĈuQK'NJQJ7UѭѫQJ9ăQ7XҩQ
NKҧRViWELrQWұSÿLӅXFKӍQKEәVXQJQJXӗQWѭOLӋXQKӳQJOLrQTXDQYӅ
JӕP%LrQ+zD7URQJNKҧQăQJWLӃSFұQWjLOLӋXYjNKҧRViWQKyPWiFJLҧ
WKDPNKҧRWUtFKGүQVӱGөQJWjLOLӋXKuQKҧQKYӅJӕP%LrQ+zDĈӗQJ
1DLFӫDFiFWiFJLҧWӯQKӳQJEjLEiRWKDPOXұQNӹ\\ӃXViFKOXұQYăQ
OXұQiQ«ÿmF{QJEӕWUrQSKѭѫQJWLӋQWUX\\ӅQWK{QJ4XDÿk\\FK~QJW{L
Ej\\WӓOzQJELӃWѫQÿӃQTXêWiFJLҧYj[LQSKpSVӱGөQJWѭOLӋXWKHRTX\\
ÿӏQKNKRDKӑF;LQEj\\WӓOzQJELӃWѫQÿӃQTXêFiQKkQFXQJFҩSQJXӗQWѭ
OLӋXWURQJTXiWUuQKFK~QJW{LWKӵFKLӋQF{QJYLӋFQj\\QJKӋQKkQQJѭӡL
WKӧFKӫGRDQKQJKLӋSQKjQJKLrQFӭXJLҧQJGҥ\\OLrQTXDQÿӃQQJKӅ
JӕP%LrQ+zD
6iFK*ͩP%LrQ+zDWiLEҧQYӟLFҩXWU~FÿLӅXFKӍQKELrQWұSYjEә
VXQJWѭOLӋXKuQKҧQKSKRQJSK~KѫQ1KyPWiFJLҧ[LQWUkQWUӑQJJKLWrQ
KDLWiFJLҧTXDÿӡLWURQJNKXQJYӟLOzQJWKjQKNtQKWULkQYjEәVXQJWKjQK
YLrQWKDPJLDF{QJWiFҧQKVRYӟLOҫQ[XҩWEҧQWUѭӟFVDXWKӡLJLDQNKiGjL
+\\YӑQJF{QJWUuQKQj\\VӁÿHPOҥLQKӳQJQJXӗQWѭOLӋXEә
tFKWKLӃWWKӵFGFKѭDÿҫ\\ÿӫWRjQGLӋQYӅQJKӅWKӫF{QJYjVҧQSKҭP
JӕP%LrQ+zDĈӗQJ1DLYӟLPRQJPXӕQJySSKҫQQKӓWURQJQJKLrQFӭX
YӅOӏFKVӱYăQKyDYQJÿҩWQj\\4XiWUuQKWKӵFKLӋQQKyPWiFJLҧÿmFӕ
JҳQJQӛOӵFVRQJFKҳFFKҳQNK{QJWKӇWUiQKNKӓLQKӳQJWKLӃXVyWKҥQ
FKӃ5ҩWPRQJQKұQÿѭӧFQKӳQJêNLӃQÿyQJJySPDQJWtQK[k\\GӵQJÿӇ
QKyPWiFJLҧWLӃSWKXYjNKLFyÿLӅXNLӋQVӁEәNKX\\ӃWVDXQj\\
7UkQWUӑQJ

1.8 Page 8

▲back to top

1.9 Page 9

▲back to top

1.10 Page 10

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
ĉʂDEjQWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLQJD\\QD\\OjPʐWSKɞQFʞDYQJĀɜW7UɜQ%LrQ%LrQ+zD[ɃD6ʨNKʖLĀɞXFKR
YQJĀɜWQj\\ĀɃʚFQKɦFĀɶQWURQJVʨNLɾQOʂFKVʤTXDQWUʄQJYjRQĄPNKL&KɃʖQJFɁ/ɼ7KjQKKɞX
1JX\\ɼQ+ʦX&ɚQKYkQJWKHROɾQKFʞDFK~D1JX\\ɼQ3K~F&KXWKLɶWOɤSEʐPi\\KjQKFKtQKWUrQYQJĀɜW
SKɃɁQJ1DP´¬{QJOɜ\\ĀɜW1{QJ1ɘLĀɮWOjPSKʞ*LDĉʂQKOɤSĀɜWĉʊQJ1DLOjPKX\\ɾQ3KɃʒF/RQJ
GʨQJGLQK7UɜQ%LrQOɤS[ʠ6jL&{QOjPKX\\ɾQ7kQ%uQKOɤSGLQK3KLrQ7UɜQ¬µ 7UɚLTXDQKʦQJELɶQĀʐQJ
WKD\\ĀʌLWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\WKXʐFNKXYʨFPLɸQĉ{QJ1DP%ʐFʞD9LɾW1DPĉʊQJ1DL%j5ʂD
9ŹQJ7jX%uQK'ɃɁQJ%uQK3KɃʒF7k\\1LQKYj7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKĉʊQJ1DLFyGLɾQWtFK
NP࢖FKLɶPWʬOɾGLɾQWtFKWʨQKLrQFɚQɃʒFYQJĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ7ʄDĀʐĀʂDOëĉʊQJ1DLWʢ
࢙ ĀɶQ࢙ YŜĀʐ%ɦFYjWʢ࢙ ĀɶQ࢙ NLQKĀʐĉ{QJĉʊQJ1DLJLiSWʀQK%uQK
7KXɤQSKtDĉ{QJWʀQK/kPĉʊQJSKtDĉ{QJ%ɦFWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJ%uQK3KɃʒFSKtD7k\\%ɦFWʀQK%j
5ʂD9ŹQJ7jXSKtD1DP7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKSKtD7k\\
7ʢFXʈLWKɶNʬ;,;ĀɶQQD\\FiFQKjQJKLrQFʠXWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒFĀmSKiWKLɾQĀɃʚFQKʦQJGLYɤW
OLrQTXDQĀɶQFʐQJĀʊQJFɃGkQĉʊQJ1DLWKʔLNƓWLɸQVʤF{QJFʜODRĀʐQJĀʊGQJVLQKKRɘWWUDQJVʠF
ĀʊWKʔQKɘFFʜĀDGɘQJSKRQJSK~YjQKʦQJFɜXWU~FĀʂDWɞQJYĄQKRiWURQJFiFGLFKʀFɃWU~F{QJ
[ɃʖQJPʐWiQJ¬3KʠFKɾYĄQKyDNKɚRFʌĉʊQJ1DLKD\\9ĄQKyDĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚFĀʂQKGDQKĀʈLYʒLWUXQJ
WkPYĄQPLQKSKiWWULɺQWUrQYQJĀɜWĉʊQJ1DL1DP%ʐWUɃʒFNKLKuQKWKjQKFiFTXʈFJLDVɁNKDL&iF
GLFKʀNKɚRFʈYɸWKʔLNƓWLɸQVʤVɁVʤĉʊQJ1DLSKkQEʈʖFiFGɘQJĀʂDKuQKĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDĉʊQJ1DLWʢ
YQJUʢQJQ~LWLɶSJLiSFDRQJX\\rQĀɶQYQJĀʠWJm\\SKXQWUjRĀɜWĀʆED]DQYjYQJSKVDFiFEʊQ
WUŹQJYQJQJɤSQɃʒFJɞQV{QJELɺQ7URQJVʈGLYɤWGLFKʀĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQNKDLTXɤWFyVʈOɃʚQJKLɾQ
YɤWEjQJJʈPFKLɶPWʬOɾFDRErQFɘQKĀʊĀiĀʊĀʊQJĀʊVɦWYjĀʊJʎWKʞ\\WLQK
'LYɤWJʈPWLɸQVʤWURQJGLFKʀNKɚRFʌ
1KʦQJGLFKʀNKɚRFʌʖĉʊQJ1DLWKʔLWLɸQVʤĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQNKDLTXɤWĀmWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFQKLɸX
KLɾQYɤWNKiĀDGɘQJYɸORɘLKuQKFKɜWOLɾXFKɶWiF9ɸFKɜWOLɾXĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDFiFGLFKʀOjKLɾQYɤWEɨQJ
ĀiJʈPĀʊQJVɦWJʎWKʞ\\WLQK¬WURQJĀyKLɾQYɤWJʈPFKLɶPVʈOɃʚQJQKLɸXKɞXKɶWEʂYʘGRQKLɸX
\\ɶXWʈWiFĀʐQJ
7UӏQK+RjLĈӭF*LDĈͣQKWKjQKWK{QJFKt/ê9LӋW'NJQJGӏFK+XǤQK9ăQ7ӟLKLӋXÿtQK1[E7әQJKӧSĈӗQJ1DLWU

2 Pages 11-20

▲back to top

2.1 Page 11

▲back to top
'LFKʀ&ɞX6ɦW[m%uQK/ʐFWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQK
ĉʂDĀLɺPFɃWU~FʞDFɃGkQQ{QJQJKLɾSVʒPYjQɁLFKɶWiFĀʊĀiYjĀʊJʈPĉʚWNKDLTXɤWWKiQJ
ĀʊJʈPWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFKɞXKɶWEʂYʘJʊPWLrXEɚQWURQJĀyPɚQKPLɾQJ
PɚQKĀi\\ĀɶYjPɚQKWKkQFyPɚQKFyKRDYĄQPɚQKWUɁQĉʚWNKDLTXɤWYjRQĄP
WKXWKɤSKLɾQYɤWSKɞQOʒQOjQKʦQJPɚQKYʘWʢFiFYɤWGʜQJ1JX\\rQOLɾXFKɶWiFWʢĀɜWVpW
SKDVʆLYʒLWʬOɾtW*ʈPFKɶWiFEɨQJWD\\EjQ[RD\\KRDYĄQWUDQJWUtEɨQJEjQGɤSOĄQWKʢQJYjNKɦF
YɘFKOʒSiRJʈPPʂQPjXVɦFNKiFYʒL[ɃɁQJJʈP&yFiFORɘLJʈPJʈPWUɦQJJʈPĀʆPʂQJʈPĀHQ
WK{JʈPĀʆWK{YjJʈPĀHQPʂQ0ʐWVʈFKɤXYjQʊLFyNtFKWKɃʒFOʒQPLɾQJORHĀi\\WUzQEiWPLɾQJ
ORHĀɶJKpSWKɜSĀɤXEiWFyFKkQFDRSKɞQWUrQKuQKĀŜDFKkQĀɶFKRmLFDRJʈPWUzQPʐWVʈPɚQK
JʈPPjLWUzQGLOʎʖJLʦD1LrQĀɘLFiFKQJj\\QD\\QĄP
'LFKʀ6XʈL/LQK[m7Uʂ$QKX\\ɾQ9ŜQK&ʤX
.KXYʨFĀɃʚF[iFĀʂQKOjFɃWU~YjF{QJ[ɃʖQJVɚQ[XɜWĀʊJʈPĀɃʚFNKDLTXɤWOɞQQĄP
YjĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPWKXĀɃʚFPɚQKJʈPYʘFKLɶFEjQ[RDPɚQKJʈP
WUzQWKʆLJʈPKuQKWUʜĉʊJʈPWKXWKɤSWURQJĀʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPFyVʈVʈOɃʚQJOʒQYʒL
PɚQKEjQ[RDELJʈPFʈFEDĀHRPɚQKJKqWUzQFKX{LĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPFyVʈĀʊ
JʈPJʊPPɚQKYʘEjQ[RD*ʈPWɘLGLFKʀFyEDORɘLFKtQKJʈPWK{SKDQKLɸXFiWEmWKʨFYɤWYj
YʆQKX\\ɼQWKɺQJKLɸQYʜQiRJʈPPjXQkXĀʆQkXVɢP[ɃɁQJJʈPPjXQkXQKɘWĀʐQXQJWKɜSJʈP
PʂQSKDFiWPʂQPjX[iPQkX[iPYjQJĀʐQXQJFDRJʈP[ʈSSKDEmWKʨFYɤWĀʐQXQJWKɜS6ɚQ
SKɠPOjQKʦQJYɤWGʜQJGɘQJQʊLYzFyPLɾQJORHK{QJYjĀi\\WUzQPʐWVʈtWPLɾQJNKXPFyĀɶGɃʒL
+RDYĄQFKʞ\\ɶXOjYĄQFKɚLFzQOɘLOjYĄQWKʢQJLQĀɦSQʌLNKɦFYɘFKWɘRĀɃʔQJVRQJVRQJOɃʚQVyQJ
KRɘWLɶWWDPJLiFUĄQJFɃD[HQNɴĀʈL[ʠQJQʤDYzQJWUzQKjQJFKɜPQKʆĉɮFELɾWWɘLGLFKʀWKXWKɤS
KLɾQYɤWEjQ[RDJʈPQKLɸXQKɜWVRYʒLFiFGLFKʀĀmSKiWKLɾQʖĉʊQJ1DLYjFyFKLɶFEDJʈPKuQKUĄQJ
ĀʐQJYɤW6ʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDFɃGkQWɘLNKXYʨFQj\\FyWtQKOLrQWʜF1LrQĀɘLFiFKQJj\\QD\\NKRɚQJ
QĄPNKDLTXɤWQĄPNKDLTXɤWQĄPQĄPNKDLTXɤW
'LFKʀ+ɃQJ7KʂQK[m+ɃQJ7KʂQKKX\\ɾQ7UɚQJ%RP
ĉʂDĀLɺPĀɃʚFQJɃʔLGkQSKiWKLɾQYjFiFQKjNKɚRFʌĀjRWKiPViWĉʊJʈPSKiWKLɾQFyKDLORɘL
NKiFQKDXYɸFKɜWOLɾX/RɘLEɨQJVpWPʂQ[ɃɁQJPʆQJĀɸXQKɬQPjXQkXĀʆQkXKʊQJYjPLɾQJORH
NKXPKRɮF[LrQFKkQĀɶWKɜSGɘQJKuQKWUʜKRDYĄQWKʢQJLQGɤS/RɘLEɨQJVpWPʂQSKDQKLɸXKɘWĀi
QKʆPjXWUɦQJ[iPiRJʈPPjXQkXQKɘWQkXĀʆPLɾQJORHNKXPKuQKOzQJPiQJORHNKXPYj[LrQĀɶ
WKɜSKɁLFKRmLGiQJWUzQ1LrQĀɘLĀɃʚFĀRiQĀʂQKWKXʐFWKʔLNƓNLPNKtYjRNKRɚQJQĄP
FiFKQJj\\QD\\

2.2 Page 12

▲back to top
'LFKʀ3KɃʒF7kQSKɃʔQJ3KɃʒF7kQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
.KXYʨFSKiWKLɾQQKLɸXGLYɤWĀiJʈPSKkQEʈWUrQQJʄQĀʊLWKɜSKʦXQJɘQV{QJ/i%X{QJ4XD
SKiWKLɾQYjĀLɸXWUDWKiPViWWʢWKɤSQLrQĀɶQWKɶNʬ;;WɘLĀk\\FyPɚQKJʈPYjELJʈPWʬ
OɾWKɜSVRYʒLKLɾQYɤWĀi*ʈPFyFiFORɘLVDXJʈPPjXĀʆWKXɞQĀʆQkXKRɮFĀHQ[ɃɁQJPjX
QkXĀHQWUʐQYʒLPʐWVʈSKʜOLɾXVʆLODWHULWWKɘFKDQKFiWPʂQNKRiQJFKɜWNKiF¬YjJʈP[iPYjQJ
3KɞQOʒQKRDYĄQFKʞ\\ɶXOjYĄQLQĀɃʔQJVRQJVRQJYjFɦWFKpRQKDXPʐWVʈKRDYĄQNKɦFYɘFKWɘR
QKʦQJĀɃʔQJJm\\NK~FKuQKWDPJLiFĀɃʔQJFKɜPGɚLYĄQWKʢQJYjUĄQJVyL[XɜWKLɾQQKɃQJUɜWKLɶP
ĉʊJʈPOjQKʦQJYɤWGʜQJQʊLĀi\\WUzQEiWEʊQJFʈFFyĀɶORHEiWW{¬1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJ
QĄPFiFKQJj\\QD\\
&ʜPGLFKʀ+jQJ*zQWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQKKX\\ɾQ&ɠP0ʮ
7rQJʄLFKXQJFKRFiFĀʂDĀLɺPNKɚRFʌSKiWKLɾQWUrQĀʂDEjQWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQKYjKX\\ɾQ
&ɠP0ʮĉʂDĀLɺP+jQJ*zQ1~L*ʈPĀʊLĀɜWĀʆED]DQJLʦDVXʈL5kPYjVXʈL6kXFyQKLɸXPɚQK
JʈPFʞDORɘLGɘQJQʊLEiWW{ĀŜDPʐWVʈEiWW{FyĀɶFyGɜXNKRDQWKʞQJʖĀi\\JɞQPLɾQJ&yKDLORɘL
[ɃɁQJJʈPPjXĀHQĀɜWVpWWUʐQYʒLEmWKʨFYɤWPjXWUɦQJĀɜWVpWWUʐQFiWWKɘFKDQKVɘQVɦW+ɞX
KɶWJʈPPʂQiRJʈPPjXQkXĀʆĀʐQXQJFDRĉʂDĀLɺP+jQJ*zQQKLɸXPɚQKWKkQJʈPPʆQJWʢ
FiFORɘLQʊLYzYjELJʈP0ʐWVʈPɚQKGɘQJPLɾQJFʈFEiWFKkQFDRĀi\\EɨQJYjQɦSĀɤ\\FyQ~P
;ɃɁQJJʈPPjXĀHQiRPjXQkXYjQJKʊQJYjQkXĀʆĀʐQXQJNpP+ʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtOjQKʦQJĀɃʔQJ
VRQJVRQJFKpRQKDXĀɃʚFLQKRɮFGɤSĉʂDĀLɺP+jQJ*zQSKtDEɦFFKkQQ~L&ɠP7LrPFyQKʦQJ
WLrXEɚQJʈPPʆQJ[ɃɁQJĀHQ[iPĀʆYjQJOjPWʢVpWSKDWKɘFKDQK1KLɸXPɚQKJʈPFyKRDYĄQ
UĄQJOɃʚFKRɮFĀDQĉʂDĀLɺP+jQJ*zQFiFKFKkQQ~L&ɠP7LrPNPYɸSKtDEɦFFyQKLɸXPɚQK
JʈPPjX*ʈPPjXYjQJĀʆ[ɃɁQJ[iPSKDQKLɸXFiWWʢGɘQJQʊLYzFyPLɾQJYʒLĀɃʔQJJʔĀɤ\\QɦS
*ʈPPjXĀHQSKDWKɘFKDQKĀʐQXQJFDRFKʞ\\ɶXOjFiFĀʊĀʨQJQKʆWUDQJWUtYĄQWKʢQJYĄQĀDQYj
GɜXLQYɚL*ʈP[ɃɁQJPjX[iPSKDFiWPʂQGiQJQʊLQKʆKD\\OʄFyPLɾQJ[LrQĀʐQXQJFDRĉʊJʈPWɘL
Āk\\ĀɃʚFFKɶWiFEɨQJEjQ[RD\\1LrQĀɘLFiFKQJj\\QD\\NKRɚQJQĄP
'LFKʀ&iL9ɘQ[m/RQJ7KʄKX\\ɾQ1KɁQ7UɘFK
'LFKʀĀɃʚFĀjRWKiPViWQĄPNKDLTXɤWOɞQWKʠQKɜWQĄPYjOɞQWKʠQĄPĉʚW
NKDLTXɤWQĄPFyKɁQPɚQKJʈPOjPWʢĀɜWVpWSKDFiWKɘWWKɘFKDQKYjEmWKʨFYɤW&yKDL
QKyPJʈPJʈPPʂQ[ɃɁQJPjX[iPĀHQ [iPKʊQJOʒSiRPʂQPjX[iPĀHQ[iPYjQJJʈP[ʈS
FKLɶPWʬOɾtWPɚQKWKɃʔQJGj\\WK{[ɃɁQJJʈPPjXĀHQQKLɸXEmWKʨFYɤWĉDVʈFiFPɚQKPLɾQJJʈP
OjNLɺXEuQKFyPLɾQJORHQKLɸXNLɺX&KkQĀɶFyORɘLĀɶWKɜSĀɶKuQKFKySYjĀɶKuQKWUʜFDRKɁLFKRmL
.KRɚQJPɚQKJʈPFyKRDYĄQĀɃʚFWɘREɨQJFiFKFKɚLGɤSWKʢQJFKɜPGɚLYjNKɦFYɘFKQKʦQJ

2.3 Page 13

▲back to top
KuQKWDPJLiFQʈLQKDXKuQKVyQJ3KɞQOʒQFiFPɚQKJʈPEʂYʘWʢQKʦQJORɘLĀʊGQJYjPʐWVʈ
PɚQKFKkQNLɸQJELJʈPĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFWUrQKLɾQYɤWJʊPGʄL[HFKʀEL
JʈPQ~PYjEjQ[RDJʈPQ~PQKʄQYʒLPɮWFɦWQJDQJKuQKWUzQEjQ[RDFyFKX{LFɞPJɞQWKɪQJ
KRɮFFRQJPɮWSKɪQJKRɮFKɁLOɃʚQFRQJPɚQKFjUjQJPɚQKWUzQĀɃʚFJKqKRɮFPjLWUzQYj
PɚQKJʈPYʘ&KɜWOLɾXJʈPEɨQJĀɜWVpWSKVDV{QJSKDQKLɸXFiWEmWKʨFYɤWYjEʐWYʆQKX\\ɼQ
WKɺ&yKDLQKyPJʈPJʈPFʠQJFKLɶPWʀOɾFDRYjJʈP[ʈS+RDYĄQJʈPNKiSKRQJSK~QKɃYĄQFKɚL
YĄQFKɚLWK{YjPʂQWKɃʔQJGQJTXHFyUmQKWɘRWKjQKYĄQWKʢQJWKɃʔQJNɶWKʚSYʒLYĄQFKɚLYĄQ
NKɦFYɘFKYjLQɜQWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFWɘRYʒLFiFNʮWKXɤWFKɚLĀɤSPLɶW1KʦQJP{WtSKRDYĄQQKɃKuQKPŹL
JLiRUĄQJVyLĀɃʔQJVyQJQɃʒFĀɃʔQJYɘFKFKuPVRQJVRQJ0ʐWVʈOɃʚQJOʒQWLrXEɚQJʈPĀɃʚFEDR
SKʞQKLɸXPjXFyWtQKFKɜWWUDQJWUt1LrQĀɘLGLFKʀ&iL9ɘQĀɃʚF[iFĀʂQKFiFKQJj\\QD\\”QĄP
'LFKʀ5ɘFK/i[m3KɃʒF$QKX\\ɾQ1KɁQ7UɘFK
'LFKʀĀɃʚFNKDLTXɤWQĄP&QJYʒLKLɾQYɤWĀiJʎĀʊJʈPWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFELJʈPPɚQK
FjUjQJYjPɚQKJʈPYʘ&iFPɚQKJʈPYʘJʊPQKLɸXORɘLWLrXEɚQJʈPPLɾQJORHPpSYrWUzQ
KRɮFFyJʔPiLPLɾQJĀʠQJPɚQKFKkQĀɶFDRYjFKkQWKɜSĀi\\EɨQJPɚQKWKkQNtFKWKɃʒF
QKʆGREʂSKkQUm3KɞQOʒQFiFKLɾQYɤWOjJʈPWK{FKɜWOLɾXVpWSKDQKLɸXFiWPʐWVʈPɚQKSKDEmWKʨF
YɤWiRJʈPPjXQkX[iPQKɘW*ʈPĀɃʚFQXQJʖQKLɾWĀʐFDR[ɃɁQJJʈPFʠQJ+RDYĄQWUrQFiF
PɚQKJʈPFKLɶPWʀOɾWKɜSFKʞ\\ɶXOjYĄQWKʢQJNKɦFYɘFKFKɜPGɚLYʒLKʄDWLɶWJʊPĀɃʔQJVRQJVRQJ
JɜSNK~FFKʦFKLĀɃʔQJFRQJOɃʚQVyQJKuQKWDPJLiF1LrQĀɘLFiFKQJj\\QD\\NKRɚQJQĄP
'LFKʀ%uQKĉDSKɃʔQJ$Q%uQKWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+Rj
ĉʂDĀLɺPQj\\ĀɃʚFFiFQKjNKRDKʄF3KiSSKiWKLɾQNKiVʒPWʢFXʈLWKɶNʬ;,;ĀɃʚFNKDLTXɤW
ĀʚWOɞQWKʠQKɜWYjRQĄPSKiWKLɾQWKDQKĀRɘQĀjQĀiOɞQWKʠKDLYjRQĄP+jQJFKʜF
QJjQPɚQKJʈPĀɃʚFWKXWKɤSYj[ʤOëĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPWKXWKɤSKɁQPɚQK+LɾQYɤW
JʈPĀɃʚFQJKLrQFʠXSKkQOjPORɘLWKHRPjXVɦFFKɜWOLɾXJʈPĀʆYjĀʆQKɘWJʈP[iPJʈPĀHQ
YjJʈPWK{6ʈOɃʚQJJʈPFyWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQFKLɶPWʀOɾFDR+RDYĄQĀɃʚFWɘREɨQJFiFKGɤSKuQKQDQ
FKLɶXFKɚLYɘFKYjPLɶWOiQJ0ʐWVʈKʄDWLɶWĀɃʔQJWKɪQJVRQJVRQJOɃʚQKuQKVyQJQʤDĀɃʔQJWUzQ
TXD\\SKtDWURQJFyQKʦQJKuQKQʤDĀɃʔQJWUzQQKʆKɁQĀʊQJWkPTXD\\FQJPʐWKɃʒQJKuQKUĄQJVyL
YjKuQKFKʦQKɤW&iFPɚQKJʈPYʘWʢFiFYɤWGʜQJEiWEʊQJFyFKkQĀɶFDRKuQKʈQJKRɮFFKRmLUD
QKLɸXNLɺXQʊLYzFyĀi\\WUzQĀi\\O}PYjĀi\\EɨQJĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFĀʊĀɜW
QXQJYjPɚQKJʈPYʘĉʊJʈPFzQQKɤQGɘQJĀɃʚFJʊPFKLɶFEuQKGɘQJFRQWLɾQFKɶWɘREɨQJ
EjQ[RD\\[ɃɁQJPjXQkXYʆSKʞPjXQkXJɘFKKŹĀi\\EɨQJĀɜWVpWSKDFiWWK{[ɃɁQJFʠQJiRPjX
QkXVjQKPLɾQJORHYjQKFKLɶFĀŜDEɨQJVpWSKDQKLɸXEmWKʨFYɤWYʆQKX\\ɼQWKɺQJKLɸQQiWYjFiW

2.4 Page 14

▲back to top
WK{[ɃɁQJJʈPGj\\YɤWJʈPKuQKWUʜFzQJʄLOjJʈPVʢQJEzEɨQJVpWSKDFiWPʂQ[ɃɁQJFʠQJĀɞX
WUʜWKRQWUzQQKʄQYLrQELJʈPPɚQKJʈPWUzQWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQWKʢQJFKɚLPʂQQʊLQɜX
ĀʊQJGɘQJWUzQNLɺXFKX{LPXʎQJWKjQKJʈPGj\\&yPɚQKJʈPYʘPLɾQJEuQKPɚQK
QɦSĀɤ\\PɚQKĀi\\ĀɶYjPɚQKWKkQ7URQJVʈFiFPɚQKWKkQFyWLrXEɚQFyJʔWLrX
EɚQWUɁQYjWLrXEɚQFyKRDYĄQ*ʈP%uQKĉDĀɃʚFFKɶWɘREɨQJWD\\FKLɶPWʀOɾWKɜSYjEjQ[RD\\ʖ
WUuQK Āʐ NKi WLɶQ Eʐ ĉɜW VpW ĀɃʚF OʄF Fy SKD FiW PʂQEʐW Yʆ QKX\\ɼQ WKɺ Em WKʨF YɤWPʐW tW EʐW Āi
WUɦQJ[iP1KʦQJKLɾQYɤWJʈP%uQKĉDFKRWKɜ\\FɃGkQFʌĀmVʤGʜQJQKʦQJWKDRWiFNʮWKXɤWQɮQYXʈW
PLɶWOiQJEɨQJWD\\EjQĀɤSKzQNrGɚLFXʐQJɦQNɶWFKkQĀɶKD\\JʔQʌLĀɺWɘRKuQKW\\WKHRFKʠFQĄQJ
FʞDĀʊGQJ+ʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈPĀDGɘQJYĄQFKɚLYĄQWKʢQJYĄQNKɦFYĄQLQUĄQJFɃDNKX{Q
QKɘFĀɃʔQJFXQJVyQJQɃʒFKuQKWDPJLiFKuQKEɞXGʜFĀɃʔQJFɦWFKpR1LrQĀɘL”QĄPFiFK
QJj\\QD\\
'LFKʀ*z0HSKɃʔQJ7KʈQJ1KɜWWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
1KLɸXKLɾQYɤWJʈPĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQWUrQEɸPɮWFʞDNKXYʨFNKiUʐQJJɞQKDĉɞXWKɞSQLrQ
WKɶNʬ;;FiFQKjNKRDKʄFĀmĀLɸXWUDWKiPViW+LɾQYɤWJʈPWKXĀɃʚFKjQJWUĄPPɚQKWURQJEɸPɮW
YjFiFĀʂDWɞQJYĄQKRi&yEDORɘLJʈPJʈPWUɦQJFKLɶPVʈOɃʚQJtWJʈPĀHQYjJʈPĀʆ+LɾQYɤWJʈP
FyPɚQKJʈPYjGʄL[HFKʀELJʈPFKpQUyWĀʊQJPLɾQJSKɪQJWKjQKGj\\Āi\\WUzQ0ʐWVʈ
PɚQKYʘFʞDEiWPkPEʊQJFKkQĀɶFDRFKRmLUʐQJ+RDYĄQĀɃʚFWɘREɨQJNʮWKXɤWFKɚLGɤSYjLQ
WKʢQJĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄPYɸKLɾQYɤWJʈPWɘLGLFKʀWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFVʈOɃʚQJOʒQPɚQKJʈP
YʘPɚQKFyKRDYĄQELJʈPGʄL[HFKʀPɚQKJʈPJKqWUzQĉʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄP
WKXWKɤSĀɃʚFPɚQKJʈPWURQJĀyFyPɚQKFyKRDYĄQYĄQWKʢQJYĄQFKɚL1LrQĀɘLFiFK
QJj\\QD\\NKRɚQJQĄP
'LFKʀ%uQK;XkQ[m;XkQ3K~KX\\ɾQ;XkQ/ʐF
'LFKʀFiFKQ~L&KʠD&KDQNKRɚQJNPYɸSKtD7k\\%ɦFĉʂDĀLɺPSKiWKLɾQQKLɸXPɚQKJʈPYʘ
1JX\\rQOLɾXFKɶWiFWʢĀɜWVpWSKDQKLɸXFiWYjEmWKʨFYɤWQKLɸXPɚQKFyOɢQQKʦQJKɘWWKɘFKDQKPjX
WUɦQJ*ʈPFyĀʐFʠQJĀʐQXQJFDR;ɃɁQJJʈPFyPjXĀHQ[iPQkXYjOʒSQJRjLEʂEjRPzQNKi
QKLɸXĉʊJʈPSKɞQOʒQOjFiFORɘLEuQKKŹPLɾQJORHNKXPPpSQKʄQSKɞQFʌFyJʔQʌLFDR&iFWKjQK
PLɾQJFʞDFiFYɤWGʜQJQj\\FyQKLɸXNLɺXGiQJO}PFRQJKuQKOzQJPiQJORHSKɪQJKD\\ɃʘQFRQJPpS
Āi\\YrWUzQ0ʐWVʈPɚQKJʈPLQGɜXYĄQFKɚLPʂQ1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJQʤDĀɞXWKLrQQLrQNʬWKʠ,,WUɃʒF
&{QJQJX\\rQNKRɚQJQĄPFiFKQJj\\QD\\
'LFKʀ&iL/ĄQJ[m/RQJ7KʄKX\\ɾQ1KɁQ7UɘFK
'LFKʀĀɃʚFNKDLTXɤWQĄPĉʊJʈPWKXWKɤSFKLɶPVʈOɃʚQJOʒQJʊPGʄL[HFKʀELJʈP

2.5 Page 15

▲back to top
PɚQKFjUjQJEiWĀŜDEjQGɤSFKkQĀɶQɦSĀɤ\\YjPɚQKJʈP&yKDLQKyPJʈP
JʈPWK{YjJʈPPʂQ/RɘLJʈPWK{FyOʒSiRJʈPPʆQJFyPjXQkXYjQJQKɘWKRɮFPjXĀʆĉʊJʈP
ĀɃʚFFKɶWɘREɨQJEjQ[RD\\NɶWKʚSYʒLQɦQVʤDEɨQJWD\\GʜQJFʜEɨQJWUHJʎ*ʈPWK{ĀɃʚFQXQJʖ
QKLɾWĀʐWKɜSWKjQKSKɞQSK{LJʈPFyVpWWUʐQQKLɸXFiWVɘQYjPʐWVʈtWFKɜWSKʜJLDQKɃWURPQEm
WKʨFYɤWYjFɚQKX\\ɼQWKɺQJKLɸQYʜQ/RɘLJʈPPʂQOjPWʢĀɜWVpWPʂQFKɜWSKʜJLDQKɃFiWĀɃʚFOʨD
FKʄQNŜFjQJ/ʒSiRJʈPFyPjXQkXFyNKɚQĄQJĀɃʚFWɘRWʢOʒSSKʞTXpWKD\\WUiQJOʒSEʐWPʂQVDX
Āy[RDYjPLɶWQKɬQĀʐQXQJFDRYjĀɃʚFWLQKOX\\ɾQQrQFKɦFFʠQJĉʊJʈP&iL/ĄQJFKʞ\\ɶXQKʦQJYɤW
GʜQJĀŜDEiWYzĀi\\WUzQĀi\\EɨQJFyFKkQĀɶ+RDYĄQKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈPĀDGɘQJĀɃʔQJ
YɘFKQJɦQĀɃʔQJYLɸQQKʦQJĀɃʔQJYLɸQQJDQJVRQJVRQJĀɃʔQJVyQJNɶWKʚSYʒLĀɃʔQJYɘFKKRɘ
WLɶWKuQKWDPJLiFKuQKVDRKuQKFKʦ9ĀɃʔQJFKpRĀɃʔQJYɘFKO}PPɚQKQKʄQKuQKKɘWĀɤXɜQO}P
PLɶWYɘFK{OɃʒLKD\\ĀɃʔQJFRQJ3KɞQOʒQKRDYĄQĀɃʚFNKɦFYɘFKWUrQQɸQYĄQFKɚL1LrQĀɘLFiFK
QJj\\QD\\NKRɚQJQĄPFiFKQJj\\QD\\
'LFKʀ6XʈL&KʊQ[m%ɚR9LQKWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQK
'LFKʀĀɃʚFĀjRWKiPViWYjNKDLTXɤWTXDQKLɸXĀʚW+LɾQYɤWJʈPWKXWKɤSJʊPGʄL[HVʚLEL
JʈPQ~PJʈPYjQKLɸXPɚQKYʘĀɮFELɾWFyFiFFKXPJʈPGQJĀɺWiQJQJɃʔLFKɶWĉk\\OjGɘQJWKʠF
FʞDTXDQWjLEɨQJJʈPFDRFPĀɃʔQJNtQKWKkQFPPLɾQJORHFPĀi\\OʊLWUzQFyYĄQFKɚL
WUrQWKkQQʊL*ʈP6XʈL&KʊQFyQKLɸXORɘLWK{PʂQYj[ʈSKɞXKɶWĀɃʚFFKɶWɘRWʢEɨQJVpWFyEjQ
[RD\\ĀʐQXQJNKiFDRYjQKLɸXPjX[iPĀʆJɘFK[DQK[iPKʊQJQKɘW3KɞQOʒQFiFFKXPJʈPNLɺX
PLɾQJORHQʊLPLɾQJWKɜS+RDYĄQKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtJʊPYĄQFKɚLYĄQNKɦFYɘFKKuQKWDPJLiFFkQ
YɘFKVRQJVRQJ1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJQʤDVDXWKLrQQLrQNʬ,WUɃʒF&{QJQJX\\rQNKRɚQJWUrQQĄP
FiFKQJj\\QD\\
'LFKʀ6XʈLĉi[m+jQJ*zQWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQK
ĉk\\OjNKXPʐFKXPQɨPWUrQYQJĀɜWĀʆED]DQFɘQKVXʈL*LD/LrXSKiWKLɾQWKɤSQLrQWKɶ
Nʬ;;7ɘLĀk\\FyWUrQFKXPJʈPFDRWʢFPĀɶQFPSKkQWKjQKORɘLORɘLFyK{QJJɞQĀi\\
YjQKPpSUʐQJPLɾQJORHORɘLFKXPKuQKTXɚWUʠQJĀɃʚFWɘRGRNʮWKXɤWGɚLFXʐQFyKʄDWLɶWĀɃʔQJ
VRQJVRQJWUrQQɸQYĄQFKɚLKuQKUĄQJOɃʚFORɘLFKXPFyĀi\\WUŹQJPLɾQJORHNK{QJFyKRDYĄQ1JRjL
UDFzQFyFiFKLɾQYɤWJʈPEuQKYjQʊLĀi\\EɨQJĀi\\WUŹQJPLɾQJKɰSYjUʐQJPpSPʆQJPLɾQJORH
YjQKPpSWKɜSFyKRDYĄQFʈFPLɾQJWUzQĀi\\SKɪQJĀŜDFKkQĀqQQɦSĀɤ\\GʄL[HVʚLKuQKFKySFʜW
NKRDQKJʈPGɘQJKuQKʈQJ1LrQĀɘLFiFKQJj\\QD\\”QĄP

2.6 Page 16

▲back to top
ĉɮFĀLɺPJʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DL
9ɸORɘLKuQK
ĉʊJʈPFʞDFɃGkQWLɸQVʤĀDGɘQJYɸORɘLKuQKWURQJĀyFKʞ\\ɶXOjQKʦQJYɤWGʜQJWURQJĀʔL
VʈQJKɨQJQJj\\4XDWKʔLJLDQYjQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈWʢWʨQKLrQYjFɚFRQQJɃʔLWiFĀʐQJQKʦQJKLɾQYɤWJʈP
ĀɃʚFWKXWKɤSNK{QJFzQQJX\\rQYɰQFKʞ\\ɶXOjQKʦQJPɚQKYʘYjEʂKɃKRɘLQKLɸX0ʐWVʈKLɾQYɤW
ĀɃʚFSKʜFFKɶĉʊJʈPWLɸQVʤʖĉʊQJ1DLJʊPFiFYɤWGʜQJVLQKKRɘWSKʜFYʜFKRĀʔLVʈQJFʞDFRQ
QJɃʔL%uQKYzQʊLFʈFOʄĀŜDEiWFKkQĀqQQɦSĀɤ\\FjUjQJEɶS¬0ʎLORɘLFyQKʦQJNtFKFʘNKiF
QKDX0ʐWVʈKLɾQYɤWJʈPĀɃʚFGQJWURQJFiFKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶEjQ[RDGQJWURQJFKɶWɘRJʈP
GʄL[HFKʀʈQJFKʀGQJWURQJGɾWYɚLFKuOɃʒLWURQJĀiQKEɦWWKʞ\\VɚQEL¬0ʐWVʈGLYɤWGQJWURQJWtQ
QJɃʘQJQKɃEiWEʊQJFyWKɺGQJOjPĀʊĀʨQJYjFɚĀɺĀʊF~QJĀɮFELɾWFiFKWKʠFDQWiQJYʒLYLɾFVʤ
GʜQJFKXPYzĀɺWiQJWKLKjLQJɃʔLFKɶW
9ɸQJX\\rQOLɾX
*ʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚFFKɶWɘRWʢQJX\\rQOLɾXĀɜWVpWOjFKtQKYjPʐWVʈSKʜJLDW\\WKHRWʬOɾ
FiWVʆLWKɘFKDQKEmWKʨFYɤWEʐWYʆQKX\\ɼQWKɺSKVDV{QJVXʈLFQJPʐWVʈNKRiQJFKɜWWʨQKLrQ
7\\ĀʂDEjQFɃWU~PjQJX\\rQOLɾXĀɜWVpWFyWKjQKSKɞQKRiKʄFWɘLFKʎFŹQJNKiFQKDXĀɃʚFFɃGkQNKDL
WKiFFKɶWiF.ʮWKXɤWFKɶWiFYjPʜFĀtFKOjPVɚQSKɠPPjWʀOɾFiFORɘLJʈPWURQJWʢQJGLFKʀFyVʨNKiF
ELɾW0ɮFGɞXĀm[XɜWKLɾQORɘLKuQKGLFKʀF{QJ[ɃʖQJFKX\\rQP{QKyDFKɶWiFYʒLTX\\P{QjRĀy
QKɃQJVʨWUDRĀʌLVɚQSKɠPJʈPJLʦDFiFFɃGkQFQJWKʔLFKɃDĀiQJNɺFKʀSKʜFYʜFKRQKXFɞXQʐLEʐ
FʐQJĀʊQJWʢQJĀʂDEjQĉʊJʈPGLFKʀ&ɞX6ɦW[m%uQK/ʐFWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQKĀɃʚFQKuQQKɤQOj
ĀʊJʈPFʌQKɜWʖĉʊQJ1DLYjFɚ1DP%ʐ1JX\\rQOLɾXOjPVɚQSKɠPJʈP&ɞX6ɦWWKXʐFQKLɸXORɘLFKʞ
\\ɶXWʢĀɜWVpWQ~LYjSKVDV{QJĉʊJʈPFiFGLFKʀʖĀʂDEjQĀʊLQ~LĀɜWĀʆED]DQQKɃ&ɞX6ɦW1~L*ʈP
+jQJ*zQ'ɞX*Lk\\3K~+RjFyQJXʊQQJX\\rQOLɾXFKtQKOjVpWQ~LWʀOɾFKɜWSKʜJLDVDWKɘFKNKi
ĀDGɘQJĉʊJʈPʖGLFKʀ%uQKĉDOjPWʢĀɜWVpWOʄFNʮSKDWKrPFiWPʂQYʆQKX\\ɼQWKɺQJKLɸQQiWPʐWWʀ
OɾQKʆEʐWĀiPjXWUɦQJYjEmWKʨFYɤWĉʊJʈPFiFGLFKʀ6XʈL/LQK6XʈL&KʊQ&iL9ɘQ&iL/ĄQJ5ɘFK/i
3KɃʒF7kQFyQKʦQJQpWWɃɁQJĀʊQJYɸFKɜWOLɾXYʒLJʈP%uQKĉDĀɮFELɾWFyWKrPFKɜWSKʜJLDQKɃWUR
EQFyWKɺFKɜWQj\\FyVɬQWURQJVpWSKVDV{QJKɘOɃXV{QJĉʊQJ1DLWKrPYjRWURQJFKɶWiF
&ĄQFʠYjRNɶWTXɚQJKLrQFʠXWKjQKSKɞQKyDKʄFYjSKɃɁQJSKiSSKkQWtFKTXDQJSKʌJʈPFʌ
ʖĉʊQJ1DLPʐWVʈQKjNKRDKʄFFKRELɶWNKRiQJYɤWSKʜJLDWURQJJʈPFʌFyWKɺNKDLWKiFWʢQKLɸXGRL
FiWSKVDYHQV{QJVXʈLEɦWQJXʊQWʢ;XkQ/ʐF/RQJ.KiQKFKɚ\\TXDQKʦQJYQJFyKRɮFNK{QJSKʞ
ED]DQ3KʜJLDJʊPFiFNKRiQJYɤWQKɃNKRiQJJʈFED]DQJʊPROLYLQIHURPDJLrVSLQHOLOPrQLW
NKRiQJJʈFJUDQLWJʊPKRUQEOHQG]LUFRQPLFDUXWLQKRɮFPLFURJUDQLWULROLWTXDUW]FRUURGHVĀi

2.7 Page 17

▲back to top
ELɶQFKɜWVWDXURWLWĀiWUɞPWtFKJUqVODWHULWHROLWIHUUXJLQHX[ĉʐEɸQFʞDVɚQSKɠPJʈPSKʜWKXʐF
YjRQJX\\rQOLɾXWʀOɾSKDFKɶFKɜWSKʜJLDYjWUuQKĀʐNʮWKXɤWFKɶWiF
9ɸNʮWKXɤW
*ʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚFOjPEɨQJEjQ[RD\\SKʈLKʚSYʒLWKDRWiFNʮWKXɤWEɨQJWD\\WURQJ
QKLɸXF{QJĀRɘQFKLɶPYDLWUzFKʞĀɘR1KʦQJORɘLKuQKKLɾQYɤWJʈPFKɶWiFWKXɞQEɨQJWD\\FKLɶPWʀOɾ
QKʆ'ɜXYɶWFʞDNʮWKXɤWFKɶWiFEɨQJEjQ[RD\\WKɺKLɾQU}QpWWʢYɶWPʔKD\\ĀɃʔQJFKʀYLɸQQJDQJSKɞQ
Āi\\PLɾQJFʞDQKLɸXKLɾQYɤWJʈP&iFWKDRWiFEɨQJWD\\QKɃGɚLFXʐQO~FWɘRSK{LQɮQYXʈWPpS
PLɾQJWɘRJʔ[RDEɸPɮWPLɶWOiQJNʮWKXɤWKzQGɤS²EjQNrNʮWKXɤWJɦQNɶWFKkQĀɶFKɚLNKɦFW{
PjXWURQJFKɶWiFVɚQSKɠPJʈPWKɺKLɾQʖF{QJĀRɘQWɘRKuQKVʤDVDQJEɸPɮWWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQʕ
JyFĀʐFKɜWOLɾXYjNʮWKXɤWFKɶWiFFiFQKjQJKLrQFʠXĀmSKkQUDFiFORɘLJʈPFKtQKJʈPPʂQJʈPWK{
YjJʈP[ʈSSKʜWKXʐFYjRNKkXFKʄQQJX\\rQOLɾXFKtQKWʀOɾFKɜWSKʜJLDYjĀʐQXQJ/RɘLJʈPPʂQĀɃʚF
FKɶWiFEɨQJQJX\\rQOLɾXVpWPʂQWX\\ɺQFKʄQFKɜWSKʜJLDFKʞ\\ɶXOjFiWKRɮFPʐWVʈFKɜWNKiFĀɃʚF
VjQJOʄFKɘWPʂQQKʆQKLɾWĀʐQXQJFDRQrQĀɚPEɚRFʠQJFKɦF/RɘLJʈPWK{WKuNtFKFʘKɘWOʒQFKɜW
OLɾXNK{QJWX\\ɺQFKʄQNŜYjQKLɾWĀʐQXQJWKɜS/RɘLJʈP[ʈSWKuWʀOɾFKɜWSKʜJLDEmWKʨFYɤWWURPQ
FKLɶPWʀOɾNKiOʒQĀʐQXQJWKɜSQrQFK~QJGɼWKɜPQɃʒFNK{QJEɸQ
9ɸKRDYĄQ
+RDYĄQWUDQJWUtWUrQVɚQSKɠPJʈPFŹQJOjPʐWWURQJFiFWLrXFKtĀɺSKkQORɘLJʈPJʈPFyKRD
YĄQYjJʈPWUɁQNK{QJFyKRDYĄQ7ɘLFiFGLFKʀNKɚRFʌKʄFĉʊQJ1DLKDLORɘLJʈPQj\\FyWʀOɾNKiF
QKDX+RDYĄQĀɃʚFWKɺKLɾQWUrQEɸPɮWFʞDQKLɸXORɘLWLrXEɚQJʈPFyFKʞĀtFKFʞDQJɃʔLFKɶWiF&y
QKʦQJWLrXEɚQQKLɸXKRDYĄQSKRQJSK~YɸNLɺXQKɃQJFŹQJFyWLrXEɚQFKʀWUDQJWUtPʐWGɘQJKRDYĄQ
9ĄQFKɚLWɘRQrQWʢQKʦQJTXHGɰWGɤSWXDĀɞXKD\\TXHQKLɸXUĄQJNKiĀɸXĀɺFKɚLEɸPɮWSK{L
JʈPWĄQJĀʐEiPFʞDiRJʈPSKʞQJRjLYjWɘRWKrPĀʐFʠQJ9ɶWUmQKFKɚLWKɃʔQJVkXFKɘ\\WKHRQKLɸX
FKLɸXGʄF[LrQFɦWQJDQJKD\\FKpRQKDX
9ĄQWKʢQJWɘRQrQWʢQKʦQJEjQGɰWFyQKLɸXNtFKFʘNKiFQKDXFXʈQGk\\WKʢQJĀɺGɤSOĄQOrQ
SK{LJʈPYjEɸPɮWĀɺWɘRWKrPĀʐFʠQJFKɦFFKRVɚQSKɠP9ĄQWKʢQJWKɺKLɾQWUrQJʈPWKHRQKLɸX
FKLɸXNKiFQKDXYjWKɃʔQJEʈWUtNɶWKʚSYĄQFKɚL
9ĄQNKɦFYɘFKWɘRQrQWʢFiFTXHWKɲĀɞXQKʄQKD\\WUzQKRɮFWɘRUĄQJNtFKFʘQKʆYʢD9ĄQ
NKɦFYɘFKWKɃʔQJWKɺKLɾQWUrQQɸQYĄQWKʢQJNKiĀDGɘQJYʒLFiFĀʊiQWUrQQKLɸXSKɞQEɸPɮWFʞDVɚQ
SKɠP
9ĄQLQFKɜPLQGɚLWɘRQrQWʢFiFTXHKD\\WKɲKRɮFĀɞXQJyQWD\\ĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWKHRFKʞĀtFK

2.8 Page 18

▲back to top
FʞDQJɃʔLWKʚLQWʢQJFKɜPUʔLQʈLWLɶSQKDXKD\\WʢQJGɚLYɘFKFKɜPKD\\FiFGɚLĀɃʔQJQJDQJWKɪQJ
FKpR[LrQQKDXVRQJVRQJKRɮFFiFKuQKKuQKKʄFYjRSK{LJʈP
9ĄQGɤSWɘRQrQWʢFiFYɤWSKɠPQKɃWɜPQDQWUHQDQFKLɶXFyVɬQQKʦQJĀɃʔQJJʔQʌLKD\\FiF
KuQKKuQKKʄF1JɃʔLWKʚGQJGɤSYjRSK{LJʈP0ʐWVʈëNLɶQFKRUɨQJYĄQGɤSOjYɶWWtFKFʞDYLɾFJʈP
NKLYʢDWɘRGiQJFzQɃʒWĀɃʚFSKɁLWUrQQKʦQJYɤWSKɠPQyLWUrQ
9ĄQĀɦSQʌLWɘRWʢQKʦQJGɚLĀɜWVpWWɘRWKjQKJʔGɚLEĄQJGjLKD\\QJɦQYʒLQKLɸXNtFKFʘFKɶ
WiFUʔLYjĀɦSYjRPɮWJʈP9ĄQĀɦSQʌLWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFJɦQYjRPɮWJʈPFKʞ\\ɶXʖYDLJʈPWKɃʔQJWKɜ\\ʖ
FiFORɘLFKXPYz
9ĄQNKRpWPLɶWWɘREɨQJTXHGɰWFyĀɞXEɨQJKD\\FKʀĀɁQJLɚQEɨQJQJyQWD\\QJɃʔLFKɶWiFɜQ
OrQPɮWWURQJFʞDFʌJʈPQɁLWLɶSJLiSJLʦDSKɞQFʌYjWKkQYDLWUrQQɸQYĄQFKɚLYĄQWKʢQJ1KʦQJ
UmQKKuQKOzQJPiQJQKʦQJEĄQJPLɶWOiQJVRQJKjQKYʒLFiFGɘQJYĄQNKiFFyWtQKFKɜWWUDQJWUtFKR
VɚQSKɠP
&iFĀʊiQKʄDWLɶWJʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLFyĀʊiQKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtSKRQJSK~WKɺKLɾQWUrQFiF
EɸPɮWFʞDVɚQSKɠPĀɃʔQJYɘFKFKʀFKuPKD\\FKɜPWKɪQJVRQJVRQJ[LrQFKpRQKDXFRQJĀɃʔQJ
[Ri\\ WU{Q ʈF ĀɃʔQJ OɃʚQ VyQJ ĀɃʔQJ Jm\\ UʔL QʈL WLɶS QKDX KuQK KʄF WDP JLiFUĄQJ VyL KuQK
WKRLKuQKYX{QJKD\\GɘQJ{OɃʒLQʤDKuQKWUzQKuQKNKX{QQKɘFKuQKEɞXGʜFKuQKUĄQJFɃDKuQKKRDWKʂ
KuQKVDRKuQKFKʦ96&iFĀʊiQKRɘWLɶWSKʈLKʚSWʢPʐWĀɶQQKLɸXORɘLKRDYĄQKʄDWLɶWYʒLQKLɸX
NLɺXWKʠFQʌLFKuPOʊLKD\\O}POLrQNɶWFiFKUʔLUɜWĀʐFĀiR
9ɸPjXVɦF
*ʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLFyVʨĀDGɘQJYɸPjXVɦFiRSKʞYj[ɃɁQJJʈP/ʒSiRQJRjLĀɃʚFSKʞ
PjXKRɮFE{LPjXWUDQJWUt1KʦQJORɘLJʈPQj\\FKLɶPWʀOɾYʢDSKɚL/RɘLJʈP[ʤOëSKʞPjXEɸPɮW
WUɃʒFNKLQXQJFKLɶPWʀOɾFDRKɁQJʈPE{LPjXWUDQJWUt%ɸPɮWVɚQSKɠPJʈPSKʞPjXĀDGɘQJQkX
QkXĀʆĀʆQKɘW[iPQKɘW[iPVɢPYjQJYjQJQKɘWWUɦQJĀʜFĀHQ1JX\\rQOLɾXPjXSKʞQj\\ĀɃʚF
FKROjFKɶWʢGɘQJQKʨDWKʨFYɤWKRɮFPʐWORɘLNKRiQJFKɜWKRjYʒLQɃʒFSKDĀɜWORmQJĀɺWKRD/RɘL
JʈPE{LPjXWUDQJWUtFKLɶPWʀOɾYʢDSKɚLWLrXELɺXOjJʈPWɘLGLFKʀ%uQKĉD/ʒSPjXiRJʈPWUDQJWUt
ĀɃʚFE{LWUɃʒFNKLQXQJFyWiFGʜQJOjPEyQJOiQJEɸPɮWWURQJYjQJRjLFKʞ\\ɶXOjWɘRWKɠPPʮ6ɚQ
SKɠPJʈPE{LPjXWUDQJWUtWKuEɸPɮWWKɃʔQJĀɺWUɁQUɜWKLɶPNɶWKʚSYʒLFiFKRDYĄQ/RɘLJʈPE{L
PjXWUDQJWUtFyQpWNKiFELɾWOjFiFNKRɚQJPjXFyWKɺĀɃʚFWKɺKLɾQWUrQNKɦSEɸPɮWQJRjLKD\\WURQJ
KRɮFWʢQJEʐSKɤQFʞDVɚQSKɠP0jXVɦFWUDQJWUtĀDGɘQJQKɃQJFKʞ\\ɶXOjQkXĀHQĀʆWɃɁLYʒLFiF
VɦFĀʐNKiFQKDX1JRjLWtQKFKɜWWKɠPPʮYɸPjXVɦFFzQWĄQJWKrPĀʐEɸQFʞDJʈP

2.9 Page 19

▲back to top
7URQJTXiWUuQKWʊQWɘLFɃGkQWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLĀmWKtFKʠQJYʒLP{LWUɃʔQJĀʂDVLQKWKiLYjNK{QJ
QJʢQJViQJWɘRĀɺSKiWWULɺQ9ʒLFiFSKɃɁQJWKʠFĀɚPEɚRĀʔLVʈQJYɤWFKɜWFɃGkQĀmOjPQKʦQJQJKɸ
WKʞF{QJWURQJĀyFyQJKɸJʈPYʒLWUuQKĀʐNʮWKXɤWQKɜWĀʂQK1KʦQJGLFKʀNKɚRFʌYʒLVʈOɃʚQJKLɾQ
YɤWJʈPĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQWUrQFiFWLɺXYQJĀʂDOëĀɮFWUɃQJFKRWKɜ\\QJKɸJʈPʖĉʊQJ1DLSKiWWULɺQĀɺ
SKʜFYʜFKRĀʔLVʈQJFRQQJɃʔLWKʔLNƓQJX\\rQWKXʬ6ɚQSKɠPWʢQJKɸJʈPYʒLQKʦQJF{QJQĄQJF{QJ
GʜQJQKɜWĀʂQKĀmWɘRĀLɸXNLɾQWKXɤQOʚLFKRFɃGkQFʌVʈQJQJj\\FjQJWʈWKɁQWʢYQJĀʊLQ~LKD\\
ĀʊQJEɨQJYQJFɤQELɺQ&iFGLFKʀ[ɃʖQJFKɶWiFF{QJFʜĀiJʈPĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXFKRQʐLEʐFʐQJ
ĀʊQJSKɚQiQKEɃʒFWLɶQYɸWUuQKĀʐQKɤQWKʠFNKɚQĄQJViQJWɘRYjPʠFWLɶQEʐYɸNLQKWɶ[mKʐLFʞD
QJɃʔLWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLĉɮFWUɃQJFʞDWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJJʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DLOjVʨĀDGɘQJYɸFKɜWOLɾXPjX
VɦFORɘLKuQKNLɺXGiQJSKRQJSK~FKɜWOɃʚQJUɦQFKɦFWUDQJWUtPʐFPɘFGʊLGjRYɸVʈOɃʚQJYjFy
QKʦQJVɦFWKiLĀʐFĀiRJʈPĀɃʚFW{KD\\YɴPjXWɘRQrQQKʦQJQpWFKɜPSKiYjVʨViQJWɘRFʞDQKʦQJ
FɃGkQWKʔLNƓWLɸQVʤ

2.10 Page 20

▲back to top
'LFKʀ%uQKĉDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDĀʚWNKDLTXɤWQĄP
SKiWKLɾQQKLɸXKLɾQYɤWJʈPWURQJĀʂDWɞQJYĄQKyD
+LɾQYɤWJʈPWURQJGLFKʀ6XʈL&KʊQWKjQKSKʈ/RQJ.KiQKGLFKʀ&iL/ĄQJKX\\ɾQ1KɁQ7UɘFK

3 Pages 21-30

▲back to top

3.1 Page 21

▲back to top
0ɚQKJʈP[ʈSWɘLGLFKʀ6XʈL/LQK
0ɚQKJʈPFyJʔYjKRDYĄQ
0ɚQKJʈPFyKRDYĄQʖGLFKʀ%uQKĉD5ɘFK/i*z0H

3.2 Page 22

▲back to top
0ɚQKJʈP'LFKʀ*z0H
*ʈPWUDQJWUtYĄQFKɜPJLɚLOɃʚQVyQJ'LFKʀ&iL/ĄQJ
0ɚQKJʈPFyKRDYĄQ'LFKʀ&iL/ĄQJ
0ɚQKJʈPPjXYjFyKRDYĄQ'LFKʀ%uQKĉD

3.3 Page 23

▲back to top
%LJʈPWURQJGLFKʀ%uQKĉD
&KuOɃʒLWURQJGLFKʀ&iL9ɘQ

3.4 Page 24

▲back to top
'ʄL[HFKʀWURQJGLFKʀ6XʈL&KʊQ
*ʈP´&j5jQJµJʈPVʢQJEz
'LFKʀ&iL9ɘQ

3.5 Page 25

▲back to top
3KɞQWUrQEiWEʊQJGLFKʀ&iL9ɘQEiWEʊQJGLFKʀ&iL/ĄQJ
'ɘQJFKkQĀɶ/RɘLKuQKEiWEʊQJ'LFKʀ%uQKĉD
7KkQFKkQĀɶEiWEʊQJ'LFKʀ&iL9ɘQ

3.6 Page 26

▲back to top
%jQ[RDJʈP
&KkQĀɶPʐWSKɞQFKpQJʈP'LFKʀ*z0H

3.7 Page 27

▲back to top
%uQKJʈPSKʜFFKɶPLɾQJJʈPGLFKʀ&iL/ĄQJTXDLEuQKJʈP*z0H1KɁQ7UɘFK
+ŹJʈP'LFKʀ&iL9ɘQ
%uQKJʈPGLFKʀ%uQKĉD

3.8 Page 28

▲back to top
+RDYĄQWUrQFiFEuQKJʈPSKiWKLɾQWɘLĉʊQJ1DL

3.9 Page 29

▲back to top
9zFKXPJʈPWiQJQJɃʔLFKɶW'LFKʀ3K~+zD
%ɚQYɴFKXPYzYjQʊLJʈPGQJOjPTXDQWjLĀʊW\\WiQJ3K~+zD

3.10 Page 30

▲back to top
ĉʊiQKRDYĄQJʈP&iL9ɘQJʈP%uQKĉDJʈP3K~+zD
&iFORɘLKuQKĀʊJʈP&ɞX6ɦW
&iFGɘQJPLɾQJJʈP6XʈL/LQK

4 Pages 31-40

▲back to top

4.1 Page 31

▲back to top

4.2 Page 32

▲back to top

4.3 Page 33

▲back to top

4.4 Page 34

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
7ʢĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQYQJĀɜW1DP%ʐFʞD9LɾW1DPQJj\\QD\\FyQKʦQJFKX\\ɺQELɶQWURQJFɜX
WU~F[mKʐL1KʦQJFɃGkQFʌWUɚLTXDPʐWFKɮQJĀɃʔQJSKiWWULɺQPɘQKPɴKuQKWKjQKQrQTXʈFJLD3K
1DPĉʂDJLʒLFʞDTXʈFJLDQj\\WUɚLUʐQJEDRJʊPQKLɸXQɃʒFWURQJNKXYʨFSKtD1DPFʞDĉ{QJ1DPÉ
1DP9LɾW1DP&DPSXFKLD7KiL/DQ.KLYɃɁQJTXʈF3K1DPWDQUm&KkQ/ɘSWKD\\WKɶ9QJĀɜWKɘ
OɃXFiFV{QJʖ1DP%ʐFyFɃGkQ9LɾWĀɶQVLQKVʈQJFQJQKʦQJQKyPQJɃʔL+RDGLGkQFK~D1JX\\ɼQ
WKLɶWOɤSTXɚQOëKjQKFKtQKĀɞXWLrQWʢFXʈLWKɶNʬ;,,QĄPĉɜW%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLɠQFKʠDVʨĀD
GɘQJYĄQKyDFʞDFiFOʒSFɃGkQFʌTXDQKʦQJJLDLĀRɘQ7KʔLNƓQj\\QJKɸWKʞF{QJSKiWWULɺQGɜXWtFK
SKɚQiQKTXDQKʦQJGLWtFKNKɚRFʌĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQYʒLQKLɸXKLɾQYɤWWURQJĀyFyĀʊJʈP
'LYɤWJʈPWURQJPʐWVʈGLFKʀNKɚRFʌ
0ʐWVʈGLFKʀNKɚRFʌWURQJJLDLĀRɘQWʢĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQWUʖĀLĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQNKDLTXɤWʖĉʊQJ
1DLWUrQFiFGɘQJĀʂDKuQKWKXWKɤSQKLɸXGLYɤWĀɃʚFFKɶWiFFKɜWOLɾXĀiJʈPJʎNLPORɘLĀʊQJ
YjQJ¬%rQFɘQKĀyPʐWVʈKLɾQYɤWĀɃʚFSKiWKLɾQWʢQKLɸXQJXʊQYjĀɃʚFQJKLrQFʠX[iFĀʂQKQLrQ
ĀɘLWKXʐFYɸFiFWKʔLNƓOLrQTXDQFiFTXʈFJLDFʌWɃɁQJʠQJYʒLJLDLĀRɘQYĄQKyDÐF(RYjKɤXÐF(R
+ɞXKɶWQKʦQJGLFKʀNKɚRFʌSKiWKLɾQOjFiFFɜXWU~FOLrQTXDQĀɶQW{QJLiRFʞDFɃGkQNLɶQWU~FĀɸQ
WKʔWɃʚQJWKʔYɤWWKLrQJYjQKʦQJGLYɤWNKiFĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJEɨQJJɘFKĀiJʎ
'LFKʀ*z&KLrX/LrX*zÑQJ7QJ[m/RQJ3KɃʒFKX\\ɾQ/RQJ7KjQK'ɘQJWKʠFĀɸQĀjLOLrQ
TXDQW{QJLiRQKʦQJKLɾQYɤWEɨQJĀiOjWɃʚQJYjĀʊWKʔ1ɸQYjWɃʔQJĀɃʚF[k\\EɨQJJɘFKĉʊJʈPFy
QKLɸXPɚQKYʘWʢFiFORɘLEuQKKŹ&yKDLORɘLJʈPJʈPWK{OjPEɨQJWD\\ĀɺWUɁQYjJʈPPʂQOjPEɨQJ
EjQ[RD\\WUDQJWUtKRDYĄQ1LrQĀɘL”QĄPFiFKQJj\\QD\\
'LFKʀ&k\\*iR[m&k\\*iRKX\\ɾQ9ŜQK&ʤX7UɃʒFĀk\\GLFKʀWKXʐF[m&k\\*iRQKɃQJĀʂDĀLɺP
Qj\\JLʔĀmWURQJOzQJKʊ7Uʂ$QNKLF{QJWUuQKWKʞ\\ĀLɾQ[k\\GʨQJYjĀɃDYjRVʤGʜQJWʢWKɤSQLrQWKɶ
Nʬ;;ĉk\\OjF{QJWUuQKNLɶQWU~FW{QJLiRĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJEʖLQɸQYjWɃʔQJJɘFKQKʦQJSKɞQWUrQĀmEʂ
KɃKRɘLĉʊJʈPFKʞ\\ɶXOjJɘFK[k\\WɃʔQJOyWQɸQYʒLFKXYLPʐWVʈJɘFKEʂYʘYʜQWURQJKʎQKʚSĀɜW
VpWVʆLFQJQKʦQJPɚQKJʈPWK{1LrQĀɘL”QĄPFiFKQJj\\QD\\

4.5 Page 35

▲back to top
&iFGLFKʀĉʊQJ%Ɂ6XʈL5jQJ%jX6HQ[m3K~/ëKX\\ɾQ9ŜQK&ʤX5ɘFKĉ{QJ[m%ɦF6ɁQ
KX\\ɾQ7KʈQJ1KɜW1DP&iW7LrQĉɘ/ɦN[m1DP&iW7LrQ94*&iW7LrQKX\\ɾQ7kQ3K~.LɶQWU~FĀɸQ
WKʔW{QJLiR[k\\EɨQJJɘFKĀi7ɘLFiFGLFKʀ SKiWKLɾQWKXWKɤSQKʦQJGLYɤWĀɮFWUɃQJSKʌELɶQOj
WɃʚQJWKʔEɾWKʔYɤWWKLrQJYjQJ¬PʐWVʈPɚQKJʈPĉɮFELɾWFɘFKʖGLFKʀ1DP&iW7LrQFyWUDQJWUt
KRDYĄQFKɘPQʌLKRDYĄQKuQKOiFiFKĀLɾXNLɺXJɘFKYiW[pRPʐWĀɞXĀɞXJʄWWUzQKRɮFQJRjPUmQK
1LrQĀɘLFiFGLFKʀWURQJNKRɚQJWKɶNʬWKʠ9,,,;VDX&{QJQJX\\rQ
'LFKʀ%ɶQ*ʎ[m$Q+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD7URQJSKɘPYLFKD/RQJ%ʤX7ɘLĀk\\SKiWKLɾQ
QKLɸXKLɾQYɤWEɨQJĀiWɃʚQJSKĀLrXWURQJĀyFyQKLɸXFKySQKʄQĀɃʚF[HPOjĀʊWUDQJWUtWUrQ
PiLKRɮFWɃʔQJFʞDNLɶQWU~FĀɸQWKiS&KySOjPWʢĀɜWVpWSKDFiWPʂQGiQJKuQKWUʜSKtDGɃʒLFy
QKʦQJĀjLQKʆKuQKE~SVHQYjWKRQGɞQOrQWɘRQrQKuQKFKyS1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJWKɶNʬ;;,VDX&{QJ
QJX\\rQ
'LFKʀ&ɞX+DQJSKɃʔQJ%ʤX+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWURQJSKɘPYLWʂQK[i1JʄF8\\ɺQĉʂD
ĀLɺPNKDLTXɤWNK{QJSKɚLOjQɸQFʞDNLɶQWU~FĀɸQWKiSQKɃQJFyQKLɸXKLɾQYɤWEʂGʊQOɘLVDXQj\\ĉʊ
JʈPĀɃʚFWKXWKɤSNKiQKLɸXJʊPFiFGɘQJQJyL~SQJʤDGLɸPFQJYʒLFiFFKySQKʄQĀɃʚFOjPWʢ
ĀɜWVpWWɘRWiFWKʞF{QJYjFyNKX{QWKHRORɘL1JyL~SFyWLrXEɚQNKiQJX\\rQYɰQNLɺXGiQJQʤDKuQK
ʈQJFyPyFPʐWĀɞXOʒQPʐWĀɞXQKʆOjPWʢĀɜWVpW1JyLQJʤDKuQKFKʦQKɤWFRQJGɞQYɸKDLFɘQKʖ
JLʦDFyQ~POʊL1JyLGLɸPFyNtFKWKɃʒFQKɃQJyLQJʤDFySKɞQGLɸPKuQKOiĀɸSKtDWUɃʒFLQQʌLKRD
YĄQKuQKEɞXGʜFPyFFkXFKʦ6FiFKĀɸXKRɮFKuQKPɮWQJɃʔLĀʐLPŹQKʄQGQJWUDQJWUtWUɃʒFSKtD
PiL&KySQKʄQFyWLrXEɚQWKkQKuQKWUʜSKtDĀi\\JɦQYʒLWɜPQJyL~SKuQKE~SVHQOjPWʢSKɃɁQJ
SKiSGɚLFXʐQGQJWUDQJWUt1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJWKɶNʬ;;,,VDX&{QJQJX\\rQ
9ɸVɃXWɤSJʈPSKiWKLɾQGɃʒLV{QJĉʊQJ1DL
'ɃʒLOzQJV{QJĉʊQJ1DLĀRɘQFKɚ\\TXD%LrQ+zDQJɃʔLGkQĀmWKXWKɤSĀɃʚFQKLɸXKLɾQYɤW
WURQJĀyĀʊJʈPNKiĀʐFĀiRYʒLQKLɸXORɘLKuQKNLɺXGiQJ1Kj%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLĀm[k\\GʨQJĀɃʚF
EʐVɃXWɤSKLɾQYɤWĀɺQJKLrQFʠXWUɃQJEj\\%ʐVɃXWɤSQj\\FyQKLɸXORɘLKuQKWURQJĀyFyQKʦQJKLɾQ
YɤWFyQLrQĀɘLĀɃʚF[iFĀʂQKWʢĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQĀɶQWKɶNʬ;,,,JʊPEuQKFyYzLWKɶNʬ,9,,,QʊL
JʈPEuQKĀi\\QKʄQEuQKFʌQKʆPLɾQJKɰSNKRɚQJWKɶNʬ,;²;kXĀʊĀʨQJEuQKFRQWLɾQ
FKXPEuQKFKySĀi\\EɨQJEuQKKuQKFɞXĀi\\OʊLWUzQYjPʐWVʈYzNK{QJTXDLEuQKFyYzLWKɶNʬ;,,
;,,,1KʦQJKLɾQYɤWFyQLrQĀɘLWʢWKɶNʬ;9,ĀɶQ;9,,,JʊPOʄĀŜDYjFKkQĀqQKŹʈQJ
QKʌEiWɜPFyTXDLEuQKY{LYzFyTXDLWUiFKFKɤXYjPʐWVʈĀŜDVLrXKʐSQɦSĀɤ\\¬
0ʐWVʈKLɾQYɤWFzQQJX\\rQGɘQJPʐWVʈEʂYʘʖQKʦQJPʠFĀʐNKiFQKDX

4.6 Page 36

▲back to top
ĉɮFĀLɺPJʈPʖĉʊQJ1DLĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQĀɶQWKɶNʬ;9,,
+LɾQYɤWJʈPSKiWKLɾQWURQJFiFGLFKʀNKɚRFʌJLDLĀRɘQQj\\SKkQEʈWUrQFiFWLɺXYQJĀʂDOëFʞD
ĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\WʢUʢQJQ~LFDRSKtD%ɦFĀɶQĀʊLJzPLɾWKɘV{QJ+ɞXKɶWOjQKʦQJPɚQKJʈPYʘWʢ
FiFĀʊĀʨQJVʤGʜQJWURQJĀɸQWKiSOjORɘLJʈPWK{YjPʂQPDQJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFʞDJʈPÐF(R7URQJVʈ
FiFGLFKʀW{QJLiRQj\\JɘFKFKLɶPVʈOɃʚQJQKLɸXQKɜWEʖLOjYɤWOLɾXFQJYʒLĀiFiWJʎĀɺ[k\\GʨQJ
NLɶQWU~F/RɘLJɘFK[k\\GʨQJFiFĀɸQWKʔPjXOjPWʢĀɜWVpWFyVʆLVɘQODWrUtWYjSKDWUʐQYʆWUɜXĉk\\
OjQJX\\rQOLɾXWɘLFKʎĀɜWVpWSKVDYjĀɜWVʆLYʒLNʮWKXɤWOjPNKX{QYʒLQKLɸXNtFKFʘFɘQKJyFYX{QJ
YɦQĀʐQXQJFDRUɦQFKɦF9ɸQJKɸOjPJɘFKFyëNLɶQFKRUɨQJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈPĀɃʚFGX
QKɤSFQJWKʔLYʒLQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPFy[XɜW[ʠWʢɛQĉʐ.KLYɃɁQJTXʈFSK1DPKuQKWKjQKĀɘR+LQGX
ĀɃʚFWUX\\ɸQEiQJKɸOjPJɘFKPʒLSKiWWULɺQĀɺĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXW{QJLiRĉʊJʈPOjPWʢĀɜWVpWSKD
FiWWKHRWʬOɾNKiFQKDXFiWOʒQFiWQKʆKRɮFNK{QJYjPʐWVʈFyEmWKʨFYɤW7\\WKHRFKɜWOLɾXYʒLWʬOɾ
SKDWUʐQĀʐQXQJFKRUD QKʦQJORɘLJʈPWK{JʈPPʂQJʈP[ʈSVjQKĀDGɘQJYɸPjXVɦFYjĀʐGj\\
PʆQJFʞD[ɃɁQJJʈP6ɚQSKɠPJʈPOjQKLɸXNtFKFʘOjQKʦQJYɤWGʜQJKʐSWUzQEuQKFKXPQʊLkX
ĉʈLYʒLEʐVɃXWɤSJʈPGɃʒLOzQJV{QJĉʊQJ1DLSKRQJSK~YɸNLɺXGiQJKRDYĄQYjNʮWKXɤWFKɶ
WiF1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPSKʜFYʜFKRVLQKKRɘWĀʔLVʈQJFRQQJɃʔLOjPWʢĀɜWVpWPʂQ7\\WKHRFKʞQJORɘLYj
F{QJQĄQJPjPʎLWKʠĀɃʚFSKDWKrPQKʦQJFKɜWOLɾXQKɃFiWEmWKʨFYɤWĉʊJʈPĀɃʚFFKɶWiFEɨQJ
NʮWKXɤWEjQ[RD\\PʐWVʈEɨQJNKX{Q.LɺXGiQJNKiĀDGɘQJW\\WKHRORɘLWKHRFKʠFQĄQJ0ɚQJWUDQJ
WUtSKRQJSK~KRDYĄQYɘFKYzQJGk\\OiFiFKĀLɾXĀɮFELɾWEuQKY{LFyWUiQJPHQFKɘPQKʦQJFRQYɤW
YH.KLQJɃʔL9LɾWQJɃʔL+RDĀɶQFɃWU~WUrQYQJĉʊQJ1DLWURQJKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ
WKʞF{QJOjPJʈPQrQ[XɜWKLɾQQKʦQJKLɾQYɤWĀɃʚFFKɶWɘRWʢWKɶNʬ;9,,WUʖYɸVDX7URQJJLDLĀRɘQ
WKɶNʬWʢĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQGLYɤWJʈPSKiWKLɾQʖĉʊQJ1DLPDQJQKʦQJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJYĄQKyDJʈPWLɸQ
Vʤ1DP%ʐWUɃʒFĀyJʈPÐF(RKɤXÐF(RWKɶNʬ9,,9,,,WLɸQ$QJNRUWKɶNʬ,;;$QJNRUWKɶNʬ;,
;,,,$QJNRUPXʐQWKɶNʬ;,,,;9JʈP'X\\rQKɚL+RD1DPYjJʈPĉɘL9LɾWĉɮFELɾWQJRjLFiFVɚQ
SKɠPPDQJWtQKYɤWGʜQJGLYɤWJʈPWKXWKɤSWʢV{QJĉʊQJ1DLFyPʐWĀɞXWɃʚQJNKiQJX\\rQYɰQ&KɜW
OLɾXOjPOjPWʢĀɜWVpWSKDFiW+uQKGiQJĀɞXWɃʚQJWUzQWUiQWKɜSPɮWEɞXFXQJPj\\QʌLJʔPɦWKuQK
WKRLVyQJPŹLWKɪQJQʌLXSKtDGɃʒLFiQKPŹLQʖFkQ[ʠQJKDLP{LPʖWUrQPʆQJGɃʒLGj\\FɨPKɁL
QKʄQOɰPYɸVDXJzPiQʌL7UrQWUiQFyJʔQʌLWɘRWKjQKPiLWyFYXʈWĀɸXOrQWUrQYjKDLErQWKiLGɃɁQJ
VDXPiLFyĀɃʔQJJʔQJDQJQʈLKDLWDL1LrQĀɘLNKRɚQJWKɶNʬWKʠ9,,,,;
1KLɸXWiFJLɚĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLWɤS,,,/ʂFKVʤ1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DLWU

4.7 Page 37

▲back to top
'LFKʀ&k\\*iRNKDLTXɤWQĄPQɁLSKiWKLɾQGɜXYɶWJɘFKJʈPVDX&{QJQJX\\rQ
QD\\EʂFKuPGɃʒLKʊ7Uʂ$QNKLWLɶQKjQK[k\\GʨQJWKʞ\\ĀLɾQ
'LFKʀ*z&KLrX/LrXKX\\ɾQ/RQJ7KjQK
3KiWKLɾQJɘFKYjJʈPWURQJFɜXWU~FĀɸQWKʔ

4.8 Page 38

▲back to top
%uQKJʈPFʌ
1KʦQJKLɾQYɤWJʈPWUɃQJEj\\WɘL%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DL

4.9 Page 39

▲back to top
1KʦQJKLɾQYɤWJʈPWUɃQJEj\\WɘL%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DL

4.10 Page 40

▲back to top
%uQKJʈPFyYzL
KLɾQYɤWJʈPĀʐFĀiR
WUɃQJEj\\WɘL%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DL
&KySQJyLNKDLTXɤWWɘLGLFKʀ&ɞX+DQJSKɃʔQJ%ʤX+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD

5 Pages 41-50

▲back to top

5.1 Page 41

▲back to top
1KʦQJGɘQJEuQKJʈPSKiWKLɾQʖĉʊQJ1DL

5.2 Page 42

▲back to top
1KʦQJGɘQJEuQKJʈPYʒLKRDYĄQĀDGɘQJSKiWKLɾQʖĉʊQJ1DL

5.3 Page 43

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈEuQKJʈPFʌ
*LDQWULɺQOmPJʈPFʌWɘL%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DL

5.4 Page 44

▲back to top

5.5 Page 45

▲back to top

5.6 Page 46

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
7ʢWKɶNʬ;9,,QKʦQJQKyPQJɃʔL+RDQJɃʔL9LɾWĀɶQYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLVLQKVʈQJ
6RQJKjQKFiFKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶWURQJNKDLNKɠQFDQKWiFQ{QJQJKLɾSNKDLWKiFWjLQJX\\rQWʢUʢQJ
QKLɸXKʐJLDĀuQKSKiWWULɺQQJKɸWKʞF{QJOjPJʈP9LɾFOjPJʈPWKXɤQOʚLEʖLQJXʊQQJX\\rQOLɾXĀɜW
VpWFDRODQKSKRQJSK~QKLrQOLɾXOjFʞLĀɺĀʈWQXQJFŹQJQKɃJLDRWK{QJ YɤQFKX\\ɺQGɼGjQJĀɮF
ELɾWQKXFɞXFʞDFɃGkQWURQJNKXYʨFYjOkQFɤQQJj\\FjQJFDR6{QJĉʊQJ1DLWUʖWKjQKĀɃʔQJYɤQ
FKX\\ɺQĀɃʔQJWKʞ\\WKXɤQOʚLWʒLFiFQɁLNKiFWK{QJTXDJKH[XʊQJĉɮFELɾWNKXYʨF&ODR3KʈWUʖ
WKjQKQɁLJLDRWKɃɁQJEX{QEiQSKiWWULɺQPɘQKYʒLFiFQɁLVɚQSKɠPJʈPVɚQ[XɜWʖ%LrQ+zDWUʖ
WKjQKPɮWKjQJWKXK~WQJɃʔLPXDʕĀʂDEjQ%LrQ+zD[ɃDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDQD\\FyNKXYʨFOLrQ
TXDQĀɶQVʨKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD&ODR3Kʈ7kQ9ɘQYj%ʤX/RQJ
'ɜXWtFKJʈPʖ&ODR3KʈSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
&ODR3KʈOjYQJĀɜWĀɃʚFEDREʄFEʖLKDLQKiQKFʞDV{QJĉʊQJ1DLNKLFKɚ\\TXDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ
+zD7ʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;,;7UʂQK+RjLĉʠFQrXQKʦQJWK{QOjQJWUrQFODR%uQK3K~%uQK.tQK%uQK+zD
%uQK4ɃʒL%uQK4XDQ%uQK7ʨ%uQK;ɃɁQJ7kQ+ɃQJ7KkQ0ʮ7kQ*LiP/RQJ4ɃʒL/RQJĉʠFWʌQJ$Q
7Kʞ\\KX\\ɾQ%uQK$QWUɜQ%LrQ+zD6DXQKLɸXOɞQWKD\\ĀʌLKjQKFKtQKTXDFiFWKɺFKɶTXɚQOëĀʂDEjQ
&ODR3KʈKLɾQQD\\OjSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
7UrQĀʂDEjQ&ODR3KʈĀmSKiWKLɾQQKʦQJKLɾQYɤWJʈPWKʔLNƓWLɸQVɁVʤ7ʢWKɶNʬ;9,,;,;
FʐQJĀʊQJQJɃʔL+RDĀɶQĉʊQJ1DLWʢQʤDVDXWKɶNʬ;9,,,ĀmJySF{QJSKiWWULɺQ&ODR3KʈWUʖWKjQK
WKɃɁQJFɚQJVɞPXɜWʖ1DP%ʐĀɃʚFPɾQKGDQKĉɘL3KʈFKkX1{QJ1ɘLĀɘLSKʈ´ʕĀɞXSKtD7k\\FODR
ĉɘL3KʈO~FPʒLPʖPDQJOɤSUDSKʈ[iPiLQJyLWɃʔQJY{LOɞXTXiQFDRQJɜWGzQJV{QJUʨFUʘiQKQKɤW
KX\\KRjQJOLɸQQKDXWʒLQĄPGɮPFKLDOjPĀɃʔQJSKʈĀɃʔQJSKʈOʒQOyWĀiWUɦQJĀɃʔQJSKʈQJDQJOyW
ĀiRQJĀɃʔQJSKʈQKʆOyWĀi[DQKWRjQWKɺĀɃʔQJEɨQJSKɪQJQKɃĀiPjL.ɲEX{QWʜWɤSWKX\\ɸQĀLELɺQ
ĀLV{QJĀɸXĀɶQFXʈQEXʊPQHRĀɤXĀɞXĀX{LWKX\\ɸQĀɤXQʈLWLɶSQKDXWKɤWOjPʐWFKʎĀ{KʐL&iFQKjSK~
WKɃɁQJEX{QWREiQOʒQFKʀʖĀk\\OjQKLɸXKɁQ¬µ9ʒLYʂWUtWUXQJWkPEX{QEiQTX\\P{OʒQWURQJNKXYʨF
&ODR3KʈSKiWWULɺQQKLɸXQJjQKQJKɸFXQJʠQJQKLɸXKjQJKyDWURQJĀyFyVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɃʚFFKɶ
WiFʖFiFWK{QOjQJ%uQK4XDQ%uQK+zD+zD4ɃʒL/RQJ4ɃʒL1KʦQJELɶQĀʐQJFʞD[mKʐLWURQJĀyFy
KDLVʨNLɾQTXDQWUʄQJOjFXʐFQʌLGɤ\\FʞD/ë9ĄQ4XDQJ[XQJĀʐWJLʦDSKRQJWUjR7k\\6ɁQYjFK~D

5.7 Page 47

▲back to top
1JX\\ɼQQʤDFXʈLWKɶʬ;9,,,ĀmɚQKKɃʖQJQɮQJQɸĀɶQVʨSKiWWULɺQʖ&ODR3Kʈ1JKɸJʈPWɘLĀk\\
FŹQJFKʂXFKXQJVʈSKɤQYʒLVʨWjQSKiQɮQJQɸ6DXNKL&ODR3KʈEʂWjQSKiPʐWVʈWKʚJʈPWɘLĀk\\
ĀɶQ6jL*zQ&Kʚ/ʒQVLQKVʈQJOɤSOzVɚQ[XɜWFiFORɘLJʈPJLDGʜQJJɘFKQJyLWɃʚQJWKʔWLɺXWɃʚQJ
VɚQSKɠPWɘRKuQKWUDQJWUtNLɶQWU~FW{QJLiRWtQQJɃʘQJJʄLFKXQJOjJʈP&k\\0DL 0ʐWVʈJLDĀuQK
Wʢ&ODR3KʈFKX\\ɺQTXDNKXYʨF+yD$Q7kQ9ɘQErQKʦXQJɘQV{QJĉʊQJ1DLVLQKVʈQJYjGX\\WUu
QJKɸOjPJʈP
7UrQĀʂDEjQ&ODR3KʈFyQKʦQJĀʂDGDQKOLrQTXDQQJKɸJʈPUɘFK/z*ʈP[yP%uQK4XDQ
QJʄQ*ʈP[yP%uQK+zDEɶQ0LɺQJ6jQK/RQJ4ɃʒL0ʐWVʈQKjQJKLrQFʠXFKRELɶW7ɘL&ODR3Kʈ
ĀmWuPWKɜ\\ĀʊJʈPPHQ9LɾW1DPJʈPPHQ7UXQJ4XʈFYjQKʦQJPɚQKVjQKĉɮFELɾWOjĀʊVjQKFy
QLrQĀɘLĉɘL9LɾWWKɶNʬ;9,,PDQJSKRQJFiFK%ɦF7UXQJ%ʐYj7KʢD7KLrQ+Xɶ 6ɃXWɤSKLɾQYɤWNKDL
TXɤWʖEɶQ0LɺQJ6jQKErQUɘFK/z*ʈP&ODR3KʈĉʊQJ1DLOjNɶWTXɚFʞDVʨWLɶSQʈLWULWKʠFEɚQĀʂD
FʞDFiFFʐQJĀʊQJFɃGkQWLɸQWU~FyWKɺOjFiFFɃGkQÐF(RVDXĀyOjFʞDQJɃʔL&KĄPYjĀɃʚFNɶWKʚS
WiLViQJWɘREʖLQJɃʔL+RDYjQJɃʔL9LɾW &ODR3KʈOjQɁLSKiW[XɜWQJKɸWKʞF{QJOjPJʈP%LrQ+zD
ĀɃʚFQKʦQJOɃXGkQ9LɾWYj+RDĀHPWʒLWɘROɤSQJKɸWUrQFɁVʖFɃGkQEɚQĀʂDVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɃʚF
ĀHPĀLEX{QEiQYjWUDRĀʌLNKɦS[ʠWURQJWKʔLNƓNKDLSKiYQJĀɜWQj\\6iFKĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLFKRELɶW
ʖ&ODR3KʈNKXOzJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL9LɾWGʄFWKHRUɘFK/z*ʈPOjPVɚQSKɠPJʊPFKXPOXĀʨQJQɃʒF
QʊLQɜXFɁPɜPĀXQQɃʒFEiWĀŜDEuQKWtFKFKpQ¬NKXOzJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL+RDOjPYzKŹEuQKOʄW{
ĀŜDFKpQVLrX¬NKXOzJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL&KĄPJʄLOjOzJʈP5XNOjPJKqOXWUɚWUiFKRP¬
7ʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;FɃGkQ&ODR3KʈWĄQJQKLɸXQJKɸJʈPFyĀLɸXNLɾQSKiWWULɺQ1ʤDĀɞXWKɤS
QLrQWKɶNʬ;;ʖ&ODR3KʈFyEʈQOzJɘFKFʞDQJɃʔL9LɾW{QJ%D+LɾS{QJ+DL%ʤX{QJ1JX\\ɼQ
9ĄQ.LɶQJYj{QJ6ɃɁQJQJɃʔL+RD1KʦQJOzJɘFKQj\\QJɃQJKRɘWĀʐQJYjRQĄPNKL3KiSPʖ
UʐQJFKLɶQWUDQK[kPOɃʚFOɞQWKʠʖ1DP%ʐ1KLɸXQJɃʔLGkQʖ&ODR3KʈOjWKʚFKRFiFOzJʈPʖĀʂD
SKɃɁQJYjFiFOzJʈPYQJOkQFɤQ
7UʂQK+RjLĉʠF*LDĉʂQKWKjQKWK{QJFKt/ë9LɾW'ŹQJGʂFKYjFK~WKtFK+XƓQK9ĄQ7ʒLKLɾXĀtQK1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DL
WU
+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJFKʞELrQ&ODR3KʈOʂFKVʤYjYĄQKyD1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU
7UɞQ$QK'ŹQJ+j9ĄQ&ɠQ´%ɶQ0LɺQJ6jQKĉʊQJ1DLPʐWĀʂDĀLɺPVɚQ[XɜWJʈPTXDQWUʄQJµWURQJ1KʦQJSKiWKLɾQPʒLYɸ
NKɚRFʌKʄFQĄP1[E.KRDKʄF[mKʐL+j1ʐLWU
/ɃX9ĄQ'X1JX\\ɼQĉĄQJ+LɾS3Kʈ´'LFKʀ5ɘFK/z*ʈPĉʊQJ1DLµWURQJ1KʦQJSKiWKLɾQPʒLYɸNKɚRFʌKʄFQĄP1[E
.KRDKʄF[mKʐL+j1ʐLWU
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾW9ĄQKyDYĄQYɤWĉʊQJ1DL1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU
1KLɸXWiFJLɚĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLWɤS,9.LQKWɶ1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DLWU

5.8 Page 48

▲back to top
&ɞX/z*ʈP
5ɘFK/z*ʈP
%uQKJʈPSKiWKLɾQWɘLUɘFK/z*ʈP
%ɶQ0LɺQJ6jQK

5.9 Page 49

▲back to top
/jQJ JʈP 7kQ 9ɘQ WKjQK SKʈ
%LrQ+zD
7kQ9ɘQYʈQOjOjQJFʌErQKʦXV{QJ
ĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚF7UʂQK+RjLĉʠFĀɸFɤSWURQJ
*LDĉʂQKWKjQKWK{QJFKtFQJYʒLWK{Q
OjQJ[mWKXʐFWʌQJ&KiQK0ʮKX\\ɾQ3KɃʒF
&KiQK WUɜQ %LrQ +zD 7kQ 9ɘQ ĀɃʚF WKjQK
OɤSWUrQFɁVʖFʞDWK{Q7kQ9ɘQĉɦF3KɃʒF
WUɃʒFĀy7UɃʒFQĄP[m7kQ9ɘQWKXʐF
TXɤQ &KkX 7KjQK VDX WKXʐF TXɤQ ĉʠF 7X
1ĄP7kQ9ɘQWʢ[mWKjQKOɤSSKɃʔQJ
WKXʐFWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDFKRĀɶQQD\\
&ɃGkQVLQKVʈQJʖYQJ7kQ9ɘQNKi
/zJʈP3KRQJ6ɁQQKuQWʢWUrQFDR
OkXĀʔLKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶWʢQJKɸQ{QJQJKɸĀiQKEɦWFiYjOjPJɘFKJʈP&iFOjQJYHQV{QJĉʊQJ1DL
Wʢ7kQ9ɘQ7kQ%ɚQ%ʤX+zD+yD$QFyQKLɸXKʐJLDĀuQKSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJɘFKJʈPNKiVʒPWʢWKɶNʬ
;9,,1JKɸOjPJɘFKGRQJɃʔL9LɾWQJɃʔL+RDPʖOzSKʜFYʜFKRQKXFɞX[k\\GʨQJQKjʖ6ɚQSKɠP
JɘFKFʞDQJɃʔL9LɾWJʊPJɘFKĀLQKJɘFKʈQJJɘFKYX{QJQJyLPŹLQJyLEɚQQJyLOLɾW¬JɘFKFʞD
QJɃʔL+RDFyJɘFKFKʀJɘFKWjXQJyLkPGɃɁQJ¬7KɶNʬ;9,,,NKL&ODR3KʈEʂFKLɶQWUDQKPʐWVʈWKʚ
OjPJʈPWʢ&ODR3KʈFKX\\ɺQTXDNKXYʨF7kQ9ɘQ+yD$Q%ʤX+zDFɃWU~GX\\WUuQJKɸ.KLJʄLOjOjQJ
JʈP7kQ9ɘQFŹQJFyWKɺKLɺXYʒLQʐLKjPFɚNKXYʨFErQKʦXV{QJĉʊQJ1DLEDRJʊPFɚYQJ%ʤX
+zD+yD$QJLiSV{QJĀʈLGLɾQ&ODR3KʈYjĀ{WKʂ%LrQ+zD
/ɃʚFVʤKuQKWKjQKFiFOzJʈPʖ7kQ9ɘQFyWKɺNKiLTXiW7UɃʒFĀk\\FyQJɃʔL+RDJʈF7ULɸX&KkX
PʖOzOjPOXWUɃʒFQKɃQJVDXĀyNK{QJGX\\WUu1ĄP{QJ7UɃɁQJ7~1KɁQQJɃʔL+ɰ+DNNDFQJ
YʒLQJɃʔLĀʊQJKɃɁQJPXDOɘLOzOXQj\\ĀɮWWrQOj7ʠ+LɾS7KiLFyWjLOLɾXJʄLOj7ʠ+LɾS3KiW1ĄP
{QJ7UɃɁQJ7~1KɁQPʖWKrPOz4XɚQJ+ɃQJ/RQJ1ĄPKDLQJɃʔL+RDJʈF7ULɸX&KkX[k\\
GʨQJWKrPOz&k\\.Kɶ1DP7KɘQKOz/kP7UɃʔQJ3KRQJ%ʈQOzQj\\VɚQ[XɜWPɮWKjQJOXĀʨQJQɃʒF
9jRWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;OzOX7UɞQ/kPQJɃʔL+RD3K~F.LɶQĀɃʚFKuQKWKjQK1ĄPKʄ
/kPFyOzVDQJOɘLOzFKRQJɃʔLSKʜQʦ9LɾWKʄ/ɃXWrQWKɃʔQJJʄL1ĄP/r6DXQj\\Kʄ/ɃXWLɶSWʜF
[k\\WKrPOzOz'kX'ɃD4XkQ&ɁOz%DĉɘWÑQJ+jĉuQK3KɃɁQJFKiXQJRɘL{QJ7UɃɁQJ7~1KɁQ
PʖOz4XɚQJ7KXɤQ/RQJ%D.qP1ĄPNKLTXkQ3KiSĀiQK%LrQ+zDĀmSKiOzJʈPFŹFʞDKʄ
7UɃɁQJ[k\\GʨQJQĄPOjPEyWOtQK 1KʦQJQJɃʔLFRQFʞD{QJ7UɃɁQJ7~1KɁQQʈLQJKLɾSFKDGX\\

5.10 Page 50

▲back to top
7ɃʔQJQJRjLOzQXQJ
&ʤDYjROzQXQJ
WUuYjSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ1ĄPOz7ʠ+LɾS7KiLGR{QJ7UɃɁQJ1DP/DLOjPFKʞĀʌLWrQ4XɚQJ3KiW
/RQJ6DXQj\\FɚKDLOz4XɚQJ+ɃQJ/RQJ7ʠ+LɾS7KiLGR{QJ7UɃɁQJ.K{Q6ɁQOjPFKʞ>WU@6ɚQ
SKɠPOXKŹFʞDFiFOzʖ7kQ9ɘQNK{QJFKʀĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXFʞDQJɃʔLGkQĀʂDSKɃɁQJPjFzQʖFiF
ĀɃʚFFiFĀʂDSKɃɁQJFʞD1DP%ʐWuPĀɶQPXDUɜWQKLɸXEʖLQKXFɞXFDRWURQJGʨWUʦQɃʒFʖ7k\\1DP%ʐ
YjVʤGʜQJWURQJFKɶELɶQQɃʒFPɦP3KDQ7KLɶW3K~4XʈF
1KʦQJQĄPĀɞXWKɤSQLrQWKʔLĀLɺPFyWtQKGɜXɜQĀʈLYʒLOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQOjVʨ[XɜWKLɾQFʞD
QKʦQJ[ɃʖQJFKɶWiFJʈPWʢP{KuQK+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾWKʞF{QJFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ
+zD7ʢ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾWKʞF{QJWKʚJʈPYjĀ~FĀʊQJ%LrQ+zDFʞDWUɃʔQJWKjQKOɤSQĄP
+ʚSWiF[mWiFKUDWKjQKĀɁQYʂĀʐFOɤSKRɘWĀʐQJYʒLQKʦQJFɁVʖʖĀʂDEjQ7kQ9ɘQ0ʐWVʈWKʚJʈP
WURQJKʚSWiF[mFyQKjWɘL7kQ9ɘQFQJYʒLQJɃʔLGkQĀʂDSKɃɁQJKuQKWKjQKFiF´[ɃʖQJµQKʆWɘLQKj
WKʨFKLɾQOjPJʈPWKHRTX\\WUuQKFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾWKʞF{QJ1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPOjPUDĀɃʚFĀHP
QXQJWURQJFiF´EDRKʐSEɨQJĀɜWµWɘLFiFOzOXĀʂDSKɃɁQJ6iQJNLɶQGQJOXWKD\\FKR´EDRKʐSEɨQJ
ĀɜWµJySSKɞQOjPJLɚPJLiWKjQKVɚQSKɠPJʈPWɘRWKXɤQOʚLFKRJʈPPʮQJKɾSKiWWULɺQ1ĄP
{QJ+XƓQK9ĄQ6ʤXWKjQKOɤSOz1JKŜD7KjQK0ʐWOzGRQJɃʔLNKiF[k\\GʨQJWʢQĄPYjVDX
ĀyFKX\\ɺQQKɃʚQJFKREj1ĄP/ʞQJ
/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ+\\'LɾSĉuQK+RD´1JjQKWLɺXWKXF{QJQJKLɾSJʈPWɘL7kQ9ɘQ%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFQĄPµ7F'kQWʐFKʄF
VʈWU
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU

6 Pages 51-60

▲back to top

6.1 Page 51

▲back to top
1ĄP{QJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ[k\\OzQXQJULrQJFKR
VɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾFʞDKʚSWiF[m6DXWKʔLJLDQKʄF
WɘL 1KɤW %ɚQ Yɸ {QJ /r %i ĉiQJ ĉʎ %i 1DP KʚS WiF
WKjQKOɤSVɚQ[XɜWJʈPĉDQDYLɶWWɦWNK{QJGɜXFKʦ
ĀɞXWrQFʞD{QJĉiQJ1DPWɘLNKXYʨF%ʤX+zDYjR
QĄP6ɚQSKɠPWKʨFKLɾQWɘRKuQKWKHRNʮWKXɤWUyW
NKX{QWɘL%ʤX+zDYjQKʦQJFɚLWLɶQYɸPɢXPmPjX
PHQ6DXQj\\{QJĉʎ%i1DPWiFKUDWKjQKOɤSF{QJW\\
JʈP'RQDYLɶWWɦWNK{QJGɜXKʄWrQ1ĄP{QJ
1JX\\ɼQ 9ĄQ 7UkP FKʞ WʂFK +ʚS WiF [m 0ʮ QJKɾ %LrQ
+zD[LQQJKʀPʖOzJʈP+ʦXĉʠFWɘL+yD$Q7ʢWKɤS
QLrQ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDEɦWĀɞXWDQUmVDX
ĀyEiQKɶWNKX{QPɢXFKRF{QJW\\JʈPĉRQDFRF{QJW\\
GR{QJĉʎ%i1DPYjPʐWVʈQJɃʔLNKiFWKjQKOɤSWɘL
7DP+LɾSYjRQĄP1ĄPFyWKrPOz7LrQ
3KRQJOz%D7KɁYjQĄPFyWKrPOz+ʊQJĉʠF7X\\
QKLrQWURQJJLDLĀRɘQĀRɘQQj\\Oz&k\\.KɶQJʢQJKRɘW
ĀʐQJ 6ɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDOjQJ7kQ9ɘQQJj\\FjQJĀD
GɘQJEʖLQJKɾQKkQFʞD7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸYʒLQKʦQJFɚL
WLɶQ WURQJ TX\\ WUuQK VɚQ [XɜW QJX\\rQ OLɾX WKLɶW Nɶ Nʮ
WKXɤWSKDFKɶPHQJʈPYjFiFORɘLVɚQSKɠPWʢJLDGʜQJ
ĀɶQQJKɾWKXɤWĀʊWKʔWURQJWtQQJɃʘQJ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɜWĀHQFʞD7kQ9ɘQPʐWWKʔLĀiS
ʠQJ QKX FɞX Vʤ GʜQJ OʒQ ĀʈL YʒL QJɃʔL GkQ WURQJ Yj
QJRjLĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀɮFELɾWYʒLQKʦQJORɘLOXYɘLNKɘS
FKRNKXYʨFPLɸQ7k\\1DP%ʐ1JX\\rQOLɾXVɚQ[XɜWFKʞ
\\ɶXOjĀɜWVʆLSKDFiWQXQJʖQKLɾWĀʐFDRWɘRFKR[ɃɁQJ
Gj\\FKɦFFʠQJ4XiWUuQKOjPVɚQSKɠPPDQJWtQKWKʞ
F{QJFʌWUX\\ɸQNʮWKXɤWFKɶWiFFKʞ\\ɶXEɨQJSKɃɁQJ
/zQJOzQXQJ
7ɃʔQJWURQJYjPɦWOzQXQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ0LQK$QK´*ʈP%LrQ+zDKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQµWURQJ.ʬ\\ɶX7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
²7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU

6.2 Page 52

▲back to top
SKiSGɚLFXʐQ6DXNKLQKʊLĀɜWVpWFKRGɲRQJɃʔLWKʚ
EɦWĀɞXQɦQOX0ʐWFKLɶFOXOʒQTXDQKLɸXF{QJĀRɘQ
ĉɞX WLrQ ĀɮW PʐW WɜP YiQ YX{QJ QKʆ OrQ EʜF FDR
NKRɚQJ²FPUɦFPʐWtWFiWĀɺĀɜWNK{QJGtQKYjR
YiQ6DXĀyOɜ\\ĀɜWVpWGɲRQKjRYʒLFiWYjQJKʐWOʒQWUɚL
PʆQJ WKjQK KuQK WUzQ FʞD Āi\\ OX QɦQ FKR SKɪQJ Yj
FKɮW.ɶĀyOɜ\\FRQĀɜWĀmVHWUzQGjLQKɃFRQWUɘFK
PʐW ĀɞX ĀɮW YX{QJ JyF YʒL Āi\\ SKɞQ FzQ OɘL ĀɮW OrQ
FiQK WD\\ SKɚL Āʘ Oɜ\\ Yj OrQ GɞQ WKHR FiFK GɚL FXʐQ
1JKŜDOjPLɶWĀɜWViWYʒLĀi\\OXĀLWKHRYzQJWUzQFKXQJ
TXDQKEʜFYiQJʎFKRĀɶQNKLJLiSPɘFKWʢQJSKɞQ
6DXĀyGQJKDLWD\\QɦQGtQKYjOrQWKkQOXGɞQGɞQ
PʎLĀRɘQFDRNKRɚQJFPĀʚLFKRĀɜWĀʞUiRQJɃʔL
WKʚOrQWLɶSFKRWʒLYLɸQPLɾQJ&{QJĀRɘQOjPOXWKHR
WʢQJSKɞQPʎLOɞQQɦQ[RQJĀʚLTXDPʐWQJj\\FKRUiR
ĀɜWĀɺK{PVDXOrQWLɶS7ʢĀi\\OrQOXWʢOrQ
VDXĀyYʎPʂQWʢOrQWʒLPLɾQJOjPPLɾQJYʎOiQJ
UʊLĀHPSKɁL0ʎLOXSKɚLOjPPɜWKDLQJj\\QKɃQJĀɃʚF
QJɃʔLWKʚOjPĀʊQJWKʔLNKRɚQJFiLPʐWOɃʚW6DX
NKkX WɘR GiQJ QJɃʔL WKʚ GQJ FiF GʜQJ Fʜ FKXʈW
SKɪQJKDLPɮWWURQJYjQJRjLWKkQOXFKRPɜWFiFYɶW
QʌL'QJFiFEjQYʎEjQĀɤSEjQ[RDQJɃʔL+RDJʄL
OjNKɠXEjQKNKɜXWjLVɦFVLYjVɘFEjQKĀɤSQpQFKR
FKɮWYjPʂQ[ɃɁQJJʈP¬*ʈPOXNK{QJFKɜPPHQPj
ĀɃʚF[{LPʐWORɘLKʎQKʚSQɃʒFWURYjEQF{QJWKʠF
EQWURQɃʒFĀʞĀʐOʆQJWʢPLɾQJOX[XʈQJQʤD
WKkQOXFKɚ\\[X{L[XʈQJĀi\\.KLQXQJFKtQOXFyOʒS
PHQPjXQkXĀHQJLʦFKROXEɸQYjNK{QJWKɜPQɃʒF
0ʐWVʈPɢXNKX{Q
0ɢXNKX{Q
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾW9ĄQKyDYĄQYɤWĉʊQJ1DL1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU

6.3 Page 53

▲back to top
6DXQĄPWKʨFKLɾQFKtQKViFKTXɚQOëYjSKiWWULɺQNLQKWɶTXʈFGRDQKPʐWVʈ[tQJKLɾS
[ɃʖQJJʈPFKX\\ɺQĀʌLFɁFKɶKRɘWĀʐQJTXɚQOë;tQJKLɾSJʈP'RQDFʞD{QJĉʎ%i1DPOjYtGʜĀLɺQ
KuQKFKX\\ɺQKuQKWKʠFKRɘWĀʐQJWKHRWtQKFKɜW F{QJWɃKʚSGRDQKWKiQJYjTXʈF
GRDQKWʢWUʖĀLYʒLWrQJʄL&{QJW\\TXʈFGRDQKJʈPVʈ&{QJW\\FyFiFSKkQ[ɃʖQJVʈĀɮWWɘL
&ɞX0ʒLVʈWɘL%ʤX+zDVʈYjWɘL7kQ9ɘQ1JKɸJʈPYjKʐJLDĀuQKOjPQJKɸJɮSQKLɸXNKyNKĄQ
WURQJJLDLĀRɘQĀɜWQɃʒFOkPYjRNKʞQJKRɚQJWUɃʒFQĄP.KL9LɾW1DPWKʨFKLɾQFKtQKViFKĀʌL
PʒLNKX\\ɶQNKtFKNLQKWɶWɃQKkQSKiWWULɺQWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSKjQJ[XɜWNKɠXOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQFy
QKʦQJEɃʒFFKX\\ɺQELɶQWtFKFʨF1KLɸXF{QJW\\[tQJKLɾSWʌKʚSʖOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQWKXK~WQKLɸXODR
ĀʐQJWĄQJVɚQOɃʚQJVɚQSKɠPPʖUDQKʦQJFɁKʐLYLɾFOjPFKRQJɃʔLOjPQJKɸJySSKɞQWURQJNLQK
WɶFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJ1KLɸXKʐOjPJʈPFʞDOjQJQJKɸĀɞXWɃĀɠ\\PɘQKSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ%rQFɘQKĀyFiF
F{QJW\\TXʈFGRDQKYjKʚSWiF[mVɚQ[XɜWJʈPĀmĀɞXWɃYʈQWɤSWUXQJĀɠ\\PɘQKVɚQ[XɜWWKHRKɃʒQJ
F{QJQJKLɾSYʒLWUDQJWKLɶWEʂKLɾQĀɘLTXɚQOëYjYɤQKjQKVɚQ[XɜWWKHRKɃʒQJFKX\\rQQJKLɾSĀɃD
QJKɸJʈPSKiWWULɺQWKHR[XWKɶPʒLWKHRTX\\ĀʂQKFʞDSKiSOXɤWYʒLKuQKWKʠFF{QJW\\+LɾQQD\\WUrQ
ĀʂDEjQ7kQ9ɘQ%ʤX+zD+yD$QFyQKʦQJF{QJW\\KʚSWiF[mKʐJLDĀuQKGX\\WUuQJKɸJʈP7URQJ&ʜP
JʈPVʠ7kQ+ɘQKWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLTX\\KRɘFKFKRVɚQ[XɜWJʈPFyFiFFɁVʖOjPJʈPF{QJW\\GRDQK
QJKLɾSWɃQKkQ9LɾW7KjQK+RjQJ0ʮ.LP/RQJ7Ut7kPĉʠF7kQ7KLrQ3K~6RQJ7LɶQ0LQKĉʠF
7KjQK&KkX7UXQJ'ŹQJ,7KiL9LQK7KjQK&{QJ1ĄP+ɘQK+ʊQJ/RQJ7kQ9ɘQ3KiW7KLrQĉʠF
+ʊQJ+j7kP3KɃɁQJ*ʈP9LɾW+RjQ7KjQK.LP/DQ0DL3KɃɁQJ&KɜQ7KʂQK3KRQJ6ɁQ3KiW
7KjQK+ʊQJĉʠFĉʊQJ7KjQK7UɃʔQJ7KɘQK3KɘP 1JX\\ɼQ1J{1JX\\ɼQ1KkQ7jL+ʊQJ+ɃQJ,,
7URQJVʈQj\\FyPʐWVʈFɁVʖWʢOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQ%ʤX+zD+yD$QWUɃʒFĀyFKX\\ɺQYjRWKHRTX\\
KRɘFKWLɶSWʜFKRɘWĀʐQJ
/jQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQKuQKWKjQKNKiVʒPYjFyQKʦQJJLDLĀRɘQFKX\\ɺQPuQKSKiWWULɺQPɘQK7URQJ
KDLWKɶNʬ;9,,;9,,,FiFOzJʈPFKX\\rQOjPFiFPɮWKjQJJʈPJLDGʜQJĀɺSKʜFYʜNKXYʨFPLɸQ1DP
ĉʀQKFDRFʞDQJKɸJʈPEɦWĀɞXWʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;YʒLVʨUDĀʔLFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD7ʢĀyWɘR
QrQEɃʒFQJRɮWFKRJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLQʌLWLɶQJWURQJQɃʒFYjTXʈFWɶ7UɃʒFĀk\\QJKɸOjPJʈP
ʖ7kQ9ɘQWKʞF{QJYɢQGX\\WUuWKHRKuQKWKʠFWUX\\ɸQQJKɸ´FKDWUX\\ɸQFRQQʈLµKRɘWĀʐQJFKʞ\\ɶXWKHR
7UɞQ0LQK&{QJ´7KʨFWUɘQJQJɃʔLOjPQJKɸJʈPQJɃʔLKʄFQJKɸYjYDLWUzĀjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPFʞD7UɃʔQJFDRĀɪQJ0ʮ
WKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ
0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWU

6.4 Page 54

▲back to top
JLDĀuQKGzQJKʄ7KʔLNƓPʖFʤDYjFKX\\ɺQTXDQɸQNLQKWɶWKʂWUɃʔQJQKLɸXFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈPĀɞXWɃ
SKiWWULɺQFɁVʖWKjQKOɤSWʌKʚSKʚSWiF[mF{QJW\\WKXK~WQKkQF{QJĀɞXWɃNʮWKXɤWKLɾQĀɘLVɚQ[XɜW
QKLɸXPɮWKjQJĀDGɘQJĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXWKʂWUɃʔQJWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF/jQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQQyLULrQJ
FŹQJQKɃQKʦQJĀʂDĀLɺPVɚQ[XɜWJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLĀmOjPQrQEʠFWUDQKVLQKĀʐQJYɸQJKɸ
WKʞF{QJYjOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJʖ1DP%ʐFʞD9LɾW1DP4XiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQFʞDOjQJJʈP
7kQ9ɘQĀmWUɚLTXDQKLɸXJLDLĀRɘQWKĄQJWUɞPGRQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈ[mKʐLWiFĀʐQJ7KɶQKɃQJOjQJQJKɸYɢQ
GX\\WUuFKRĀɶQK{PQD\\ĀmFyQKʦQJĀyQJJySTXDQWUʄQJFKRĀʔLVʈQJFɃGkQWɘLFKʎFŹQJQKɃYɸNLQK
Wɶ[mKʐLFʞD%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL
0ɢXNKX{Q
0ɢXOʐQJ
6ɚQSKɠP
0ɢXOʐQJ

6.5 Page 55

▲back to top
0ɢXWUɁQ
7KʚJʈP
7KʚJʈP
7KʚJʈP
0ʐWJyFOzJʈP

6.6 Page 56

▲back to top
/jQJJʈP%ʤX/RQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
;yP/z1ʊLOjWrQJʄLTXHQWKXʐFFʞDQJɃʔLGkQĀʂDSKɃɁQJQyLYɸNKXYʨFOjPJʈPʖSKɃʔQJ
%ʤX/RQJ1JɃʔLGkQYʢDOjPQ{QJYʢDOjPQJKɸJʈPFKX\\rQVɚQ[XɜWFiFYɤWGʜQJSKʜFYʜFKRQKX
FɞXVLQKKRɘW1JKɸOjPJʈPFʞDQKʦQJKʐGkQWɘLĀk\\EɦWĀɞXWʢWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;NKLQKʦQJ
QJɃʔLGkQWʢ3Kʌ.KiQKKX\\ɾQĉʠF3KʌWʀQK4XɚQJ1JmLYjROɤSQJKLɾS1KʦQJKʐJLDĀuQKOjPJʈP
WɘLĀk\\OjWKɶKɾWKʠ7UɃʒFĀk\\[yP/z1ʊLFyNKRɚQJOzQXQJ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPWɘLĀk\\OjPWKHROʈL
WKʞF{QJJʊPFiFĀʊJLDGʜQJ%ɶSOzQʊLRPQLrXWUiFKWUmɁFɁLWUiQJEiQKNKX{QEiQK¬1JX\\rQ
OLɾXĀɃʚFNKDLWKiFWʢORɘLĀɜWVpWYjQJFyĀʐGtQKFDRĉɺFyQJX\\rQOLɾXVɘFKĀɜWVpWĀɃʚFSKɁLNK{ĀɤS
QKʆVjQJWɘSFKɜWOɜ\\EʐWPʂQOjPKʊSKɞQKɘWWRVʤGʜQJQJkPĀɺOjPQɃʒFKʊ&iFKWKʠFOjPWKʞ
F{QJĀɜWĀɃʚFOjPWKjQKGɚLFXʐFWUɃʒFNKLWɘRGiQJEɨQJEjQ[RD\\ĉLɺPĀʐFĀiROjWɘRGiQJSKɞQĀi\\
FʞDVɚQSKɠPWUɃʒFVDXĀyYrYXʈWWɘRGiQJWʢGɃʒLOrQPLɾQJ6ɚQSKɠPOjPUDSKɁLQɦQJUʊLPʒLĀHP
QXQJ1JX\\rQOLɾXOjĀɜWVpWQ~LQKɰOʤDQrQVDXNKLQXQJVɴFyĀʐFKtQYjPjXĀʆ
/zQXQJOjPEɨQJĀɜWVpWNɶWFɜXKuQKWUʜĀʠQJJʊPWɞQJSKɞQĀʈWʖGɃʒLYjĀɺJʈPQXQJSKtD
WUrQ0ɮWEɨQJĀi\\OjQɸQĀɜWFʠQJKRɮFFyWKɺJLDFʈEɨQJJɘFKĀiFʄFJʎSKtDQJRjL3KɞQĀʈWFʞL
UʐQJʖJLʦDFyWUʜĀɜWĀɮFSKtDQJRjLQʈLYʒLWɞQJWUrQFyEʔEDRWUzQ&yFʤDOzʖErQWK{QJYjRWUʜ
ĀɜWFKtQKJLʦD3KɞQWUrQKuQKWUʜWUzQUʎQJYjEɸPɮWWURQJQKɬQ%rQQJRjLOjWɃʔQJEDROzEɨQJĀɜWVpW
WUʐQUɁP.KLĀɮWVɚQSKɠPYjRQXQJOʒSGɃʒLOjQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPKʆQJWUɃʒFĀyĀɺWɘRVʨWK{QJWKRiQJ
KɁLQyQJWʆDOrQĉʊQXQJĀɃʚFĀɮWYjRSKɞQOzWUrQQKɃQJFKʢDNKRɚQJWUʈQJ.KLQXQJFʤDOz
ĀɃʚFĀʈWFQJWKʔLJLDQYjNKRɚQJSK~WVDXĀɺWKrPVɚQSKɠPYjRNKRɚQJWUʈQJSKtDWUrQ6DXĀy
Oɜ\\WKDQYʢDĀʈWʞOrQSKtDWUrQĀʊYʢDPʒLĀɮWWKrPYjRWʢPLɾQJOz&iFFʤDOzĀɃʚFWKrPFʞLYjĀʈWWɘR
QKLɾWQXQJWLɶS1KLɾWĀʐOzQXQJOX{QJLʦNKRɚQJ&WKʔLJLDQQXQJYjʞOzVDXKɘOʤDNKRɚQJJLʔ
Oɜ\\VɚQSKɠP6ɚQSKɠPVDXNKLQXQJFyPjXĀʆĀʆĀʆJɘFKĀʆKʊQJ7UɃʒFĀk\\VɚQSKɠPOjQJQJKɸ
WLrXWKʜQKLɸXPʖUʐQJWʒLFiFYQJOkQFɤQGRQKXFɞXVʤGʜQJFDR6DXQj\\FiFORɘLYɤWGʜQJWɃɁQJ
ĀʊQJQKɃQJEɨQJQJX\\rQOLɾXNKiF[XɜWKLɾQQKʨDQK{PWKpS¬JLiWKjQKUɲKɁQQKLɸXPɢXPmWLɾQ
OʚLQrQVɚQSKɠPOjQJQJKɸNK{QJFzQWLrXWKʜQKLɸX&iFKʐGkQOjPQJKɸĀmFKX\\ɺQVDQJKRɘWĀʐQJ
NLQKWɶNKiF
0ʐWJLDLĀRɘQSKiWWULɺQFʞDOjQJJʈP%ʤX/RQJNKLVɚQSKɠPOjPUDĀɃʚFWLrXWKʜQKLɸXYjFy
QKʦQJFɚLWLɶQPɢXPmĀɺSKKʚSYʒLWKʂKLɶXYjVʤGʜQJFʞDQJɃʔLGkQPLɸQ1DP7URQJNʂFKEɚQSKLP
WɃOLɾX*ʈP%LrQ+zDGR1Kj%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLWKʨFKLɾQQĄPFKRELɶW1KʦQJKʐOjPQJKɸJʈP
%ʤX/RQJEXʐFSKɚLFɚLĀʌLPɢXPmWKHRNLɺXJʈP;RjL7yQ$Q*LDQJFiLQLrXĀɜWNK{QJFyTXDLFiLWUm
FiLɁSKɚLFyĀɃʔQJJʔTXDQKPLɾQJĀɺĀɤ\\YXQJFKRNKtWNtQKɁLYjUʊLKʄOjPFjUjQJ²EɶSOzWKHRNLɺX

6.7 Page 57

▲back to top
.KPHUVɚQ[XɜW{QJOzWKD\\{QJ7iRĀɺFKʜPWKDQFʞLWKHRNLɺXFiFKQɜXQɃʒQJFʞDNɲFKʚFʞDQJɃʔL
+RDOɘLOjPNKX{QEiQKNKʄWFKR[ʠVʖĀ~FEiQK[qREɨQJFKɚRFKʠNK{QJGQJNKX{QĀɜWQKɃ´ʖQJRɚLµ
4XɚQJ1JmL&KʀPʒLQĄPWK{LPjNKX{QPɢXFʞD[ʠ4XɚQJĀmĀʌLWKD\\WɃʖQJFKʢQJPɃʔLSKɞQPD\\
UDFKʀPʐWKDLOjFzQJLʦĀɃʚFFK~WKɁLKɃʒPFʞDFʐLQJXʊQ*LDLĀRɘQSKiWWULɺQPɘQKFʞDOjQJJʈPYjR
WKʔLNƓĀɜWQɃʒFSKiWWULɺQWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSYjVDXQj\\PʖFʤDQJXʊQWLrXWKʜWURQJQɃʒFQKLɸXYjFy
QJXʊQNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjLĀɮWKjQJ 6ɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDOjQJQJKɸ%ʤX/RQJĀɃʚFĀɃDĀLWLrXWKʜEɨQJ
QKLɸXSKɃɁQJFiFKĀɃʚFJiQKĀLEiQʖFiFFKʚWURQJYQJFKʖEɨQJJKHEɨQJ[HWɚLĀLEiQWʠ[ʠNKɦSFɚ
PLɸQĉ{QJPLɸQ7k\\NKɦSFiFFKʚOjQJĀɶQFiFQJ{LFKʚOʒQʖFiFWKjQKWKʂ&iFOzQʊLʖEɶQĀz7UɘP%ʤX
/RQJVɚQ[XɜWĀiSʠQJĀɃʚFVʈFɞXFʞDQJɃʔLGkQʖ1DP%ʐFzQOɘLOjĀʊJʈP;RjL7yQ7UL7{Q
$Q*LDQJ/jQJJʈP%ʤX/RQJĀɃʚFPLrXWKXɤW;yP/z1ʊLQɨPQJD\\WURQJOzQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+Rj
FyOʂFKVʤKjQJWUĄPQĄPQD\\.KLQJKɸOjPQʊLĀɜWWKʂQKWUʖOɘLWKuFŹQJOjO~FFiFQKjPi\\[tQJKLɾSPʄF
OrQQKɃQɜPVDXPɃDWUDLWUiQJ[LQĀLOjPF{QJQKkQNK{QJDLFKʂXWKHRFiLQJKɸOɜPOHPEQĀɜWQj\\&iL
QʊLĀɜWQKʆEpJLiYjLQJjQPjʖFiFQKjKjQJWKjQKSKʈNKLĄQFɁPQJɃʔLWDWKɚQQKLrQĀɤSFiLEʈSFKR
YXLWDLQJɃʔLWKʚQʊLSKɚLWʈQNKiQKLɸXF{QJVʠFĀɺWɘRUDQyĉɜWVpWSKɁLNK{JLmQKʆUk\\PʂQUDVDXĀy
SKɚLQKʊLQɮQQKɃQKʊLEʐWEiQKPuĀk\\OjF{QJĀRɘQNKyQɶXNK{QJFyNLQKQJKLɾPWKuĀɜWNK{QJGɲR
QʊLOjPUDNKLSKɁLQɦQJVɴEʂQʠW/jPQʊLOjPʐWQJKɸWKʞF{QJWKXɞQW~\\WɜWFɚFiFF{QJĀRɘQSKɚLQKʔ
YjRĀ{LEjQWD\\NKpROpRFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚ6ɚQSKɠPSKɚLSKɁLWKɤWNK{PʒLFKRYjROz1ʊLĀɜW%ʤX/RQJ
QJRjLORɘLĀʆWɃɁLFzQFyORɘLKRDPqPjtWQɁLNKiFFy.ŜWKXɤWQXQJQʊLKRDPqKLɾQQD\\FzQFyYjL
QJɃʔLOjPĀɃʚFORɘLQj\\UɜWĀɃʚFNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjLɃDWKtFK0DNK{QĄPQJRiL[yP/z1ʊLVʈQJ
OɘLNK{QJNKtV{LQʌLFʞDPʐWWKɶNʀWUɃʒFQJɃʔL[HQɃʔPQɃʚSĉyOjNKLPjPʐWVʈGRDQKQKkQQJɃʔL
+jQ4XʈFĀɶQĀɮWKjQJYɘQPyQKjQJEɨQJĀɜWQXQJ1KʦQJPɢXPmKʄĀɃDUDFKɃDKɸFyʖ9LɾW1DP
QKLɸXPɮWKjQJNKiFɞXNuQKɃEuQKUɃʚXFʌOLFʌFʞDQJɃʔL+jQ;yP/z1ʊLKʄSOɘLYjJLDRFKREj1ĄP
7KʢDOjPWKʤ%jJLjJɞQEɚ\\PɃɁLWXʌLPjEjQWD\\NKiĀLɾXQJKɾFʜFĀɜWYjRWD\\EjVDXYjLSK~WOjWKjQK
QʊLWKjQKFKɚRWKjQKNKX{QEiQK6DXPɲĀɞXWLrQUDĀʔLNKiFKKjQJFʨFNuKjLOzQJYjKʄĀɮWKjQJVʈ
OɃʚQJOʒQWɜWQKLrQQJRjLVɚQSKɠPWKHRëKʄKʄFzQPXDQLrXĀɜWKRDPqFʞD[yP/ɞQĀɞXWLrQ[yP/z
1ʊLPɃʒQQJɃʔLQJRjLYjROjPSKʜ7UɃʒFO~FJLɚLQJKɾĀɺWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFKRFRQWUDLWUɃʖQJEj1ĄP7KʢD
FyWKɺWʨKjRUɨQJVɚQSKɠPFʞD[yP/z1ʊLOɞQĀɞXĀɃʚF[XɜWQJRɘL7X\\QKLrQWKHR{QJ7iPWKuKɁQ
WUĄPQĄPWUɃʒFFiF´FK~NKiFKµĀmPXDQʊLĀɜWʖĀk\\FKʖYɸEiQWɘLTXrKɃɁQJFʞDKʄErQ7jXWU
əQKPLQKKʄD[yP/z1ʊLFʞD7UɃʔQJ7Ut
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLWU
1JX\\ɼQ0ʐW4XjFʞDĀɜW1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLWU

6.8 Page 58

▲back to top
ÑQJ7UɞQ9ĄQ7iQKYʒLQJKɸJʈPOkXĀʔLʖ%ʤX/RQJ
%j7UɞQ7Kʂ/LɸQYʒLWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ
OjPJʈPQKLɸXĀʔLWɘL%ʤX/RQJ
%j7UɞQ7Kʂ0ɃʔLWKʚJʈP%ʤX/RQJ

6.9 Page 59

▲back to top
%j1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ/DQYjVɚQSKɠPJʈPJLDGʜQJ
/zQXQJJʈPʖ%ʤX/RQJ

6.10 Page 60

▲back to top
6ɚQSKɠPQLrXFʞDOzJʈP%ʤX/RQJ
%ɶSOzJʈP%ʤX/RQJ
/jQJĀɜWQXQJ%ʤX/RQJ

7 Pages 61-70

▲back to top

7.1 Page 61

▲back to top

7.2 Page 62

▲back to top

7.3 Page 63

▲back to top

7.4 Page 64

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
6DXNKLFɁEɚQEuQKĀʂQKFiFSKRQJWUjRĀɜXWUDQKʖ9LɾW1DPFKtQKTX\\ɸQWKʨFGkQ3KiSWLɶQ
KjQKFKtQKViFKNKDLWKiFWKXʐFĀʂD7URQJKɾWKʈQJ[k\\GʨQJWUɃʔQJOʒSʖ1DP.Ɠ3KiSWKjQKOɤSPʐW
VʈWUɃʔQJGɘ\\QJKɸeFROHSURIHVVLRQQHOOH.KXYʨFĉ{QJ1DP.ƓPʐWVʈWUɃʔQJQJKɸ7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ
1DP.Ɠ7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ7Kʞ'ɞX0ʐW7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zD7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\
QJKɸ6jL*zQ7UɃʔQJ9ɴ*LDĉʂQK¬
5LrQJ7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚF+ʐLĀʊQJKjQJWʀQKUDTX\\ɶWĀʂQKWKjQKOɤSYjRQJj\\
FzQJʄLOj7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD&ɁVʖEDQĀɞXĀɮWWɘLSKtDVDXErQWUiL7zDEʈ%LrQ+zD
JʊPKDLGm\\QKj.KXQKjQJDQJYʒLPɮWWLɸQĀɃʔQJQKuQUD4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3KʈQD\\OjĀɃʔQJ&iFK
PɘQJ7KiQJ7iPWS%LrQ+zDYjGm\\QKjGjLSKtDWURQJFyOzUʊQJĀɺQXQJVɚQSKɠPVDXQj\\[k\\GʨQJ
WKrPGm\\QKjWɘRQrQNKX{QYLrQELɾWOɤS1Jj\\WUɃʔQJNKDLJLɚQJNKyDĀɞXWLrQ&iFEDQ
FKX\\rQĀɃʚFĀjRWɘRWKHRNɶKRɘFKEDQĀɞX
%DQWKʠQKɜW9ɴWUrQJLɜ\\WUrQJʎW{FKʦWUDQJWUtViFKYɴKuQKKʄD
%DQWKʠKDLĉLrXNKɦFJʎNKɚPOjPĀjQQʦWUDQJ
%DQWKʠEDĉDQOiWĀʊYɤWOjPEɨQJFʄNqVRQJPk\\FyLYjWUH
%DQWKʠWɃ7Kʞ\\WLQKĀʊVjQKĀʊJʈPĀʊFKɁL
6DXQj\\FɁVʖWUɃʔQJFKX\\ɺQĀɶQĀʂDĀLɺPĀʈLGLɾQĉjL.ʬQLɾPĉjL&KLɶQVŜWUɤQYRQJQD\\OjFɁ
Vʖ7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJEʌVXQJFiFEDQĀjRWɘRĀ~FĀʊQJVɦW1ĄP
WUɃʔQJWX\\ɺQVLQK%DQ*ʈPYjĀɶQQĄPFKtQKWKʠFWKjQKOɤS%DQ*ʈPErQFɘQKFiFEDQ
ĀjRWɘRWUɃʒFĀy9LɾFWKjQKOɤS%DQ*ʈPYjWX\\ɺQVLQKĀjRWɘROjGɜXɜQFKRQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDSKiW
WULɺQEʖL%LrQ+zDĀmFyQJKɸJʈPNKiSKiWWULɺQWURQJFʐQJĀʊQJGkQFɃWUɃʒFĀy
7ʢNKLWKjQKOɤSFKRĀɶQQD\\WUɃʔQJĀmFyQKʦQJOɞQĀʌLWrQQKʦQJFʐWPʈFĀiQJFK~ë
7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDFzQJʄLOjWUɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%ɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ.ʮWKXɤW%LrQ+zDWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ3KʌWK{QJ&{QJQJKLɾSĉʊQJ1DLQĄP
7UɃʔQJ7UXQJKʄF0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWʢQĄPĀɶQQD\\

7.5 Page 65

▲back to top
'ɜXɜQFʞDQJ{LWUɃʔQJYʒLQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
6ʨUDĀʔLFʞD7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDFy
ɚQKKɃʖQJWtFKFʨFĀɶQVʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈP
ĀɮFELɾWYʒLORɘLVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʐWWKʔLĀɃʚFJʄLOj
*ʈP Pʮ QJKɾ %LrQ +zD 1KkQ Vʨ OmQK ĀɘR FʞD
WUɃʔQJFyQKʦQJWKD\\ĀʌLTXDFiFWKʔLNƓ7URQJVʈ
QKkQVʨOmQKĀɘRWUɃʔQJĀɮFGɜXɜQFKRVʨSKiW
WULɺQ FʞD QJKɸ JʈP Wʢ NKL {QJ 5REHUW %DOLFN WʈW
QJKLɾS 7UɃʔQJ 0ʮ WKXɤW WUDQJ WUt 3DULV OjP KLɾX
WUɃʖQJ Yj Ej 0DUHWWH %UDOOLRQ WʈW QJKLɾS 7UɃʔQJ
*ʈP/LPRJHVSKʜWi+ʄFVLQKEDQ*ʈPĀɃʚFĀjR
WɘRNʮWKXɤWYɸ[RD\\FKɘPNKɦFFKɜPPHQLQYj
QɮQ%j0DUOHWWH%UDOOLRQFyF{QJOʒQWURQJĀʌLPʒL
VɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFĀy1JX\\rQOLɾXĀɜW
OjPJʈPFKʂXĀɃʚFQKLɾWĀʐFDRNKLQXQJFKɶUDFiF
ORɘLPHQĀɮFWUɃQJWUDQJWUtWUrQVɚQSKɠPPHQWD 3KzQJWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPPʮQJKɾFʞDWUɃʔQJ
PHQ WUR PHQ Āi Āʆ PHQ [DQK ĀʊQJ 9HUW GH
WɘLĀʂDĀLɺPQD\\OjNKX{QYLrQ
7UʜVʖ&ɁTXDQQKjQɃʒFWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL
%LHQKRD
9LɾFĀjRWɘROjPJʈPʖQJ{LWUɃʔQJQj\\ĀɃʚFSKɚQiQKNKiFKLWLɶWWʢF{QJWUuQK*ʈP%LrQ+zDYʒL
FiFWK{QJWLQVDX
7KiQJ%DQ*ʈPFKtQKWKʠFWUʖWKjQKQJjQKĀjRWɘRFʞDWUɃʔQJ
1ĄP+DLKʄFVLQKWʈWQJKLɾS%DQ*ʈP
1ĄP+DLKʄFVLQKWʈWQJKLɾS%DQ*ʈP
7KiQJ&KʀFzQPʐWĀʈFF{QJQJɃʔL+RDGɘ\\EDQ*ʈPYjPʐWFʨXKʄFVLQKQJɃʔL9LɾWĀm
WKD\\WKɶWUɃʒFWKiQJQĄPFyWKɺVX\\OXɤQWUɃʒFĀyFyVʈOɃʚQJQKʦQJWKʚJʈPQJɃʔL+RDGɘ\\JʈP
WɘLĀk\\QKLɸXKɁQ&ŹQJFɞQFK~WKrP7ʢQĄPYLɾFĀjRWɘRWKHRKɃʒQJʠQJGʜQJYjViQJWɘRĀʈLYʒL
ĀjRWɘRFʞDWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFĀɸ[ɃʒQJEʖL0DVSpUR1KʦQJJLiRYLrQQJɃʔL3KiSWKDPJLD-/DPRUWH$QGUp
-R\\HX[6HUUpGɞQWKD\\WKɶSKɃɁQJSKiSGɘ\\WKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJNK{QJFzQFɚQKWKʚFɚFɞPWD\\FKʀYLɾF
FiFSKyQKʆWKʚKʄFYLɾFKɞXĀLɶXĀyPYjFKʂXVDLYɮWFʞDWKʚFɚYjFʞDFiFĀʈFF{QJFKkXÉWKD\\WKɶEɨQJ
VʨKɃʒQJGɢQNʮWKXɤWWKʠFWʀQKVʨViQJWɘRYjWUtWK{QJPLQKFʞDKʄFVLQK
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLWU

7.6 Page 66

▲back to top
&ɁVʖ7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zD
7ʢWKiQJKʄFVLQKWɘLWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFĀjRWɘRWKHRQʐLGXQJ´0ʎLEDQFyKʄFVLQKNK{QJ
NɺKʄFVLQKWʨGRFKLDUDQĄPKʄFPʎLQĄPPʐWOʒS7XʌLKʄFWUzQKʆQKɜWOjYjNK{QJTXiFy
WUuQKĀʐVɁKʄFFʞDWUɃʔQJOjQJ[m+ʄFVLQKSKɚLKʄFP{QFKXQJOjYɴYjQɮQ1KjĀLɸXKjQKNʮWKXɤW
EɦWEXʐFSKɚLGɘ\\OʒSYɴKD\\QɮQPʎLWXɞQFKRPʎLEDQ&iFOʒSYɴQɮQNK{QJĀɃʚFQJɃQJYuEɜWFʠOë
GRJuFiFQJj\\NKiFĀʈFF{QJWU{QJFRLYjVʤDEjLFKRKʄFVLQK7URQJWKʔLJLDQKʄFQJKɸʖWUɃʔQJKʄF
VLQKĀɃʚFKʄFYĄQKRiWɃɁQJĀɃɁQJYʒLFKɃɁQJWUuQKVɁKʄFĀɶQOʒSEDĀɮFELɾWFK~ëĀɶQFKʦ4XʈF
QJʦ Yj Vʈ KʄF 1JRjL UD KʄF VLQK
SKɚLWKHRKʄFOʒSFʞDQJɃʔLOʒQYjR
FiFEXʌLWʈLʖWʀQKOʂGɃʒLVʨTXɚQOë
FʞDQKjĀLɸXKjQKµ
1ĄP %DQ *ʈP GR Ej
0DUHWWH %UDOOLRQ SKʜ WUiFK ĀʈF
F{QJ EɚQ [ʠ Yj KʄF VLQK 7KʔL
JLDQKʄFWɘLWUɃʔQJOjQĄPJʊP
QĄPĀɞXKʄFFiFP{QFɁEɚQYjOXkQ
SKLrQFiFEDQQĄPFXʈLĀLFKX\\rQ
EDQ +ʄF WUz YjR KʄF SKɚL Fy WUuQK
Āʐ VɁ KʄF OʒS ED ĀɃʚF KʄF WLɶS
7ɤSWKɺWKɞ\\F{WUɃʔQJQĄP

7.7 Page 67

▲back to top
FKʦ QKR FKʦ 4XʈF QJʦ WRiQ WLɶQJ
3KiS¬ 6DX NKL WʈW QJKLɾS KʄF VLQK
ĀɃʚFWKkXQKɤQYjROʒSKRjQWKLɾQKʄF
WKrPQĄPYʢDWUDXGʊLQJKɸYʢDOjP
UD VɚQ SKɠP ĀɃʚF KɃʖQJ OɃɁQJ Yj
WUɃʔQJQKɤQKʄFVLQKFyQĄQJNKLɶXGR
7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ*LDĉʂQKFKX\\ɺQOrQ
6ʨQKLɾWWkPYjĀɞXWɃF{QJVʠF
FKR VɚQ SKɠP JʈP Wʢ WUɃʔQJ FʞD Ej
0DUHWWHU %UDOOLRQ Ām ĀHP OɘL FKR Vʨ
WKjQK F{QJ WLɶQJ YDQJ TXD FiF FXʐF
WULɺQ OmP WURQJ QɃʒF Yj TXʈF Wɶ %j
0DUOHWWHU%UDOOLRQYɘFKKɃʒQJĀLULrQJ
FKR %DQ *ʈP ĉy Oj VɚQ SKɠP JʈP
WUDQJWUtQKLɸXPjXFKɘPNKɦFFKLWLɶW
7ɤSWKɺWKɞ\\F{FʞDWUɃʔQJQĄP
FiFKRDYĄQĀɮFVɦFQKLɸXPjXPHQOɘPɦWWɘRFKRJʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJVɦFWKiLULrQJNKiFKɪQJʈPGkQGʜQJ
7kQ9ɘQYj/iL7KLrXFʞDFiFOzQJɃʔL+RD7UɃʒFĀk\\{QJ-R\\HX[ĀmQJKLrQFʠXGQJPHQ3KiSFKɜPOrQ
VɚQSKɠPJʈPQKɃQJNK{QJWKjQKF{QJ%j0DUHWWHU%UDOOLRQFQJFiFĀʈFF{QJEʌQ[ʠGQJQJX\\rQ
OLɾXQʐLĀʂDFKʞ\\ɶXOjWURUɁPWUROzPLɺQJWKʞ\\WLQKFiWĉj1ɬQJY{L&jQJ/RQJOjPPHQĉɜWOjP
VɚQSKɠPOjĀɜWFKʂXOʤDFDRNKDLWKiFʖĉɜW&XʈF&KiQK/ɃX7Kʞ'ɞX0ʐW7UɚLTXDQKLɸXWKʤQJKLɾP
FXʈLFQJEjWuPUDORɘLPHQWURSKKʚSPjGkQOjPJʈPJʄLOjPHQWD9ʒLPɘWĀʊQJWKXĀɃʚFNKLKRjQ
WKLɾQĀʊĀʊQJEjFKɶĀɃʚFPjX[DQKĀʊQJ9HUWGH%LHQKRDĀɰSQʌLWLɶQJQKɃ9HUWG ,VODPWURQJFiF
F{QJWUuQKNLɶQWU~FFʞDĀɘR+ʊL9ʒLĀiRQJ%LrQ+RjEjFKɶUDPHQĀiĀʆUɜWĀɰS0HQ3KiSWKɃʔQJOj
PHQQKɰĀʐKD\\WUXQJĀʐ&²&NK{QJWKɺĀɰSEɨQJPHQWURFDRĀʐ&FʞD9LɼQĉ{QJ
ĀʈWEɨQJFʞLWɘRUDKʆDELɶQtWPHQQjRViQKNʂS+ɁQQʦDĀʊJʈPNKLUDOzFyNKX\\ɶWWɤW{QJEj%DOLFN
FKRĀɤSEʆNK{QJWKɃɁQJWLɶF'RĀyWURQJFiF+ʐLFKʚWULɺQOmPVDXQj\\ĀʊJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFĀiQKJLi
FDR.KiFKKjQJQKɤQ[pWPHQ%LrQ+RjFyFKLɸXVkXFjQJQKuQFjQJWKɜ\\ĀɰS
ĉɺSKʜFYʜFKRYLɾFQXQJVɚQSKɠPQKjWUɃʔQJFyOzʈQJOzUʊQJ[k\\SKtDJyFSKɚLWUɃʒFWUɃʔQJ
ĀɺQXQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀʂDĀLɺPWUɃʔQJĀɞXWLrQWKXʐFWURQJSKɘPYLFʞDNKXYʨFErQSKɚL7zDEʈWUɃʒF
Āk\\WKHRKɃʒQJQKuQUDEQJELQK6{QJ3KʈQD\\WKXʐFWUʜVʖNKʈLFɁTXDQQKjQɃʒFWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL'R
ÑQJ5REHUW%DOLFNEj0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQOjYʚFKʊQJQrQWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFJʄLFKXQJOj{QJEj%DOLFN

7.8 Page 68

▲back to top
VɚQ[XɜWVɚQSKɠPQJj\\FjQJQKLɸXOzQXQJKRɘWĀʐQJJk\\{QKLɼPP{LWUɃʔQJĀʈLYʒLQKjWKʔJLiR[ʠ
%LrQ+zDYjWRjEʈQrQWUɃʔQJĀɸQJKʂ ĀɃʚFFɜSNKXĀɜWFiFKWUɃʔQJNKRɚQJNPPʖFɁVʖEʌVXQJ
WUɃʔQJQKiQK²QD\\WKXʐFĀʂDĀLɺP7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLYjYQJOkQFɤQ.KX
ĀɜWQj\\FyGLɾQWtFKP࢖7ɘLFɁVʖQKiQKQĄPWUɃʔQJ[k\\OzJʈPPʐWOzWUzQĀɃʔQJNtQK
PEɨQJJɘFKNK{QJW{FyʈQJNKyLFDRGQJĀɺQXQJQRQPʐWOzʈQJGjLP[ɃʖQJWKʚYjPiLFKH
1ĄPWUɃʔQJ[k\\WKrPOzʈQJPʒLGjLPPiLFKHOzYjFKʎWKʚOjPYLɾF
1ĄPĀiQKGɜXEɃʒFSKiWWULɺQFʞDJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDNKLWUɃʔQJWKjQKOɤS+ʚSWiF[m
0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD+ʚSWiF[mOjPʐWEʐSKɤQFʞDWUɃʔQJGRPʐWĀɘLGLɾQWUʨFWLɶSĀLɸXKjQK6ɚQSKɠP
FʞDKʚSWiF[mOjĀʊĀʊQJYjĀʊJʈPĉʊĀʊQJĀɃʚFFKɶWiFQKʦQJORɘLOɃKɃɁQJWɃʚQJ3KɤWQKʆWɃʚQJ
QʦWKɞQGDRUʄFJLɜ\\ĀʊFKɮQJLɜ\\F~SWKɺWKDRGjQĀqQĀLɾQWUHRWUɞQQKjQJKLrQPʨFĀqQGɞXOʤDFʘ
OʒQĉʊJʈPĀɃʚFFKɶWiFQKLɸXORɘLKuQKJLDGʜQJWUDQJWUtWtQQJɃʘQJ7UɃʔQJ[k\\GʨQJSKzQJWUɃQJ
Ej\\VɚQSKɠPWUrQQɸQOzJʈPWɘLFɁVʖFKtQKĀɺJLʒLWKLɾXFiFVɚQSKɠPWKʞF{QJGRWUɃʔQJFKɶWiFYj
QKɤQĀɮWKjQJ0{KuQK+ʚSWiF[mQj\\TX\\WʜĀɃʚFQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQWKʚJLʆLĀɃʚFĀjRWɘRWʢWUɃʔQJ
VɚQ[XɜWQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPJʈPQʌLWLɶQJ7ʢQĄP+ʚSWiF[mWUʖWKjQKĀɁQYʂKRɘWĀʐFOɤSYjKRɘW
ĀʐQJFKRĀɶQQĄP7ʢFiLQ{LKʚSWiF[mFʞDWUɃʔQJĀmKuQKWKjQKWKrPQKLɸX[ɃʖQJOzSKiWWULɺQ
JʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD0ʐWVʈFiQKkQWUɃʖQJWKjQKWʢWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFWXQJKLɾSʖQɃʒFQJRjLWLɶSWKX
QKʦQJNLQKQJKLɾPNʮWKXɤWYɸJʈPYɸQɃʒFWKjQKOɤSQKʦQJWʌKʚSVɚQ[XɜWJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
WKHRKɃʒQJKLɾQĀɘLJySSKɞQSKiWWULɺQPɘQKPɴQJjQKJʈP
&QJYʒLFiFVɚQSKɠPWʢWUɃʔQJFKɶWiFVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFWX\\ɺQFKʄQYjWUɃQJEj\\
ĀHPOɘLVʨTXDQWkPWKXK~WQJɃʔL[HPĉjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFĀɞXWɃWKrPFɁVʖYɤWFKɜW
YjQkQJFDRFɚLWLɶQVɚQSKɠP'ɜXɜQFʞDVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDWʢWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFWɮQJWKɃʖQJKX\\
FKɃɁQJEɨQJGDQKGʨ¬TXDFiFĀʚWWULɺQOmPPʮWKXɤWTXʈFWɶ0DUVHLOOH3DULVʖ3KiSQĄP
Yj%DWDYLD,QGRQHVLDQĄP1D\\RJD1KɤW%ɚQQĄP6DLQW'HQLVĀɚR5pXQLRQQĄP
+j1ʐLQĄP6jL*zQ9LɾW1DPQĄP%DQJNRN7KiL/DQQĄP 0DQLOD
3KLOLSSLQQĄP3KQRP3HQK&DPSXFKLDQĄP1HZ<RUNQĄP¬
7ʢQĄPWUʖĀLQKɨPSKiWWULɺQQJjQK*ʈPQKjWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFPʐWVʈFKX\\rQJLDQɃʒFQJRjL
FKʞ\\ɶXWʢ1KɤW%ɚQ,VKL]XND.RH0L]XQR.DWRĀɶQJL~SĀʘYɸNʮWKXɤW0ʐWVʈJLiRYLrQĀɃʚFFʤĀL
KʄFQɃʒFQJRjL9ɸQJjQK*ʈPWUɃʔQJFyWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ1KʨW7KĄQJWXQJKLɾSYɸPHQJʈPʖ7k\\ĉʠF
WKɞ\\/r%iĉiQJWXQJKLɾSʖ1KɤWĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJWXQJKLɾSWɘL3KiS
7ʢQĄPFɁVʖEDQĀɞXFʞDWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFFKX\\ɺQYɸFɁVʖWUɃʔQJQKiQKFɁVʖWUɃʔQJ&DR
ĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\

7.9 Page 69

▲back to top
7ʢ QĄP FKtQK TX\\ɸQ FiFK
PɘQJWLɶSTXɚQWUɃʔQJYjGX\\WUuKRɘWĀʐQJ
FʞD WUɃʔQJ FKR ĀɶQ K{P QD\\ &y QKʦQJ
ELɶQ ĀʐQJ Yɸ TXɚQ Oë QKkQ Vʨ WURQJ WʢQJ
JLDLĀRɘQQKɃQJWUɃʔQJYɢQGX\\WUuĀjRWɘR
QJKɸ JʈP FQJ YʒL FiF QJjQK QJKɸ NKiF
ĀɃʚFSKkQF{QJ7URQJOʂFKVʤSKiWWULɺQFʞD
WUɃʔQJ ĀʐL QJŹ JLiR YLrQ Yj KʄF VLQK %DQ
*ʈPFyQKʦQJĀyQJJySTXDQWUʄQJWURQJ
VʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJjQKQJKɸQj\\ʖQKʦQJ
OŜQKYʨF1KLɸXQJɃʔLWUʖWKjQKQKʦQJOmQK
ĀɘR FKʞ GRDQK GRDQK QJKLɾS JLiR YLrQ
+FuQKXK\\rɚQQJKLDYQɸJKWUɾɃQʔKkQQJ¬'GXɘ\\\\WUQuJEɚKRɸWʊ%QLrYjQ+zD
WVUiuQQKJNWLɘɶRQWWUU~RFQJGLYQWJjtFjKQQOKʂKFKʦJʈVQʤPJYV0ĄɚQʐQWKySVʈDKWFɠU{RPQQJJJ ʈP7Kɞ\\F{YjKʄFVLQK7UɃQʔĄQPJ7UXQJKʄF0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUt
QɃʒFFyVʨĀyQJJySWʢQJXʊQQKkQOʨFĀjR
WɘR FʞD WUɃʔQJ ĉjL .ʬ QLɾP&KLɶQ VŜ WUɤQ
YRQJĀuQK7kQ/kQEQJELQK
ĀɘLOʐ1JX\\ɼQ+Xɾ6jL*zQWUʜJʈP
YQJ ELrQ JLʒL JLiS UDQK QɃʒF NKX YʨF
ĉ{QJ 'ɃɁQJ QKj KʐL %uQK 7UɃʒF
7UɃʔQJ 0ʮ QJKɾ EɚQ [ʠ %LrQ +zD
FKʚ %ɶQ 7KjQK 4XɚQJ
WUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ%LrQ+zDWUQJWX
GLWtFKĉjL.ʬQLɾPWɃʚQJĀjL&KLɶQ
WKɦQJ 6kQ ED\\ %LrQ +zD WɃʚQJ ĀjL
&KLɶQWKɦQJ/RQJ%uQKQĄP¬¬F{QJWUuQK
9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ¬
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
əQKPLQKKRɘWʢQJXʊQWɃOLɾX
7LɸQWKkQOj7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zD
FʞD7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
1JX\\ɼQ0LQK$QK

7.10 Page 70

▲back to top
.KkXFKɜPPHQWURQJWɘRVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDʖ7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ
3KzQJGɘ\\OjPJʈPQĄP
7Kɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ7Ut'ɘQJ
Gɘ\\KʄFVLQKLQNKX{QJʈP
7Kɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL
Gɘ\\KʄFVLQKWUɃʔQJ[RD\\JʈP
7Kɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1KjQ
Gɘ\\KʄFVLQK[RD\\JʈP

8 Pages 71-80

▲back to top

8.1 Page 71

▲back to top
&KX\\rQJLDQJɃʔL1KɤWFQJQJKLrQFʠXJʈP
WɘLWUɃʔQJQĄP
*LDQWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾQĄP
+ʄFVLQKEiRFiRWʈWQJKLɾS%DQJʈP
7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
QĄP
3KzQJWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPFʞD7UɃʔQJ
Yj+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDVDXQĄP
1D\\ĀmFKX\\ɺQYɸ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ

8.2 Page 72

▲back to top
3KzQJWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPPʮQJKɾFʞDWUɃʔQJ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPYjĀʊPʮQJKɾ
WURQJSKzQJWULɺQOmPFʞDWUɃʔQJ
.KiFKWKDPTXDQJʈPPʮWKXɤWFʞDWUɃʔQJ
QĄP

8.3 Page 73

▲back to top
1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP
ĀɃʚFSKʞPHQ[DQKĀʊQJWUʌE{QJ
JʄLOj´9HUWGH%LHQKRDµ
OjPQrQWrQWXʌL
FʞDJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVDPLVPXVHHFHUQXVFKLRUJOHVHFROHVGDUWHWOLQÀXHQFHGHVDUWLVWHVIUDQFDLVDXYLHWQDPa
WH[W &FROHG $UWGH%L&$$QODGLUHFWLRQGHO &$FROH

8.4 Page 74

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVEURFDQWHODYLWULQHFRPSURGXFWVYDVHHQFHUDPLTXHYLHWQDPELHQKRD"VUVOWLG $IP%2RTE<'=GB
$<Q13+%8ZRPH=9P+K6MXKER[TQ-/U1)[VSKI
KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPWKDQKQKDQSKRWRV

8.5 Page 75

▲back to top
1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP
YʒLPjXPHQĀiĀʆ
WUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ
FʞD%LrQ+zD
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZPLOORQFRPFDWDORJXHYHQWHDUWVGXYLHWQDPORWYLHWQDPHFROHGHELHQKRD[[HVLHFOH

8.6 Page 76

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZERLVJLUDUGDQWRQLQLFRPHQORWSODWORWLIRUPHHQFHUDPLTXHGHELHQKRD

8.7 Page 77

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSZZZWUDQVDVLDUWFRP&HUDPLTXHVFHUDPLTXHVBYQELHQKRDFYQEKKWP

8.8 Page 78

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZOHERQFRLQIUDGGHFRUDWLRQ

8.9 Page 79

▲back to top
1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP
YʒLNʮWKXɤWFKɘPOʄQJ
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZHED\\IULWP"PNHYW PNFLG PNULG FDPSLG FXVWRPLG WRROLG
KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPWKDQKQKDQSKRWRV

8.10 Page 80

▲back to top
6ʨĀDGɘQJFʞDNLɺXGiQJYjKRDYĄQFʌ
NɶWKʚSSKRQJFiFKKLɾQĀɘL
FʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVKXPD]XUXQLYFRWHGD]XUIU¿OHVRULJLQDOHEFGFGFEDEEHGDEEEDHGSGI

9 Pages 81-90

▲back to top

9.1 Page 81

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVSLFFOLFNIU%LHQ+RD9DVH&HUDPLTXH(PDLOOH,QGRFKLQHKWPO

9.2 Page 82

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQKKWWSVZZZSLQWHUHVWFRPSLQ

9.3 Page 83

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈVɚQSKɠPJʈPYɴNKɦF
QʐLGXQJFʈWFKX\\ɾQOʂFKVʤGkQWʐF
WɤSTXiQSKRQJWʜF
KD\\OLrQTXDQWtQQJɃʘQJW{QJLiR
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZDUWYDORUHPIUORW"
KWWSVKHULWDJHYLHWQDPDLUOLQHVFRPHQELHQKRDFHUDPLFV
6ѭXWұSWѭQKkQ
KWWSIDVKLRQQHWYQDUWLJRPELHQKRDYHGHSYXRWWKRLJLDQ

9.4 Page 84

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQKKWWSVIUSLQWHUHVWFRPELQQJX\\HQELHQKRDFHUDPLF
KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPWKDQKQKDQSKRWRV
KWWSVWDSFKLP\\WKXDWYQJRPELHQKRDWKRLEDOLFN
KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPOHWKLDQKPDLSKRWRV

9.5 Page 85

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZO\\QGDWURXYHFRPFDWDORJXH"RႇVHW
KWWSVGDQJQKLHQWKXEORJVSRWFRPSEORJSDJHBKWPO
KWWSVZZZSURDQWLFFRPHQLQFHQVHEXUQHUIURPWKHELHQKRDVFKRROIURPWKHVKWPO

9.6 Page 86

▲back to top
'ƭDWUDQJWUt
1JXӗQҧQKKWWSVZZZSLQWHUHVWFRPJRPVX\\HQODP&&$DWUDQJWU&$'J(%%PEL&$$QK&%D[&%D
KWWSVZZZSURDQWLFFRPYDVHDQFLHQELHQKRDVLJQHGHFRUFKL]RXFHUDPLTXHYLHWQDPLHQQHYLHWQDPKWPO

9.7 Page 87

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZERLVJLUDUGDQWRQLQLFRPORWYLHWQDPELHQKRDJUDQGSODWSRO\\OREHHQJUHVHPDLOOHGDQVOHVWRQVEOHXYHU
KWWSVSLFFOLFNFD<HDU2OG9LHWQDPHVH%LHQ+RD&HUDPLF3RWWHU\\KWPO

9.8 Page 88

▲back to top
6ҧQSKҭPJӕPJLDGөQJ
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPVWRU\\SKS"VWRU\\BIELG LG BUGU
KWWSVZZZO\\QGDWURXYHFRPHQFDWDORJ"RႇVHW

9.9 Page 89

▲back to top
7ѭӧQJJӕP
OLrQTXDQWtQQJɃʘQJW{QJLiR
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZDODLQWUXRQJFRPDUFKLYHVKWPO
KWWSVZZZSULPDUGHFRFRPDUWGHODFKLQHHWGH[RULHQWSODWURQGHQFHUDPLTXHDGHFRUGHSHUVRQQDJHVPDUTXHHELHQKRDY

9.10 Page 90

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZLQYDOXDEOHFRPDXFWLRQORWYLHWQDPELHQKRD[[HVLHFOHVHULHGHWURLVHOHSKDFEDE
KWWSZZZWUDQVDVLDUWFRP&HUDPLTXHVFHUDPLTXHVBYQELHQKRDFYQEKVHDKWP

10 Pages 91-100

▲back to top

10.1 Page 91

▲back to top
3KÿLrXJӕP
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZDGDPVLHORW$/$5*(%,(1+2$(%(%(&6721(:$5('$1&,1*/$',(6
7:2+$1'/('9$6(%,(1+2$(%(%(&
KWWSZZZFRYDWYLHWQDPLQIRFRYDWFKDWOLHXJRPJRPELHQKRDDWWDFKPHQWQJX\\HQGRQJJRPELHQKRD

10.2 Page 92

▲back to top
Ĉ{QYRL
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZLQYDOXDEOHFRPDXFWLRQORWDODUJHELHQKRDVWRQHZDUHDQJNRUYDWNKPHUÀJXFHDEH
KWWSVZZZNRKDQWLTXHFRP+FPPXVHXPRIÀQHDUWVODLEHQKWP

10.3 Page 93

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZWKHVDOHURRPFRPHQJEDXFWLRQFDWDORJXHVDGDPVFDWDORJXHLGVUDGORWරHIEGFEEDGGEE
KWWSVZZZHWV\\FRPOLVWLQJEODFNDQGZKLWHFHUDPLFYDVHIURPELHQ"VKRZBVROGBRXWBGHWDLO UHI QODBOLVWLQJBGHWDLOV

10.4 Page 94

▲back to top
1JXӗQҧQK KWWSVZZZRVHQDWFRPHQORWYLHWQDPELHQKRDVFKRROWKFHQWXU\\GRXEOHJRXUGYDVHLQ"
KWWSVZZZWKHVDOHURRPFRPHQJEDXFWLRQFDWDORJXHVDGDPVFDWDORJXHLGVUDGORWIDHFFIFDHEFIE

10.5 Page 95

▲back to top

10.6 Page 96

▲back to top

10.7 Page 97

▲back to top

10.8 Page 98

▲back to top
1JX\\rQOLɾXYjNKRiQJYɤW
1JX\\rQOLɾX
ĉɜWVpWOjQJX\\rQOLɾXFKtQKĀɺOjPJʈPWURQJĀɜWVpWFyQKʦQJNKRiQJYɤW%ɨQJFiFSKɃɁQJ
SKiSQJKLrQFʠXOëKyDKLɾQĀɘLNKɚRViWFɜXWU~FEɨQJWLD;FKʜSɚQKEɨQJNtQKKLɺQYLĀLɾQWʤFyĀʐ
SKyQJĀɘLUɜWOʒQ.KRiQJYɤWVpWĀɸXFyFɜXWU~FWʢQKʦQJWɜPWʠGLɾQ6L2ࢩYjFiFWɜPEiWGLɾQ$O2+
&iFWɜPWʠGLɾQYjEiWGLɾQQj\\[ɶSWKHRFiFNLɺXNKiFQKDXOXkQSKLrQQKDXOjPNKRiQJVpWFyFɜXWɘR
OʒSNtFKWKɃʒFKɘWVpWUɜWQKʆQrQQyFyĀʐGɲRFDR7\\WKHRFiFKVɦS[ɶSJLʦDFiFOiWʠGLɾQYjEiWGLɾQ
PjFyNDROLQLWKLĀURPLFDPRQPRULQ{OLW$O)HLOLWYjPʐWORɘWNKRiQJYɤWVLQKWKjQKNKiFĉiJʈFFy
WKjQKSKɞQKRiKʄFNKiFQKDXVɴKuQKWKjQKFiFNKRiQJYɤWVpWNKiFQKDX
.KRiQJYɤW
.DROLQLWOjPʐWWURQJQKʦQJORɘLNKRiQJYɤWSKʌELɶQQKɜW&{QJWKʠFOj$Oࢧ2ࢨ6L2ࢧ+ࢧ2QJRjL
UDFzQFyOɃʚQJWKɜS.1D&D0J6pWNDROLQLWOjVɚQSKɠPSKRQJKRiKRiKʄFFʞDFiFĀiJLjXVLOLFDW
DOXPLQ.KʈLNDROLQLWFKɮWVtWYɢQGɼPLɶWQKʆEɨQJQJyQWD\\ʖGɘQJNK{UɜWKiRQɃʒFʖWUɘQJWKiLɃʒWWɘR
WKjQKWKɺUɜWGɲR7ʀWUʄQJEɨQJQɮQJYʢDĉɜWNDROLQFyPjXQKɘWWUɦQJPʂQWUɦQJ[iPKRɮFPjX
QJjYRLJʊP+DORL]LWWKXʐFQKyPNDROLQLWFyF{QJWKʠFOj$Oࢧ2ࢨ6L2ࢧ+ࢧ2+DORL]LWGɃʒLGɘQJNKʈL
QʤDPʔJLʈQJQKɃNHRYʒLYɶWYʘGɘQJYʆVzSKɪQJ+DORL]LWWDQGɞQWURQJQɃʒFWKjQKFʜFQKɃQJNK{QJ
WUɃɁQJQʖʖGɘQJNK{QyGtQKOɃʘLĉLNLWOjNKRiQJYɤWVpWFyWKjQKSKɞQKRiKʄFJLʈQJNDROLQLWWKɃʔQJ
JɮSGɃʒLGɘQJWɤSKʚSYLWLQKNK{QJPjXKD\\PjXWUɦQJSKʒWYjQJSKʒWQkXĉʐFʠQJEɨQJ1DFULWOj
NKRiQJYɤWVpWFyWKjQKSKɞQKRiKʄFJLʈQJNDROLQLWNK{QJPjXWUɦQJYjQJQKɘWiQKWKʞ\\WLQKĀʐ
FʠQJ²WʀWUʄQJ²3KkQELɾWQDFULWNDROLQLWĀLNLWQKʔSKkQWtFKQKLɾWYjWLD5ɁQJKHQ
7KHRJLiWUʂVʤGʜQJ*6767UɞQ.LP7KɘFKFKLDĀɜWVpWNDROLQLWUDKDLORɘLFKtQKĉɜWVpWWɘSGQJ
OjPJɘFKQJyLFyPjXYjQJĀɶQFDPĀʆWtPVpWPjXĀHQOɢQQKLɸXEQYjFKɜWKʦXFɁGQJOjPJɘFK
WKɲĉʐGɲRYɸFɚPTXDQFyNKɚQĄQJVHWURQJOzQJEjQWD\\WKjQKVʚLQKɃFk\\E~WFKuPjNK{QJĀʠW
ĀRɘQ1ɶXVpWFKʠDQKLɸXFiWWKuVɴEʖUʔLKRɮFVpWEɃQJVpWUXʐQJTXiGɲRFŹQJNK{QJOjPJɘFKQJyL
ĀɃʚFYuNKLQXQJEʂFRU~WPɘQKVɴQʠWFRQJYrQK9ɸWʬOɾY{LVpWPLɸQĉ{QJ1DP%ʐWKɃʔQJFyWʀOɾY{L
GɃʒLGQJOjPJɘFKQJyLĀɃʚF7ʬOɾFiWQɶXĀɘWOjWʈWWʬOɾFiWFDRKɁQVɴOjPJɘFKQJyLEʖFɞQ
SKʈLWUʐQWKrPVpWGɲR7ʬOɾVɦWWURQJVpWPLɸQĉ{QJGRĀiED]DQSKRQJKRiFKʠDQKLɸXVɦWNKLQXQJ
FKtQVɚQSKɠPĀʆĀɰSQKɃQJUɜWEʖ6pWGRJʈFSKVDʖ/RQJ7KjQK+ʈ1DL%uQK'ɃɁQJFyWʀOɾVɦWtW

10.9 Page 99

▲back to top
KɁQOjPJɘFKWUDQJWUtWʈWYuFyPjXĀʆĀɤPĀɰSNK{QJSKDLĉɜWVpWOjPĀʊJʈPVʠʖPLɸQĉ{QJ
1DP%ʐWɘRWKjQKGRĀiJUDQLWSKRQJKRiʖYQJFDRQJX\\rQ1DP7UXQJ%ʐ%ɚR/ʐF'L/LQKĉj/ɘW
ĉɦN1{QJ&iFV{QJĉʊQJ1DLYj/D1JjYɤQFKX\\ɺQFiFKɘWĀɜWVʠOLWLYɸĀʊQJEɨQJWtFKWʜOɘLWUrQ
GLɾQWtFKUʐQJWʢ7k\\1LQK[XʈQJĀɶQ/RQJ7KjQK7KʔLJLDQĀɜWVʠWtFKWʜFiFKQD\\tWQKɜWWUrQWULɾX
QĄPVʒPKɁQO~FQ~LOʤDKRɘWĀʐQJSKXQWUjR1KʦQJYʀDĀɜWVʠWUɦQJYjFiFOʒSFiWJLjXĀɜWVʠĀDQJ
ĀɃʚFNKDLWKiFʖĉɜW&XʈF/iL7KLrX&KiQK/ɃX%uQK+RjFXQJʠQJQJX\\rQOLɾXGʊLGjRFKRFiFOz
JʈP%uQK'ɃɁQJ%LrQ+RjĉɜWVpWNDROLQFyJLiWUʂOʒQWURQJF{QJQJKLɾSĀʊVʠYɤWOLɾXFKʂXOʤDOX\\ɾQ
NLPFKɶWɘRQK{PFKɜWWɠ\\WUɦQJGɞXPʘGɃʚFSKɠP6pWNDROLQĉʊQJ1DLSKkQEʈʖQKLɸXQɁL7KɘQK
3K~9ŜQK&ʤXĀ{QJEɦFJD+ʈ1DL7DP$Q/RQJ7KjQK3KɃʒF7Kʄ3KɃʒF7KLɸQ+DQJ1DL1KɁQ
7UɘFK.DROLQOɢQWURQJFiWFɜSKɘWEpKɁQPP OɃʚQJ6L2ࢧWʢ)Hࢧ2ࢨ
NK{QJĀɘWWLrXFKXɠQOjPJʈPVʠQKɃQJFyWKɺOjPĀʊVjQKGkQGʜQJ
*ʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+RjOjPEɨQJĀɜWVpWĉɜW&XʈFKX\\ɾQ7kQ8\\rQWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJ[ɃDWKXʐF
TXɤQ7kQ8\\rQWʀQK%LrQ+RjĉɜW&XʈFOjPʆĀɜWVpWOʐWKLrQQʌLWLɶQJWʢĀɞXWKɶNʀ;;GQJFXʈFFyWKɺ
Oɜ\\ĀɜWVpWQJX\\rQOLɾXʖViWPɮWĀɜW6ɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+RjNK{QJELɶQGɘQJGĀ{LNKLQKLɾW
ĀʐOzFDRKɁQ&9jRWKʔLJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+RjFʨFWKʂQKGɃʒLVʨTXɚQOëFʞD{QJ
Ej%DOLFNFKɜWOɃʚQJVɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFFRLWUʄQJQKLɸXNKLUDOzVɚQSKɠPPʒLFKʄQOɜ\\VɚQSKɠP
KRjQFKʀQK'RĀyQJX\\rQOLɾXĀɜWVpWĉɜW&XʈFĀɃʚFFKʄQɃXWLrQOjPVɚQSKɠPQJRjLUDJʈPPʮQJKɾ
%LrQ+RjFzQGQJĀɜWVpWʖ&KiQK/ɃXWʀQK7Kʞ'ɞX0ʐWQD\\OjWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJ7ʢQĄPWUʖĀL
GɃʒLTX\\ɸQTXɚQOëFʞDFiFYʂKLɾXWUɃʖQJ9LɾW1DPFKɜWOɃʚQJJʈPPʮQJKɾFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ
%LrQ+RjNK{QJFzQNKɦWNKHQKɃWUɃʒF1KLɸXFɁVʖJʈPPʮQJKɾʖ7kQ9ɘQ+Ri$Q%ʤX+zDPXD
ĀɜWVpWʖĉɜW&XʈF&KiQK/ɃX7kQ3KɃʒF.KiQK%uQK+zD+zD7KɘQK%jX%jQJ7j7KLɶW
7UrQĀʂDEjQ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLFyPʐWVʈPʆĀɜWVpWQKɃQJVDXQJKLrQFʠXWKʤQJKLɾPNK{QJ
WKɺVʤGʜQJOjPJʈPQKɃ0ʆVpW7UɚQJ'jLFyĀɜWVpWWUɦQJWUɦQJ[iPKɘWWRNpPGɲRNKyWɘRKuQKVɚQ
SKɠP0ʐWVʈ[tQJKLɾSJʈPWUʐQĀɜWVpW7UɚQJ'jLYʒLĀɜWVpW%uQK'ɃɁQJOjPJʈPQKɃQJtWWKjQKF{QJ
ĉɜWVpW7UɚQJ'jLFKʞ\\ɶXGQJFKRF{QJQJKLɾSJLɜ\\VɁQĉɜWVpW/RQJ7KjQKSKɞQOʒQOjVpWĀʆOjP
PɮWKjQJĀɜWĀʆQKLɾWĀʐQXQJWɃɁQJĀʈLWKɜSĉɜWVpWʖ9ŜQK&ʤXPjXWUɦQJ[DQKWɘRKuQKEɨQJ[RD\\
WD\\GɼGjQJQKɃQJĀʐFROʒQ;tQJKLɾSJʈPĉʊQJ1DLĀmWKʤQJKLɾPVɚQSKɠPQXQJ[RQJ
FRU~WQKLɸXVRYʒLEDQĀɞXNKLVɚQSKɠPNK{WKuFʠQJNKyFKɘPNKɦF
3KɃɁQJSKiS[ʤOëQJX\\rQOLɾX
1KLɸXWiFJLɚĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLWɤS,,ĉʂDOë7K{QJWɜQ[m9LɾW1DPWU

10.10 Page 100

▲back to top
/ʄFĀɜW
ĉɜWVpWNKDLWKiFSKɚLWLQKFKɶJʄLOʄFĀɜWĀɺORɘLWɘSFKɜWFyKɘL6ɁĀʊOʄFĀɜWFʞD;tQJKLɾSJʈP
ĉʊQJ1DLFKRWKɜ\\FiFEɃʒFWXɞQWʨ
1JkPĀɜWWK{YʒLQɃʒFWURQJKʊFKʠDĀɜWWK{
;ɚQɃʒFOLrQWʜFYjRKʊWURQJNKLP{WɁTXD\\
1ɃʒFSKDĀɜWQɃʒFĀɜWFKɚ\\OLrQWʜFTXDKɾWKʈQJPɃɁQJYjRKʊFKʠDĀɜWWLQK+ʊQj\\Āɞ\\WKu
FKɚ\\VDQJKʊNLD/ɃʒLUk\\FKɮQUiFFzQFiWYjĀiQɮQJQɨPUɚLUiFWURQJUmQKPɃɁQJWKʀQKWKRɚQJFɞQOɜ\\
UiFYjFiWĀiFKRĀɃʔQJFKɚ\\WK{QJ
.KLKDLKʊFKʠDĀɜWWLQKĀmĀɞ\\QJɃʔLOjPĀyQJNKyD$PʖNKRi%Yj&P{WɁYɢQKRɘWĀʐQJQɃʒF
ĀɜWYjRĀɃʔQJPɃɁQJQɃʒFWɃɁQJĀʈLWURQJWʢKDLKʊFKʠDĀɜWWLQKFKɚ\\GʊQYɸKʊFKʠDĀɜWWK{FKR
ĀɶQKɶWĀɜWWURQJKʊFKʠDĀɜWWK{WKuNKRi%Yj&OɘL/ɜ\\WLQKĀɜWWURQJKʊFKʠDĀɜWWLQKĀɃDYjRFKʠDʖ
FiFOXKD\\KʊNKiFFyWKLɶWNɶK~WQɃʒF
9jRWKɤSQLrQQJɃʔLWKʚGQJPi\\EɁP[ʈLQɃʒFYʒLiSOʨFFDRYjRFiFWɞQJĀɜWWK{ʖPʆ
ĀɜW&iFKɘWĀɜWPʂQWKHRQɃʒFFKɚ\\YjRPiQJErQGɃʒLWLQKĀɜWFKɚ\\YjRKʊOɦQJ&iWĀiQɮQJQɨPOɘL
JɞQKʊ[ʈL'OʄFEɨQJKʊOʄFKD\\[ʈLKʊWKuWLQKĀɜWFzQORmQJFiF[tQJKLɾSYɢQPɜWWKʔLJLDQĀɦSĀɜW
OjPFKRĀɜWEʒWORmQJĀɺQKʊL&iFFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWTX\\P{OʒQʖWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDQKɃ7KiL'ɃɁQJ9LɾW
7KjQK7ʢQĄPĀmOjPUDĀɜWGQJQJD\\;tQJKLɾS9LɾW7KjQKĀyQJJyLĀɜWWURQJWKQJJʎPʎL
WKQJQɮQJNJPXDYɸGQJQJD\\KD\\ĀɺOkXFŹQJĀɃʚFYuFyQLORQEDRĀɜW
.LɺPWUDĀʐFR
'QJEDWKDQKĀɜWGj\\[FPGjLFPĀiQKGɜXEɨQJGDRQKʄQĀRɘQGjLFPUʊLPDQJĀL
QXQJ7KɃʔQJ[X\\rQOɤWFiFWKDQKQj\\ĀɺWUiQKFRQJYjĀRĀʐGjLVDXNKLQXQJ0XʈQJLɚPĀʐFRFʞDĀɜW
VpWQJɃʔLWKʚWKrPVDP{WORɘLĀɜWĀmQXQJFKtQWiQPʂQ
.LɺPWUDQKLɾWĀʐ
1KLɾWĀʐWiFĀʐQJĀɶQĀɜWVpWQKɃVDX
7ʢ࢙&࢙&QKLɾWĀʐWiFĀʐQJĀɠ\\QɃʒFWʨGRQɃʒFKɜSWKʜUD6ɜ\\ʖQKLɾWĀʐQj\\ĀɜWVpW
FROɘL
7ʢ࢙&࢙&QɃʒFKRiKʄFQɃʒFFɜXWɘRWKRiWUDĀɜWVpWPɜWGɲRʖ࢙&
7ʢ࢙&࢙&QɃʒFKRiKʄFWLɶSWʜFEʂĀɠ\\UD
7ʢ࢙&²࢙&ĀɜWFROɘLNKLQXQJKLɾQWɃʚQJNɶWNKʈL[ɚ\\UD
7ʢ࢙&²࢙&FiFWLQKWKɺPXOLWSKiWWULɺQFjQJQKLɸXYjNtFKWKɃʒFFjQJOʒQ1KLɾWĀʐFjQJFDR
PXOLWFjQJQKLɸXʖ࢙&KɞXKɶWĀʊVjQKEʂWKʞ\\WLQKKyD

11 Pages 101-110

▲back to top

11.1 Page 101

▲back to top
7ʢ࢙&²࢙&ĀɜWVpWQyQJFKɚ\\W\\WKHRFKɜWOɃʚQJ
5LrQJĀʊVjQKQXQJWURQJNKRɚQJ࢙&²࢙&
3KɃɁQJSKiSWɘRKuQK
*ʊPFiFSKɃɁQJSKiS;RD\\WD\\,QNKX{Q5yW*KpSGiQĀɜW;RD\\FDOLS
;RD\\WD\\
7ɘRKuQKEɨQJSKɃɁQJSKiS[RD\\WD\\OjSKɃɁQJSKiSFʌĀLɺQĀmĀɃʚFWKʚJʈPWKʨFKLɾQWʢ[D[ɃD
ĀɺOjPFiFVɚQSKɠPKuQKWUzQ3KɃɁQJSKiSQj\\JʊPF{QJĀRɘQOLrQKɾPɤWWKLɶWYʒLQKDXQJɃʔLWKʨF
KLɾQEɦWEXʐFSKɚLOjPWʈWĀ~QJTXLWUuQKNʮWKXɤWWʢQJF{QJĀRɘQĀɺNKLFKX\\ɺQVDQJF{QJĀRɘQNɶWLɶS
NK{QJEʂWUʖQJɘLF{QJĀRɘQĀyOjOjPĀɜWQKʊLĀɜWERĀɜWNKXLOʎOrQĀɜW[RD\\ʈQJWKɪQJ[RD\\ʈQJ
EɞXOjPQJXʐL
/jPĀɜW
ĉɜWVpWWK{OʄFOɜ\\FKɜWWLQKO~FQj\\FKɜWWLQKʖGɘQJKʊORmQJ1JɃʔLWKʚFKX\\ɺQĀɜWKʊQj\\OrQYɤW
K~WQɃʒFNKX{QWKɘFKFDRWɜPJɘFKWjXĀɺYɤWK~WEʒWQɃʒFĉɜWWLQKĀɮFOɘLWKjQKGɘQJKʊGɲRUiR
QɃʒF6DXĀyGQJVʠFĀɘSFKRĀɜWTX\\ɾQOɘLĀɸXGQJWɜPQLORQʞNtQĀɺJLʦOkXĀʐɠP&{QJĀRɘQQj\\
OjPĀɜWF{ĀɮFUiRQɃʒFGɲREʈFNK{QJGtQKWD\\
&iFKĀɘSĀɜWOɜ\\ĀɜWWʢYɤWK~WQɃʒFĀɮWYjRJLʦDEDREʈKD\\WɜPQLORQWUɚLVɬQWUrQQɸQ[ɃʖQJ
1JɃʔLOjPGQJFKkQĀɘS[RD\\YzQJKuQKUɲTXɘWFʠWKɶOɞQOɃʚWĀɺĀɜWFKʊQJOrQWʢQJOʒSWʢQJOʒSYj
ĀɘSFKRĀɜWTX\\ɾQYjRQKDX7URQJF{QJĀRɘQQj\\QJɃʔLWKʚĀɘSĀLĀɘSOɘLKDLEDOɞQFKRĀɸX/ɜ\\Qɸ[pQ
ĀɜWFKXQJTXDQKFKRJʄQUʊLGQJWɜPQLORQʞNtQOɘL
1KʊLĀɜW
&{QJĀRɘQQj\\OjPĀɜWGɲR1JɃʔLOjPQKʊLĀɜWWKHRKuQK[RɦQʈF/ɜ\\PʐWOɃʚQJĀɜWYʢDWD\\FKʢQJ
NJĀɮWOrQEjQKDLWD\\QKʊLFXʐQWUzQWKHRKuQK[RɦQʈF1KʊLĀɶQNKLQjRĀɜWPʂQĀɸXNK{QJFzQEʄW
NK{QJNKtĀɜWNK{QJGtQKWD\\OjĀɃʚF1JɃʔLOjPFXʐQWUzQĀɜWYjSKkQUDWʢQJFʜFWKHRɃʒFOɃʚQJFʞD
PʎLPɢX.KLOjPNK{QJQrQQKʊLĀɜWTXiOkXVɴOjPĀɜWNK{NpPGɲRWɘRKuQKUɜWNKy
%RĀɜW
ĉɃDFʜFĀɜWYjRĀ~QJWkPEjQ[RD\\WUiQKEjQ[RD\\TXD\\VɴOjPFʜFĀɜWYĄQJUDQJRjL.KLERĀɜW
QJɃʔLOjPʖWɃWKɶQJʊLKDLFKkQGɘQJUDYʢDSKɚL&ʜFĀɜWĀɮWYjRWkPEjQ[RD\\YʎFKRWUzQĀɸXYjWKRD
QɃʒFYjRKDLEjQWD\\OjPWUɁQNKʈLĀɜW&LFKʆWD\\WUiLĀɮWQJD\\ĀɞXJʈLFKkQWUiLFKʂXOʨFFʠQJFKREjQ
[RD\\TXD\\YjEjQWD\\WUiL{PFʜFĀɜWĀɠ\\WʢWʢYjRWkPEjQ[RD\\EjQWD\\SKɚLFŹQJQɃɁQJWKHREjQWD\\WUiL
.KLFʜFĀɜWĀmʖĀ~QJWkPWKuWD\\{PĀɜWVɴĀʠQJWUʜʖJLʦDEjQ[RD\\

11.2 Page 102

▲back to top
.KXLOʎ
1JɃʔLOjPNKXLPʐWOʎĀ~QJQJD\\WkPFʜFĀɜWOjWKDRWiFTX\\ɶWĀʂQKĀʐGj\\PʆQJFʞDVɚQSKɠP
1ɶXOjPNK{QJWʈWYLɾFNKXLOʎVɚQSKɠPO~FNK{VɴEʂQʠW[pĀi\\&iFKNKXLOʎERĀɜWĀmWUzQQJD\\WkPEjQ
[RD\\KDLQJyQWD\\FiLĀɮWYjRWkPFʜFĀɜWWʢWʢɜQ[XʈQJɃʒFFKʢQJSKɞQĀi\\Gj\\FP1JɃʔLOjPGQJ
QJyQWD\\FiLErQSKɚLQɃɁQJWKHRYzQJTXD\\PʖUʐQJOzQJVɚQSKɠPĀʐ²FP'QJEjQWD\\WUiLĀq
pPĀi\\FKRGɴĀɜW
/rQĀɜW
&{QJĀRɘQNpRĀɜWOrQĀɺWKjQKKuQKʈQJ.KLpSĀɜWOrQPLɾQJʈQJFɞQQKʆKɁQFKkQʈQJYjWKkQ
ʈQJOjKuQKF{Q.KLOrQĀɜWQJɃʔLWKʚSKɚLpSĀɸXWD\\&iFKWKʠF6DXNKLĀqpPĀi\\[RQJWKuQJɃʔLWKʚWKʨF
KLɾQWKDRWiF
%jQWD\\WUiLĀɮWWURQJOzQJʈQJĀɜWEjQWD\\SKɚLʈSYjRErQQJRjLʈQJKDLEjQWD\\FQJPʐWO~FpS
YjRYjQkQJWʢWʢOrQFDR.KLĀɜWOrQĀɶQPLɾQJGQJEjQWD\\QJRjLEjQWD\\SKɚLW~PPLɾQJOɘL
%jQWD\\WUiLĀɮWVkXWURQJOzQJʈQJQJyQFiLErQWD\\SKɚLEɜPWʢWʢGɃʒLFKkQʈQJWD\\WURQJYjWD\\
QJRjLĀɺVRQJVRQJpSĀɜWNpRGɞQOrQWKHRĀɃʔQJ[RɦQWKɪQJĀʠQJĉɜWOrQFDRWʒLĀkXQJɃʔLWKʚGQJ
KDLWD\\W~PYjFKɮQFKRQJD\\YjGj\\PLɾQJʈQJ
7ʈFĀʐEjQ[RD\\TXD\\FKɤPYzQJSK~WNKL[RD\\WɃWKɶQJɃʔLWKʚQJʊLKɁLQJKLrQJYɸSKtDErQ
SKɚLKDLWD\\NKLOrQĀɜWSKɚLELɶWĀLɸXNKLɺQĀɜW
;RD\\ʈQJWKɪQJ
&{QJĀRɘQĀɜWOrQWKjQKʈQJWKuQJɃʔLWKʚFKʀQKKuQKFKRʈQJWKɪQJĉk\\OjEɃʒFFɁEɚQQKɜWĀɺ
[RD\\FiFVɚQSKɠPQKLɸXNLɺXGiQJNKiFQKDX0XʈQVɚQSKɠPKuQKʈQJĀɃʚFWKɪQJQJɃʔLWKʚOrQĀɜW
FKRĀɸXNKLOrQĀɜWFDRFKʢQJFPʈQJFyKuQKF{Q&iFQJyQWD\\WUiLĀɮWWURQJOzQJʈQJPɦWTXDQViW
FɘQKFʞDʈQJ&KʎQjRFKɃDWKɪQJWKuWD\\WURQJQRQJWʢWʢUDWD\\ErQQJRjLFŹQJQɃɁQJWKHR1KuQNKLQjR
WKɜ\\ʈQJWKɪQJWKuQJɃQJOɘLFKɮQPLɾQJ&ɦWʈQJOjPĀ{LĀɺNLɺPWUDĀʐGj\\PʆQJ
;RD\\EuQKFyK{QJEɞX
7ʢʈQJWKɪQJQJɃʔLWKʚFKX\\ɺQWKjQKʈQJFyK{QJEɞX1JɃʔLWKʚWKʨFKLɾQWKDRWiFUDK{QJWKHR
FiFEɃʒF
%ɃʒFUDK{QJ7ʢʈQJWKɪQJĀmOjPQJɃʔLWKʚGQJFiFĀɞXQJyQWD\\FiLĀɮWErQWURQJʈQJWʢ
WʢQRQJUDWD\\ErQQJRjLQɃɁQJWKHR4XDQViWĀɃʔQJFRQJĀɺWKʨFKLɾQFKRĀ~QJPɢX.KLUDK{QJQJɃʔL
WKʚQKɰQKjQJĀɃDPɜ\\QJyQWD\\ErQWURQJĀɺʈQJOX{QOX{QWUzQĀ~QJFKXɠQQɶX[RD\\WKHRPɢXFyNtFK
WKɃʒFQJɃʔLWKʚSKɚLFyFRPSDEɞXĀɺĀRĀɃʔQJNtQKK{QJ4XDQViWĀɃʔQJFRQJYjK{QJEɞXVDRFKR
FkQĀʈLĀɃʔQJFRQJGʂXGjQJĀɰSPɦW

11.3 Page 103

▲back to top
%ɃʒFY{HRFʌ.KLSKɞQK{QJFKʀQK[RQJQJɃʔLWKʚY{HRFʌ&iFKWKʠFWKʨFKLɾQ%jQWD\\WUiL
ĀɮWWURQJEuQKʖSKɞQYDLFʞDPɢX1JyQFiLWD\\SKɚLĀɮWĀ~QJFKʎFɞQY{HRWʢWʢĀɠ\\ĀɜWYjRWD\\WURQJ
FŹQJQɃɁQJYjRWKHRNKLQjRWKɜ\\ĀɃʚFWKuGʢQJOɘL
%ɃʒFEɲOiPLɾQJWLɶSWKHRVDXSKɞQOjPHRFʌ1JɃʔLWKʚGQJWD\\WURQJYjWD\\QJRjLFQJpS
ĀɜWWUrQPLɾQJWʢWʢEɲUDTXDQViWĀɃʔQJFRQJFKRSKKʚS&ɦWViWFKkQĀi\\EɃQJUDQJRjLSKɁLFKRUiR
ĀɺOjPQJXʐL
/jPQJXʐL
1JɃʔLWKʚFɘRFKRPɜWOɨQYkQWD\\WUrQPɮWVɚQSKɠPQJKqOiQJPyFĀi\\F{QJĀRɘQ[RD\\VɚQ
SKɠPĀm[RQJ'ʜQJFʜOjPQJXʐLJʊPPʐWFRQGDRKuQKFKʦ/FyNtFKWKɃʒF[FPPʐWYʆFɤWWUH
YyWPʆQJ[FPXʈQFRQJĀɃʚFPʐWPLɶQJĀDLVɦWPʐWPLɶQJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFEjQ[RD\\ʈQJOjP
QJXʐLʈQJWKɪQJĀɃʔQJNtQKQKʆKɁQK{QJPɢXFPĀɺNKL~SPɢXYjRNK{QJEʂOʄW&iFKWKʠFWKDRWiF
OjPQJXʐL
1JɃʔLWKʚĀɮWʈQJOjPQJXʐLOrQPɮWEjQ[RD\\FKRPi\\FKɘ\\FKʀQKʈQJOjPQJXʐLYjRĀ~QJWkP
EjQ[RD\\6DXĀyGʢQJPi\\GQJĀɜWFKqQFʠQJFKkQʈQJ
ÓSVɚQSKɠPYjRʈQJOjPQJXʐLFKREjQ[RD\\TXD\\QJɃʔLWKʚGQJWD\\FKʀQKVɚQSKɠPFKɘ\\YjR
Ā~QJWkP'QJFRQGDRFKʦ/FɘRPʐWOʒSPʆQJFKRĀi\\EɨQJSKɪQJ
'QJPLɶQJĀDLVɦWFɘRWʢHRFKkQĀɶQK{QJFʞDVɚQSKɠPFKʞ\\ɶXFɘRFKRPɜWOɨQYkQWD\\YjOjP
FKRVɚQSKɠPQKɰEʒW&ɞQOɃXëWURQJO~FOjPQJɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJJɮSKɘWFiWVʆLFiFFKɜWEɠQNKiFOjP
WUɞ\\[ɃʒFVɚQSKɠP1JɃʔLWKʚSKɚLOɜ\\UDYjGQJĀɜWUiRWUiPWUpWUʊLQJKqOɘLFKRQKɬQOiQJ1ɶXVɁëĀɺ
VyWNKLQXQJVɴOjPUʎPɮWVɚQSKɠP
3KɞQNKXLĀi\\NKiTXDQWUʄQJQɶXOjPNK{QJNKpRĀi\\VɴEʂPʆQJKRɮFWKʞQJ1JɃʔLWKʚGQJ
FRQGDRKuQKFKʦ/PyFĀɜWʖJLʦDOzQJĀi\\VkX[XʈQJW\\WKHRĀʐGj\\PʆQJFʞDĀi\\VɚQSKɠPWK{QJ
WKɃʔQJVɴPyFVkXFKʢQJFP&iFKPyFĀi\\7D\\WUiLWuYjRYzQJFKkQFʞDVɚQSKɠPĀɺNKLFɘRVɚQ
SKɠPNK{QJEʂĀɚRYjWD\\SKɚLFɞPGDR/PyFWʢQJOʒSĀɜWPʆQJWʢWkPFKɘ\\UDEuDĀi\\FKʢDOɘLSKɞQ
FKkQNKRɚQJFP.LɺPWUDĀʐGj\\Āi\\EɨQJKDLFiFKGQJWD\\YʎYjRĀi\\ĀɺFɚPQKɤQĀʐGj\\PʆQJFKʀ
QJɃʔLOjPQJKɸOkXQĄPPʒLWKʨFKLɾQĀɃʚFYjFiFKFKtQK[iFKɁQGQJVʚLGk\\NɴPQKʆ[ĄPWKʞQJĀi\\
ĀɺNLɺPWUD
6DXSKɞQPyFĀi\\QJɃʔLWKʚGʢQJEjQ[RD\\OɤWVɚQSKɠPOrQEʆYjRʈQJFKRPi\\FKɘ\\FKʀQKVɚQ
SKɠPFKɘ\\YjRWkPEjQ[RD\\ĀɺOjPQJXʐLSKɞQFzQOɘL1JɃʔLWKʚGQJPLɶQJĀDLVɦWFɘRWʢK{QJĀɶQYDL
VɚQSKɠPGQJFɤWWUHQJKqOiQJPɮWYjFɘRWURQJOzQJPLɾQJFKRĀɰSOɜ\\PLɶQJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFERWUzQ

11.4 Page 104

▲back to top
YjQKPLɾQJEuQK&ɘRHRFʌWKuGQJPLɶQJĀDLVɦWXʈQFRQJQKɃHRFʌ7D\\SKɚLFɞPPLɶQJĀDLFɘRPʐW
OʒSPʆQJWʢHRFʌGɞQ[XʈQJYDLYjK{QJYjWD\\SKɚLJLʦPLɾQJVɚQSKɠP'QJFɤWWUHXʈQFRQJQJKq
OiQJGɞQWʢHRFʌ[XʈQJYDLYjK{QJPɢX&ɞQFyVʨNKpROpRNKLVʤGʜQJFɤWWUHOjPOiQJGDVɚQSKɠP
1JX\\rQWɦFFKXQJYɸYLɾFWɘRKuQKYjOjPQJXʐLVɚQSKɠPOX{QOX{QSKɚLQɨPĀ~QJWkPEjQ[RD\\
ĀɺFyĀʐWUzQWX\\ɾWĀʈL1ɦPĀɃʚFWKDRWiFFɁEɚQQj\\QJɃʔLWɘRPɢXVɴOjPUDQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPNLɺX
GiQJNKiFQKDXWKHRëPXʈQ
0ʐWVʈĀLɸXQyLWKrPYɸP{Q[RD\\WD\\
;RD\\FiFPɢXWɃɁQJĀʈLOʒQQJɃʔLWKʚ[RD\\WKjQKKDLEDNK~FĀRɘQUʊLQʈLOɘL
1JɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺGQJSKɃɁQJSKiSQɦQGk\\ĀɜWĀɺWɘRVɚQSKɠP[RD\\'k\\ĀɜWWɘRWKjQKKuQK
WUzQFKʊQJOrQQKDX1KʔSKɃɁQJSKiSQj\\QJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺWɘRUDVɚQSKɠPEuQKFDRKɁQP1JɃʔL
WKʚQɦQEDEʈQNK~FGk\\ĀɜWYʎFKRJLʈQJPɢXUʊLQʈLOɘL
0{Q[RD\\WD\\GQJEjQ[RD\\WKɃʔQJWKuSKɚLGQJWD\\Āɠ\\EjQ[RD\\TXD\\1ĄP7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
QJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+RjOɦSĀɮWEjQ[RD\\Pi\\WʢKʎWUʚFʞD0ʮ1ĄP7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮ
WKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLVʤGʜQJKRjQWRjQEjQ[RD\\Pi\\FKRVLQKYLrQWKʨFKjQKNK{QJVʤGʜQJEjQ
[RD\\WKɃʔQJ
1ĄPFy[tQJKLɾSʖ%LrQ+RjFXQJFɜSĀɜWOʄFĀmUiRQɃʒFĀʨQJWURQJWKQJJʎFKRFiF[t
QJKLɾSJʈPFy\\rXFɞX1JɃʔLWKʚFKʀFɞQQKʊLOjGQJQJD\\ĀɃʚF
,QNKX{Q
1JX\\rQOLɾXNʮWKXɤW
7KɘFKFDROjORɘLĀiFDQ[LGLK\\GUDWVXQIDW&D62ࢩ+ࢧ2YʒLQɃʒFNɶWWLQK7KɘFKFDROjP
NKX{QFKʠDSKkQWʤQɃʒF&D62ࢩ+ࢧ2EɨQJFiFKVɜ\\EʐWWKɘFKFDRVʈQJ&D62ࢩ+ࢧ2ʖ
࢙&6ɜ\\WKɘFKFDRVʈQJWʒLJɞQ࢙&VɴĀɃʚFWKɘFKFDRFKɶW7tQKFKɜWFʞDWKɘFKFDRĉʐQKX\\ɼQ
PʂQOjPWĄQJQKDQKPʠFĀ{QJĀɮF9ɤQWʈFĀ{QJĀɮFWʢNKLSKDWUʐQQɃʒFYjRWKɘFKFDRĀɺOjPNKX{Q
QyFɞQʖWUɘQJWKiLOʆQJYjNK{QJĀ{QJFʠQJTXiQKDQK6DXNKLĀ{QJĀɮFNKʈLYɤWOLɾXFɞQPɸP[ʈSĀɺ
QJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺQKDQKQKɰQJʄWWLɾQĀʂQKKuQK9ɤQWʈFĀ{QJĀɮFW\\WKXʐFQJXʊQWKɘFKFDRWKLrQ
QKLrQW\\WKXʐFVʨFKɶELɶQYjWʊQWUʦQJX\\rQOLɾX1ĄQJOʨFWKʞ\\KD\\OʨFQJX\\rQFKXɠQOjVʈOɃʚQJ
QɃʒFWKrPYjRPʎLNLO{JDPWKɘFKFDRĀɺFyWKɘFKFDRQKjRYʦD6ʨJLmQQʖNKLEɦWĀɞXĀ{QJĀɮFWKɘFK
FDRFRU~WQKɰUʊLJLmQQʖ²O~FĀɞXPDXVDXFKɤPGɞQFKʢQJQJj\\WKuQJɃQJ7KɘFKFDRJLmQQʖ
NKRɚQJ²WKɺWtFKĉʐJLmQQʖSKʜWKXʐFWtQKWKLrQQKLrQFʞDWKɘFKFDR7ʬOɾQɃʒFQKjRYʦD
QKjRFjQJOʆQJWKuĀʐJLmQQʖFjQJtW6ʨFyPɮWFʞDPʐWORɘLPXʈLQjRĀyWURQJQɃʒFFŹQJɚQKKɃʖQJ

11.5 Page 105

▲back to top
ĀɶQYLɾFQKjRYʦDQKɃNDOLVXQIDW.ࢧ62ࢩʖQʊQJĀʐOjPWKɘFKFDRJLɚPĀʐJLmQQʖ7KɘFKFDRQKjR
EɨQJQɃʒFV{LOjPWĄQJFK~WtWĀʐJLmQQʖ7KʔLJLDQQKjRYʦDGjLFyNKX\\QKKɃʒQJOjPWĄQJVʨJLmQQʖĉʐ
[ʈSFʞDWKɘFKFDRSKʜWKXʐFYLɾFQKjRYʦD.KX{QFjQJ[ʈSWKuĀʐFKʠDQɃʒFFʞDWKɘFKFDRQKjRYʦDWĄQJ
OrQW\\WKHRYLɾFVʤGʜQJNKX{QPjFɞQĀʐ[ʈSQKLɸXtWĉʐFʠQJFʞDNKX{QWKɘFKFDRW\\WKXʐFWʀOɾQɃʒF
WURQJWKɘFKFDRQKjRYʦDPXʈLSKqQNɴPVXQIDW=Q62ࢩFŹQJOjPWĄQJĀʐFʠQJFʞDNKX{QWKɘFKFDR
7\\WKXʐFNtFKFʘNKX{QOʒQQKʆQJɃʔLWKʚĀʂQKOɃʚQJQɃʒFYjWKɘFKFDRĀɺSKDWUʐQWKHRWʀOɾSK
KʚS1ɃʒFFKʠDWURQJFiFYɤWGʜQJFyGXQJWtFKOʒQKɁQNKʈLOɃʚQJWKɘFKFDRĀHPQKjRYʦD5k\\ĀɸXWD\\
EʐWWKɘFKFDRYjRQɃʒFFKREʐWWKɜPQɃʒFWʢWʢĀɶQNKLEʐWWKɘFKFDROrQNKʆLPɮWQɃʒF0jXVɦFWKɘFKFDR
ELɶQĀʌLGɞQWʢWUɦQJVDQJ[iPNKLGQJFk\\TXɤ\\KD\\Pi\\TXɤ\\WUʐQ1JɃʔLWKʚGQJQɃʒFEʐWWKɘFKFDR
QKjRYʦDĀɺOjPFiFORɘLNKX{QPɢXWK{QJWKɃʔQJWKDRWiFSKDWUʐQOX{QFKRWKɘFKFDRYjRQɃʒFPjNK{QJ
EDRJLʔOjPQJɃʚFOɘLNK{QJĀʌQɃʒFYjRWKɘFKFDR
ĉʌNKX{QĀɁQJLɚQ
.KX{QĀɰSQKɬQĀ~QJYʒLPɢXWʠFOjQɶXĀʌNKʈLKuQKYX{QJWKuNKX{QErQQJRjLSKɚLKuQKYX{QJ
%ɸPɮWWURQJNKX{QQKɬQNK{QJEʄWNK{QJFKDLVɘQU}QpW*yFFɘQKNKX{QNK{QJEɺFɦWEiWWɜWFɚFiF
FɘQKNKX{QEiWFɘQKFKkQFɘQKKɁLĀɃDUDNK{QJYX{QJJyFGɼOɜ\\NKX{QĉʐGj\\NKX{QYʢDSKɚL0ɮW
QJRjLNKX{QWLɶS[~FPɮWĀɜWSKɚLĀʠQJYʦQJĀɺYLɾFVʤGʜQJGɼGjQJ
7UɃʒFNKLĀʌNKX{QQJɃʔLWKʚNLɺPWUDPɢXĀ~QJKRjQFKʀQKFKɃDʕFiFKyFFɞQĀɦSFKRWKɪQJ
JyFKD\\EiWFɘQKOjPQJXʐLOɘLWKɤWNʮĀɺĀʌNKX{QPɢXVɴĀɰS0ɢXVɚQSKɠPFyWKɺOj0ɢXĀɜWWKʨFKLɾQ
ĀʌWUʨFWLɶSKD\\OɦFFʈWPɢXĀɁQJLɚQFyWKɺĀʌWUʨFWLɶS0ɢXWKɘFKFDRJʎĀiWUɃʒFNKLĀʌNKX{QSKɚL
QJkPQɃʒFĀɶQEmRKzDWKɘFKFDRK~WQɃʒFUɜWPɘQKWKuPʒLĀʌNKX{Q1ɶXNK{QJQJkPPɢXWURQJQɃʒF
WKuVɴGtQKNKX{QYjNKX{QWKɃʔQJUʎPɮW
'ʜQJFʜGQJFKRYLɾFĀʌNKX{QJʊP'DRJʄWFKɤXWKDX[{OɃʘLFɃDWKpSE~DFDRVX[jE{QJGɞX
K{LJLɜ\\QKiPGk\\ĀɺFʐWFʄP~W[ʈS7UɃʒFNKLĀʌPɚQKNKX{QNKiFSKɚLOjPPʐQJQJRjPĀɺJKpSKDL
PɚQKNKX{QFʈĀʂQKYʒLQKDXJLʦYʂWUtNK{QJVDLOɾFK
9ɸNʮWKXɤWQJɃʔLWKʚWKʨFKLɾQSKkQFKLDYɶWPɚQK.KX{QĀɁQJLɚQFyWKɺFKLDPʐWKD\\KDLPɚQK
ĀLɸXTXDQWUʄQJOjQKʦQJĀɃʔQJSKkQFKLDSKɚLQɨPWUrQĀʀQKFDRFʞDVɚQSKɠP.KX{QKDLPɚQKWKuʖJLʦD
SKɚLFyFiFPʐQJWLɶS[~FĀɺUiSNKX{QWKɤWNKʒS7UɃʒFNKLĀʌNKX{QSKɚLTXpWQɃʒFFiFKOrQPɢX1ɃʒF
FiFKOj[jE{QJTXɤ\\YʒLQɃʒFQyQJFKRWDQKɶWKʎQKʚSFyQʊQJĀʐQKɜWĀʂQKQɃʒF[jE{QJQʌLQKLɸXEʄW
WUʐQYʒLGXQJWtFKGɞXK{LWKuEʄWVɴKɶWO~FĀyPʒLOɜ\\GXQJGʂFKQj\\TXpWPɢXTXpWNKX{QVɴWUiQKOjP
UʎPɮWNKX{QGREʄWĀɺSKkQFKLDYɶWNKX{QNK{QJGtQKYjRQKDXWURQJTXiWUuQKĀʌNKX{QĉʌOɃʚQJ
QɃʒFFɞQWKLɶWYjRFKɤXWKDXĀʈLYʒLPɚQKNKX{QPXʈQĀʌ5ɦFQKDQKWD\\YjĀɸXWKɘFKFDRĀɶQNKLOʒS

11.6 Page 106

▲back to top
WKɘFKFDRJɞQEɨQJPɮWQɃʒFĀʚLĀɶQNKLQjRWKɘFKFDRQJɜPĀɸXQɃʒFWKuTXɤ\\FKRĀɸX*ɘWEʄWVDQJ
PʐWErQYuEʄWVɴOjPNKX{QWKɘFKFDRUʎPɮW%HĀɜWW{QFKXQJTXDQKQKʦQJSKɞQFɞQĀʌĉʌWKɘFKFDR
YjRPɢXSKɞQFɞQĀʌ1ɶXPɚQKFɞQĀʌEʂWKLɶXWKɘFKFDRTXɤ\\WKrPWKɘFKFDRPʒLĀʌWLɶSNK{QJWɤQ
GʜQJYɤWOLɾXWURQJWKDXYuWKɘFKFDRFŹEʖOjPKʆQJNKX{Q
ĉʐGj\\WKɘFKFDRW\\WKXʐFPɢXWUXQJEuQKGj\\FPFPYuWKɘFKFDRK~WQɃʒFPɘQKQɶXPɢX
PʆQJWKuQɃʒFPDXEmRKzDNKɚQĄQJK~WQɃʒFtWQKɚĀɜWNpPWKɘFKFDRQJɜPQKLɸXQɃʒFVɴGɼYʘ
7KɘFKFDRĀɃʚFĀʌYjRYɶWĀ~QJTXLWUuQKYjĀʐGj\\NKX{QWKuWURQJYjLSK~WWKɘFKFDRĀ{QJFʠQJVʒP
KD\\PXʐQW\\ORɘL7KɘFKFDRPʒL[XɜW[ɃʖQJVʔYjRWKɜ\\QyQJNKLFKɃDQKjRYʦDWKɃʔQJĀ{QJFʠQJ
VʒP7KɘFKFDRĀɺOkXVʔFyFɚPJLiFOɘQKQJɤPWKrPKɁLQɃʒFWURQJNK{QJNKtWKuĀ{QJFʠQJFKɤP
KɁQ7KɘFKFDREɦWĀɞXWʆDQKLɾWVʔWD\\WKɜ\\ɜPYjEɦWĀɞXQyQJOrQWKuQJɃʔLOjPNKX{QEɦWĀɞXJʄWWʀD
1JɃʔLWKʚGQJOɃʘLGDREpQJʄWEʒWVDXPʒLGQJOɃʘLFɃDWKpSFɘRJʄWNK{QJFQJFKLɸXĀʌLKɃʒQJ
OLrQWʜFWɘREɸPɮWNKX{QĀɃʚFSKɪQJ1ɶXFɘRFQJFKLɸXOLrQWʜFPɮWNKX{QGɼJʚQVyQJ6DXĀyOjP
OiQJEɸPɮWGQJE~DFDRVXYʎQKɰĀɺOɜ\\PɚQKNKX{QUD
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFOjPNKX{QPʐWPɚQK
9ʒLPɢXEɨQJĀɜWQJɃʔLWKʚĀɮWPɢXKuQKWUʜOrQWɜPYiQEɨQJSKɪQJTXpWQɃʒFFiFKOrQPɢX
GQJĀɜWEHKD\\W{QEDRTXDQKPɢX1ɶXGQJW{QWKuGQJGk\\EXʐFTXDQKĀɺWUiQKYzQJW{QEXQJUD
WURQJTXiWUuQKĀʌWKɘFKFDR.KRɚQJFiFKWʢPɢXĀɶQOʒSW{QĀɜWNKRɚQJFP.KLFKXɠQEʂ[RQJWKɘFK
FDRQJɃʔLWKʚĀʌYjRPɢX[XQJTXDQKPɢXVɴFyOʒSWKɘFKFDRGj\\FKʢQJFPĉʌWUjQWKɘFKFDROrQ
FDRKɁQPɢXNKRɚQJFP.KLWKɘFKFDRQyQJOrQQJɃʔLWKʚWKiROʒSFyWOʒSĀɜWEHW{QEDRTXDQKYj
EɦWĀɞXOjPQJXʐL'QJGDREpQJʄWWʀDPɮWWUrQPɮWGɃʒLYjFKXQJTXDQKNKʈLWKɘFKFDRFKREɨQJ
SKɪQJVDXGQJOɃʘLFɃDWKpSFɘRJʄWFKREɨQJSKɪQJKɁQ/jPOiQJEɸPɮWWKɘFKFDR'QJE~DFDRVX
J}QKɰĀi\\YjOɜ\\PɢXĀɜWUDVɴFyPʐWNKX{Q
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFOjPNKX{QKDLPɚQK
9ʒLPɢXEɨQJWKɘFKFDRQJɃʔLWKʚQJkPPɢXWURQJQɃʒFFKREmRKzDĀɮWPɢXOrQWɜPYiQTXpW
QɃʒFFiFK7LɶSWKHRSKkQFKLDPɢXOjPKDLSKɞQEɨQJQKDXQJɃʔLWKʚĀʌNKX{QKDLPɚQKPɚQK
SKɞQErQWD\\PɮWĀɮWFyWEHĀɜWW{QEDRTXDQKSKɞQPXʈQĀʌNKX{QQʤDErQWD\\PɮW7KɘFKFDRĀʌ
YjRNKX{QYjFiFFKʎWUʈQJWURQJFyWEɸGj\\WKɘFKFDROjFPNKLĀʌ[RQJ7KiRFyWJʄWWʀDYjOjPQJXʐL
QKɃOjPNKX{QPʐWPɚQK/ɤWQJɃʚFNKX{QOrQĀɮWĀʠQJYʦQJ6DXNKLĀʌ[RQJPʐWPɚQKNKX{Q
QJɃʔLWKʚWKDRWiFYʒLTX\\WUuQKWɃɁQJWʨĀʌPɚQKNKX{QErQWD\\WUiLFʞDPɢX.KLOjPNKX{QPʐWPɚQK
NKX{QSKĀLrXWKuĀʌWUPPɢXPɮWFKtQKYjJʔFɘQK

11.7 Page 107

▲back to top
ĉʌNKX{QSKʠFWɘSNKX{QQKLɸXPɚQK
1KɤQGɘQJĀɃʚFPɢXVɚQSKɠPWʢQJNKX{QWʠFOjKuQKGɘQJErQQJRjLEʐNKX{Q.ʮWKXɤWOjP
PʐQJĀɰSFKɦFFKɦQGɼSKkQELɾWNKLUiSNKX{Q%ʐNKX{QOX{QĀʠQJYʦQJʖYʂWUtUyWWKɪQJĀʠQJYʒL
PɮWĀɜW9LɾFNLɺPWUDNKX{QPɢXYjPʐWVʈNʮWKXɤWQKɃNKX{QĀɁQJLɚQĉʌU}QpWWʢQJFKLWLɶWĀʐGj\\
YʢDSKɚLW\\WʢQJORɘLNKX{Q.KLĀʌFʈWPɢXFyNKX{QQJɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJĀʌPʐWPɢXEɨQJWKɘFKFDR
ĀɺVDXQj\\OʘNKX{QKɃWKɜWOɘFWDFyWKɺGQJPɢXĀyĀɺWɘRNKX{Q0ɢXĀyJʄLOjFʈWĉɺFKRSKɞQFʈW
ĀɃʚFFKɦFQJɃʔLWKʚGQJPʐWGɚLWKpSPɸPĀɺFɘQKNKX{QWUrQEjQ[RD\\.KX{QQK~QJYjRQɃʒFED
EʈQOɞQYjTXpWQɃʒFFiFKErQWURQJNKX{QUʊLĀʌWKɘFKFDRYjR7tQKFKɜWFʞDWKɘFKFDRJLmQQʖNKL
Ā{QJFʠQJQrQQJɃʔLWKʚSKɚLSKiNKX{QEɨQJFiFKGQJE~WFKu[iFĀʂQKĀɃʔQJNtQKWUrQPɮWNKX{Q
NɲGʄFNKX{QKDLĀɃʔQJĀʈL[ʠQJYʒLWUʜFNKX{QFKLDNKX{QOjPKDLSKɞQEɨQJQKDX7KHRKDLĀɃʔQJ
ĀʈL[ʠQJQj\\QJɃʔLWKʚGQJFɃDPʐWFiFKFɠQWUʄQJYjRĀɶQJɞQO}LFʈWPʒLĀʌ'QJGDRFɘ\\WKHR
YɾWFɃDSKiNKX{QWKjQKKDLPɚQK&KʀFzQOɘLFʈWQJɃʔLWKʚODXFKLWUDXFKXʈWWʢFʈWQj\\ĀʌUDNKX{Q
PʒL7KDRWiFOjPNKX{QEʈQPɚQKSKɚLĀʌWKkQEuQKOjPKDLPɚQKVDXĀyĀʌĀi\\YjPLɾQJ&iFNKX{Q
QKLɸXPɚQKOjPWɃɁQJWʨ
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFOjPNKX{QUyW
ĉɁQJLɚQYɸPɚQKQKɃQJSKɚLFyPɚQKĀi\\YjPɚQKPLɾQJVɚQSKɠP'QJFKRQKʦQJVɚQSKɠP
NK{QJTXiOʒQFKLWLɶWĀɁQJLɚQ3KɚLFyOʎGɃʒLĀi\\ĀɺUyWĀɜWQJX\\rQOLɾXYjR&iFEɸPɮWWLɶS[~FWʢQJ
PɚQKNKX{QSKɚLNtQĀɺĀɜWUyWYjRNKʆLSKzLUDɂXĀLɺP6ɚQ[XɜWVɚQSKɠPKjQJORɘWQKDQKF{QJ
YLɾFGɼGjQJVɚQSKɠPĀɸXKɁQtWKʆQJ+ɘQFKɶWʈQQKLɸXNKX{QNʮWKXɤWOjPNKX{QSKɚLNʮWɃɁQJ
ĀʈLFKtQK[iFYɸĀʐNtQEɸPɮWFiFNKX{QYjNK{QJOjPĀɃʚFQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPTXiOʒQ3KɃɁQJSKiSĀʌ
NKX{QUyW
4XDQViWPɢXVɚQSKɠPQKʦQJSKɞQKyFFyWKɺGQJĀɜWWUiPEʒWOɘL
3KkQFKLDYɶWWKHRĀʀQKFDREɸPɮWVɚQSKɠP
%HĀɜWSKɞQĀi\\YjPLɾQJVɚQSKɠPQKʦQJPɚQKQj\\WUɃʒFNKLĀʌSKɚLOjPPʐQJĀɺJLʦQKʦQJ
YɶWNKX{QFKXQJTXDQK
&yWKɺOjPPʐQJWUzQPʐQJGɘQJKuQKWKDQJNKRɚQJFiFKFiFPʐQJWUiQKĀɸXQKDXĀɺQKɤQ
GɘQJUiSNKX{QFKRGɼ
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFOjPNKX{QLQ
.KX{QLQFyQKLɸXPɚQKĀɃʚFYʆNKX{QEDREʄFJʊPKDLPɚQKOʒQJKpSYjRQKDX&yORɘLNKX{Q
LQĀɁQJLɚQNK{QJFɞQPɚQKNKX{QĀi\\YjPɚQKNKX{QPLɾQJVɚQSKɠP.KLOjPQKʦQJFKɤXOʒQKD\\
ʈQJWKɪQJWKuVɚQSKɠPLQYʎĀi\\EɨQJĀɜWWUɃʒFVDXĀyLQPɚQKK{QJUʊLUiSOɘLYʒLQKDX7KɃʔQJGQJ

11.8 Page 108

▲back to top
ĀɺWɘRVɚQSKɠPOʒQFDRWʢFPWUʖOrQKuQKGɘQJSKʠFWɘSQKLɸXFKLWLɶWɂXĀLɺPFʞDNKX{QLQOjtWWʈQ
NKX{QNKLVɚQ[XɜWYjĀʐGj\\NKX{QNK{QJFɞQĀɸXQKDX+ɘQFKɶF{QJYLɾFLQVɚQSKɠPNKiSKʠFWɘS
FKLWLɶWNK{QJU}QpW3KɃɁQJSKiSĀʌNKX{QLQ
'ɘQJĀɁQJLɚQJɞQJLʈQJOjPNKX{QUyWFyWKɺVʤGʜQJĀɃʚFNKX{QUyW
'ɘQJSKʠFWɘSTXDQViWPɢXQKʦQJSKɞQTXiKyFNK{QJWKɺOɜ\\PɚQKNKX{QUDĀɃʚFFyWKɺFɦW
UʔLYjĀʌWʢQJSKɞQFKLDĀ{LPɢXFɞQĀʌNKX{QPɮWWUɃʒFPɮWVDXĀɮWVɚQSKɠPWUrQPɮWSKɪQJEH
ĀɜW[XQJTXDQKPɮWFKɃDĀʌWʒL%ɸPɮWĀɜWĀmEHOjĀʐGj\\FʞDPɚQKNKX{QYjYʆEDRNKX{Q3KkQYɶW
WUrQEɸPɮWVɚQSKɠPQKʦQJSKɞQO}PĀʌWUɃʒFSKɞQQʌLJʊĀʌVDX.KLSKkQYɶWFɞQKɘQFKɶPɚQK
NKX{QFyJyFQKʄQYuPɚQKNKX{QGɼJm\\1KʦQJYɶWNKX{QWLɶS[~FSKɚLQɨPWUrQSKɞQOʊLFʞDPɢXVɚQ
SKɠP'k\\ĀɜWĀɺEHTXDQKPɚQKPXʈQĀʌFyFKLɸXFDRQKɃFKLɸXGj\\FɞQĀʌFʞDPɚQKNKX{QGk\\ĀɜW
EHQj\\OX{QOX{QWKɪQJJyFEɸPɮWPɢX7KɘFKFDRĀɃʚFTXɤ\\YjUyWYjRPɚQKFɞQĀʌUʊLĀʌFiFPɚQKNɶ
WLɶSYuWKɘFKFDROkXĀ{QJFʠQJQrQWURQJNKLFKʔĀʚLĀʌFiFPɚQKNKX{QFzQOɘLʖYʂWUtNKiF.KLFiF
PɚQKNKX{QĀ{QJFʠQJWKuJʄWWʀDWɘRJyFFɘQKĀɺPɚQKNKX{QQɨPWURQJYʆEDRGɼUiSNKX{QYjQɨP
ʖYʂWUtFʈĀʂQK7URQJSKɞQNKX{QLQQj\\YʂWUtWLɶS[~FWʢQJPɚQKNKX{QNK{QJFyPʐQJQJRjPWUʢ
WUɃʔQJKʚSPʐWVʈPɚQKĀɮFELɾWWURQJNKX{QFyPʐQJNKLĀmOjP[RQJWRjQEʐPɚQKNKX{QWUrQEɸ
PɮWVɚQSKɠPFɞQNLɺPWUDQɶXKyFNKLĀʌNKX{QNKyOɜ\\VɚQSKɠPUDYuWKɶFiFFɘQKEɸPɮWPɚQK
NKX{QSKɚLEiWOrQYX{QJJyF6DXĀyQJɃʔLWKʚĀiQKVʈWKʠWʨPɢXWʨ$%&WʢQJPLɶQJNKRpWVkXYjL
PLOLPpW[XʈQJPɚQKNKX{QYjEɦWĀɞXWUPYʆEʄFQJRjLYʆEʄFQJRjLFyWKɺOjWKɘFKFDRFyWKɺOj[L
PĄQJW\\ORɘLVɚQSKɠPOʒQQKʆYjSKɚLOjPPʐQJWUɃʒFNKLĀʌYʆErQQJRjLEɸPɮWErQNLDFŹQJWKHR
WUuQKWʨQKɃYɤ\\PjOjP
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFOjPNKX{QPɰQKkQFiFNKX{QKjQJORɘW
3KɚLWɘRPʐWEʐNKX{QKRjQFKʀQK/ɜ\\WʢQJPɚQKNKX{QĀʌUDWʢQJSKɞQFʈW7ʢSKɞQFʈWYʢDĀʌ
WDĀʌUDPɚQKNKX{QSKɞQFʈWQj\\EɨQJWKɘFKFDRKD\\[LPĄQJW\\WKHRQJɃʔLWKʚQKkQEɚQPɚQKNKX{Q
Qj\\QKLɸXKD\\tW/jPWɃɁQJWʨĀʈLYʒLFiFPɚQKNKX{QNKiF.KX{QFKtQKJʊPEDRQKLrXPɚQKFiF
NKX{QQKkQUDFŹQJFyEɜ\\QKLrXPɚQKYjFyĀɃʚFQKLɸXNKX{QJLʈQJQKDX9tGʜNKX{QOjPWiFKWUj
WDVVHO\\JʊPKDLPɚQKPʎLPɚQKWɘRQʤDFʈW0ʐWPɚQKWɘRSKkQQʤDFʈWWʢSKkQQʤDFʈWQj\\QJɃʔL
WKʚFyWKɺOjPUDQKLɸXPɚQKNKX{QJLʈQJQKDX7ɃɁQJWʨQJɃʔLWKʚOjPUDPɚQKNKX{QNLD*KpSFiF
PɚQKNKX{QVɴFyĀɃʚFQKLɸXNKX{QKRjQFKʀQK
,QVɚQSKɠPEɨQJNKX{QWKɘFKFDR
3KɃɁQJSKiSYjTX\\WUuQK
,QOjGQJWD\\pSĀɜWYjRNKX{QFKRKLɾQU}KʄDWLɶWWURQJNKX{QKRɮFFiFKuQKWKWURQJNKX{Q

11.9 Page 109

▲back to top
&iFORɘLNKX{QLQ.KX{Q[LPĄQJNKX{QGQJĀʌWKɘFKFDRKRɮF[LPĄQJ.KX{QNLPORɘLGɘQJNKX{QLQ
JɘFKYjPʐWVʈEDRKʐSFKʜSWURQJQJKɸJʈP.KX{QWKɘFKFDRFyORɘLNKX{QĀɁQJLɚQFyORɘLNKX{Q
SKʠFWɘSFyFiFĀɮFĀLɺPU}QpWWtQKK~WQɃʒFFDRGɼOjPJLiFɚWKɜS
&yEDSKɃɁQJSKiSLQFɁEɚQ
,QĀɜWYLrQ7LɾQOʚLĀɁQJLɚQFKʀFɞQQKʊLĀɜWNʮWɘRYLrQYjLQYjRNKX{QYʒLĀʐGj\\YʢDSKɚL
3KɃɁQJSKiSFKʀGQJĀʈLYʒLNKX{QQKʆ
,QĀɜWGk\\6HQKʦQJGk\\ĀɜWĀɺLQYjRNKX{QĀʈLYʒLNKX{QFyQKLɸXUmQKUɜWWLɾQYuGɼOʄWYjRUmQK
WʢQJGk\\ĀɜWQʈLWLɶSQKDXWʒLNKLĀɘW\\rXFɞX
,QĀɜWWɜP.LɺXLQWK{QJWKɃʔQJWɘRPɮWSKɪQJWUɁQQKɬQFyĀʐGj\\ĀɸXKɁQ'QJFKRFiFORɘL
NKX{Q
4X\\WUuQKLQ
&KXɠQEʂĀɜWĉɜWQKʊLNʮĀɺFyĀʐGɲRĀɸXNK{QJFyFKʎFʠQJFKʎPɸPĉʈLYʒLNKX{QQKʆĀɜW
FKXɠQEʂQKɃWUrQĉʈLYʒLNKX{QOʒQWUʐQWKrPEʐWVDP{WFKDPRWWHOjORɘLĀɜWVpWQXQJNK{QJ
PHQWʢ&²&[D\\QKX\\ɼQSKDWUʐQĀɺOjPJLɚPĀʐFRQJyWFʞDĀɜWĉɜWFRU~WWUXQJEuQK
WUʐQEʐWVDP{WWKuĀʐFRQJyWFzQ'QJQKLɸXVDP{WKɁQWKuĀʐGɲRFʞDĀɜWJLɚPNKyOjP
VɚQSKɠPĉɜWQKʊLVDXĀyĀɘSOrQNKʈLVDRFKRĀɜWĀɮFVtWNK{QJFzQOʎEʄQJWURQJWɚQJĀɜW7DFɦWĀɜW
WKjQKWɜPEɨQJFXQJFɦWĀʐGj\\WɜPĀɜWW\\WKXʐFYjRORɘLVɚQSKɠPPjWDĀʂQKOjP6ɚQSKɠPQKʆWKuWɜP
ĀɜWGj\\FPFPVɚQSKɠPOʒQWKuĀʐGj\\WɜPĀɜWWʢFPFP
&{QJĀRɘQLQ7UɃʒFKɶWNLɺPWUDNKX{QOjPVɘFKOjPQJXʐL7\\ORɘLNKX{QĀɺFɦWWɜPĀɜWSKKʚS
NK{QJGɃKRɮFWKLɶXTXiĉʂQKYʂOzQJNKX{QFRLSKɞQQjROʊLO}PĀɺpSĀɜWUDVɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFU}QpWĀʈL
YʒLSKɞQNKX{QOʊLWɘLĀyVɚQSKɠPGɼEʂPʆQJFyWKɺWKrPĀɜWĀɺFyĀʐGj\\ĀɸX3KɞQUiSKDLPLɶQJĀɜW
GQJWD\\pPĀɺOjPPɜWOɨQQʈLVDXĀyFKɘ\\Gk\\ĀɜWWUʖOɘLĉʈLYʒLVɚQSKɠPOʒQFyWKɺGQJGk\\ĀɜWOjP
[ɃɁQJĀɺVʠFFKʂXOʨFWʈWKɁQ
5iSQʈL6ɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFLQWʢQJPɚQKQɶXOjLQEɨQJNKX{QQKLɸXPɚQKVDXĀyUiSOɘLJɘFKPɮW
WLɶS[~FJLʦDFiFPɚQKĀɺWɘRĀʐEiP7KɜPQɃʒFFiFPɮWWLɶS[~FĀɺNɶWGtQK&Kɘ\\Gk\\ĀɜWPʐWPɮWĀɺ
ĀɃʚFĀɞ\\ĀʞĀɜWYjUiSNKX{Q
.ʮWKXɤWOjPQJXʐL.KX{QNK{WKuPDXUDVɚQSKɠPKɁQNKX{QɠP.KLWKɜ\\PtNKX{QYjĀɜWFyNKH
KʖWKuUDNKX{QĀɃʚF6DXYjLJLʔĀɜWPɜWQɃʒFGɞQFROɘLWɘRNKHKʖJLʦDNKX{QYjVɚQSKɠPQɶXĀɺOkX
NK{QJUDNKX{QWKuVʨFRU~WFyWKɺ[pVɚQSKɠP5DNKX{QWʢWUrQ[XʈQJKRɮFWʢGɃʒLOrQQKɃQJFKʀPʐWErQ
ĀɺJLyNK{QJNKtOʄWYjRPʐWSKɞQVɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFFʠQJNKLUDKɶWNKX{QVɚQSKɠPNK{QJEʂO~QELɶQ
GɘQJ6ɚQSKɠPUDNKX{QĀɮWWUrQYiQ[RD\\WUʖGɼGjQJNKLOjPQJXʐL'QJED\\WUHNK{QJGQJED\\VɦW

11.10 Page 110

▲back to top
JʄWOɨQNKX{QFyWUrQPɢXVɚQSKɠP7iFKWʀDQpWWUiPWUpWQKʦQJSKɞQWKLɶX1ɶXFyYɶWQʠWUɘQGQJED\\
pPOɘLVDXĀyOɜSĀɜWYjRFKʎWKLɶXFɘRĀɜWWKʢD'QJPLɶQJP~WE{QJĀiQK~QJQɃʒFYɦWNK{ODXQKɬQ
OɘL&ɞQOɃXëUɨQJVɚQSKɠPNK{QJFyOʎWK{QJKɁLWKuSKɚLNKRpWOʎʖQKʦQJQɁLNKyWKɜ\\
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFLQNKX{QĀɁQJLɚQ
'QJWURQJVɚQ[XɜWFiFVɚQSKɠPQKɃSKĀLrXJɘFKWɜP1JɃʔLWKʚOjPOiQJPɮWĀɜWWɜPPɮW
OiQJĀɮWYjRPɮWNKX{QQKɃYɤ\\VɚQSKɠPVɴEyQJĀɰSVɦFQpW&ɞQLQNʮQKʦQJSKɞQO}PFʞDPɮWNKX{Q
QɶXNK{QJVɴGɢQĀɶQWKLɶXQpWNK{QJĀ~QJPɢX7D\\ɜQĀɸXWɜPĀɜWFKRĀɶQJLiSPt'QJQJyQWD\\YʢD
NpRUrYʢDpPĀɜWYjRFɘQKNKX{QĀɺĀɜWOʄWViWFɘQKVDXĀyGQJĀɜWĀLOɘLSKɞQFzQWKLɶX1ɶXSKĀLrX
VɚQSKɠPPʆQJFyWKɺ[ĄPSKtDVDXQɶXVɚQSKɠPGj\\SKɚLOjP[ɃɁQJVɴNK{QJFRQJYrQKWKrPYʦQJ
FKɦF.KLNKX{QWKɘFKFDRYjVɚQSKɠPLQFyNKHKʖWKuQJɃʔLWKʚUDNKX{QĀɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQWɜPYiQĀɺ
OjPQJXʐL
.ʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFLQNKX{QSKʠFWɘS
7\\WKHRPɢXĀɺFɦWWɜPĀɜWSKKʚSQɶXVɚQSKɠPPʆQJFɦWEɸGj\\ĀɜWFPFPVɚQSKɠPOʒQ
WKuWɜPĀɜWGj\\FPKRɮFKɁQ&KXɠQEʂUiSNKX{QĀ~QJYʂWUt4XDQViWNKX{QEɸPɮWNKX{QSKɞQQjROʊL
SKɞQQjRO}P&KʎO}PWKuQKɜQNʮFKRĀɜWOʄWĀɞ\\QɶXFKʎOʊLVɴEʒWĀɜWĀɺFKʎĀyNK{QJEʂGj\\PʆQJ
FKrQKOɾFKVɴEʂQʠW[pNKLSKɁLQXQJ'QJWD\\ɜQĀɸXĀʞPɘQKĀɺĀɜWLQViWPɮWNKX{Q.KX{QLQWʢQJ
PɚQKVDXĀyUiSOɘL'QJED\\WɘRĀʐQKiPUuDNKX{QWKɜPQɃʒFFKɘ\\Gk\\ĀɜWUuDNKX{QĀɺVɚQSKɠPFy
ĀʐGj\\WKtFKKʚS6ɚQSKɠPOʒQWKuLQ[RQJFKɘ\\[ɃɁQJĀɺFKʂXOʨFWʈWNKLQXQJ+DLPɮWUuDNKX{QWɘRQKiP
QKɃQJFKʀPʐWPɮWUuDFKɘ\\Gk\\ĀɜWYjKDLPɮWĀɸXĀɃʚFWKɜPɃʒW1JKLrQJNKX{QĀɺĀ~QJYʂWUtPʐQJVDX
ĀyUiSNKX{QYjĀqPɘQKĀɺSKɞQUiSĀɃʚFFKɦFFKɦQĉʈLYʒLQKʦQJNKX{QFySKɞQFKLWLɶWUiSQʈLWKuLQ
WʢQJSKɞQ.KLJLʦDNKX{QYjĀɜWFyNKHKʖWKuUDNKX{QYjOjPQJXʐL'QJED\\ĀqpPĀɜWSKɞQUiSQʈLYj
WʀDOɘLFKLWLɶW'QJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFYɦWUiRODXOɘLVɚQSKɠP
3KɃɁQJSKiSNʮWKXɤWUyW
3KɃɁQJSKiSWɘRKuQKEɨQJFiFKUyWKʊĀɜWYjRNKX{QĀɃʚFViQJWɘRĀɞXWLrQʖ3KiSQĄPWX\\
QKLrQKɁQQĄPVDXYjRQĄPPʒLSKʌELɶQUʐQJUmL1ĄPFKX\\rQYLrQJʈPVʠ1KɤWOjPFʈ
YɜQQJjQKJʈPFKR7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDSKʌELɶQSKɃɁQJSKiSVDXĀySKɃɁQJSKiSUyW
ODQWʆDUʐQJUDFiFFɁVʖOjPJʈPPLɸQ1DP
1JX\\rQOLɾX
/jWɜWFɚFiFORɘLĀɜWVpWĀmOʄF3KʈLOLɾXOjVʠKD\\EiQVʠQJKLɸQPʂQ&KɜWWUʚGXQJOjQɃʒFNLɶQJQDWUL
VLOLFDW1Dࢧ6L2ࢨ
+ʊUyW%ʆĀɜWYjROLQɃʒFWKuĀɜWOɦQJ[XʈQJĀi\\OLQɶXWKrPPʐWtWQDWULVLOLFDWWKuĀɜWOɁOʤQJGɘQJ
KX\\ɸQSK

12 Pages 111-120

▲back to top

12.1 Page 111

▲back to top
+ʊĀɜWVpWWKrPQDWULVLOLFDWFyWKɺWĄQJJLɚPWXƓORɘLĀɜWQɶXFKRQKLɸXWUʚGXQJKʊUyW
ORmQJOjPFiWOɦQJ[XʈQJĀi\\NKX{QVɚQSKɠPFyĀi\\Gj\\Jk\\KLɾXʠQJQʠW[pYuFiWNK{QJFyĀʐGɲR
7KrPOɃʚQJQDWULVLOLFDWYjRW\\ORɘLĀɜWYjSKɚLWKʤQJKLɾPWUɃʒF
1ɶXGɘQJĀɜWNK{WʀOɾQɃʒFNKRɚQJWKuWKrPQɃʒFNLɶQJ1Dࢧ6L2ࢨ
1ʊQJĀʐQDWULVLOLFDWNKRɚQJ%DXPp+ʊUyWOjĀɜWSKDWKrPOɃʚQJQKɜWĀʂQKQDWULVLOLFDWWɘRĀɜWGɘQJ
KX\\ɸQSKNK{QJEʂOɦQJWɘRKuQKWKuKʊĀɜWEiPYjRNKX{Q
3KɃɁQJSKiSWKʤKʊUyW
'QJKʊUyWNpRPʐWYɾWGjLWUrQPLɶQJWKɘFKFDR.KLKʊUiRPɮWFyKLɾQWɃʚQJVDX1ɶXYɾWĀɜW
YʊQJP{OrQOjGɃQDWULVLOLFDW1ɶXYɾWĀɜW[ɰSO}POjGɃQɃʒF1ɶXKʊUyWĀɘW\\rXFɞXGk\\ĀɜWEɨQJ
SKɪQJNKLU~WQɃʒFGQJOɃʘLFɃDOɜ\\ĀɜWOrQNK{QJFyYɶWEiPYjRWKɘFKFDR+ʊUyWYʢDWKuUyWWɘR
WKjQKGzQJNKLWU~WKʊUDNKʆLNKX{QOzQJVɚQSKɠPOiQJ1KLɸXQDWULVLOLFDWVɚQSKɠPUyWEʂQʠW[p
1DWULVLOLFDWYʢDĀʞVɚQSKɠPUyWNK{FʠQJJLzQ1ɶXQKLɸXQɃʒFVɚQSKɠPUyWEʂ[ʈSGLFKX\\ɺQGɼYʘ
.KX{QɃʒWWKuVɚQSKɠPUʎPɮWGRFyQKLɸXERQJEyQJQɨPWURQJEɸPɮWĀɜWWLɶS[~FYʒLNKX{QNKLOjP
QJXʐLVɴOʐU}1JX\\rQWɦFYɸWKʔLJLDQĀʂQKOɃʚQJĀʐKʊUyWEiPYjRNKX{QNK{WɘROʒSĀɜWWUrQPɮW
NKX{QWKHREɚQJ
7KʔLJLDQSK~W
ĉʐGj\\PP
7KʔLJLDQSK~W
ĉʐGj\\PP

12.2 Page 112

▲back to top
.ʮWKXɤWUyWNKX{Q
.KX{QUyW
.KX{QUyWĀzLKʆLPɚQKNKX{QĀɁQJLɚQtWYjSKɚLFyOʎUyWKʊYjR0ɚQKNKX{QNK{QJĀɃʚFKʖĀɺ
ĀɚPEɚRKʊNK{QJFKɚ\\UDQJRjL.KX{QSKɚLFyĀLɺPWUʜYʦQJFKRĀʠQJGɼVɦSNKX{QĀɺUyW.KX{QUyW
Gj\\KɁQNKX{QLQYuNKLUyWFɞQFyNKX{QK~WQKLɸXQɃʒF.KX{QTXiPʆQJWKuK~WtWQɃʒFĀɜWEiPĀɃʚFtW
VɚQSKɠPVɴPʆQJĉʈLYʒLVɚQSKɠPOʒQWKuVɴNK{QJĀɘW\\rXFɞXGɼPpRQʠW[pĉʐ[ʈSNKX{QUyW
SKɚLĀɸXQɶXFyFKʎWUiPWUpWWKuĀʐ[ʈStWNKɚQĄQJK~WQɃʒFJLɚPVɚQSKɠPGj\\PʆQJNKiFQKDXNKy
Oɜ\\UDDQWRjQYjNKLQXQJGɼEʂQʠW[p
4X\\WUuQKYjWKDRWiF
1JX\\rQOLɾXĉɜWVpWTXɤ\\OʆQJYʒLQɃʒFWKjQKKʊVɸQVɾWEɨQJFk\\TXɤ\\Pi\\TXɤ\\ĉɜWKzDWDQ
YʒLQɃʒFSKDQDWULVLOLFDWYʒLWʀOɾNKRɚQJUʊLTXɤ\\OʆQJWLɶS.KX{QĀɃʚFUjQJNʮFKɮWQJɃʔLWKʚUyW
KʊYjRNKX{QNKɚQĄQJĀɜWEiPQKDQKKD\\FKɤPW\\WKXʐFNKX{QGj\\PʆQJNK{ɠP
5yWKʊYjRNKX{Q&KXɠQEʂNKX{QWKɘFKFDR
5yWĀɜW6DXNKLGQJGk\\FDRVXGk\\NɴPUjQJFKɦFQJɃʔLWKʚUyWKʊEɨQJ[{KD\\EɨQJPi\\
&KkPKʊOLrQWʜFYjRNKX{QWUiQKĀɺPʠFKʊUyWWʜWQKLɸXNKyQKɤQELɶWĀʐGj\\FʞDĀɜWEiPNKX{Q
.LɺPWUDOʒSĀɜWEiPYjRNKX{Q.KLWKɜ\\ĀʐGj\\NKRɚQJFPQJɃʔLWKʚWU~WKɶWKʊUyWUD~S
NKX{QFKRKʊUyWUDQJRjLKɶW'QJED\\WUHJɘWQJDQJPLɾQJOʎUyWĀɺELɶWĀʐGj\\ĀɜWEiP7U~WKʊUyWUD
WʢWʢQɶXKʊFKɚ\\QKDQKVɚQSKɠPFyWKɺPySPpRNKLUDNKX{Q.KLWKɜ\\ĀɜWEiPNKX{QWɃɁQJĀʈL
FʠQJJLʦDNKX{QYjOʒSĀɜWEiPFyNKHKʖWKuWiFKNKX{QJʘOɜ\\VɚQSKɠP7KʔLJLDQQj\\NKRɚQJ
JLʔ
7URQJTXiWUuQKOjPQJɃʔLWKʚFK~ë.KLUyWVɚQSKɠPFKɤXFyJʔPLɾQJGɼEʂEʄWNKtQrQNKLUyW
Āɞ\\NKX{QGQJWD\\YpWPʐWĀɃʔQJTXDQKPLɾQJFKɤXĀɺWUiQKEʄWNKtVDXQj\\ĉʈLYʒLFKɤXEuQKKRD
WɃʚQJOʒQQJɃʔLWKʚNKRpWOʎ[ɚGɃʒLĀi\\NKX{QĀɺKʊUyWWX{QUDKɶWVDXGQJĀɜWWUpWOɘLFʠQKɃYɤ\\
FKʔUiRUDNKX{Q
/jPQJXʐL6ɚQSKɠPUDNKX{QWKɃʔQJFyOɨQUiSYjNKRDQKĀɜWWKʢDWUrQPLɾQJ1JɃʔLWKʚ
GQJOɃʘLFɃDFɘREɨQJOɨQUiS1ɶXOjVɚQSKɠPWUzQQKɃFKɤXEuQKKRDWKuĀɮWOrQEjQ[RD\\YjFKʀQK
YjRWkP'QJĀɞXQKʄQOɃʘLFɃDFɦWEʆSKɞQWKʢDʖPLɾQJOɜ\\PLɶQJP~WWKRDQɃʒFOjPQJKqOiQJ
*KpSGiQĀɜW
%ɨQJFiFKJKpSGiQĀɜWQJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺOjPUDFiFVɚQSKɠPKuQKYX{QJFKʦQKɤWWDPJLiF
&iFVɚQSKɠPSKʠFWɘSOjFiFNKʈLGRFiFKuQKNɶWKʚSKuQKWUʜYʒLKuQKWUʜKuQKFɞXYʒLKuQKWUʜ
3KɃɁQJSKiSQj\\WɘRUDVɚQSKɠPFyKuQKGɘQJWKHR\\rXFɞX

12.3 Page 113

▲back to top
/jPVɚQSKɠPĀɁQJLɚQPʐWFKɤXKRDYX{QJFP
'ʜQJFʜPɚQKEDREʈEDRQLORQPʎLPɚQKFPWKDQKJʎWUzQEjRQKɬQĀɃʔQJNtQKFPGjL
FPOɃʘLFɃDVɦWKDLVʈQJUĄQJOɃʘLFɃDVɦWPjLQKʄQPʐWĀɞXED\\WUHWɜPEuDFʠQJFɦWYX{QJGLɾQ
WtFKFP࢖PʎLFɘQKFPWKɃʒFĀRĉɜWVpWWLQKOʄF
.ʮWKXɤWYjTX\\WUuQK
%ɃʒFPʐWQKʊLĀɜWFKRĀɸX7UɚLWɜPEDREʈWUrQPɮWSKɪQJĀɮWĀɜWĀmQKʊLOrQYʎĀɤSGɰSNKʈL
ĀɜW'QJWKDQKJʎWUzQFiQĀɜWWKjQKWɜPFyĀʐGj\\FPPʎLFɘQKFKʢQJFP.KLSKɁLĀɜWFRQJyWO~F
ĀyFɦWJʄWĀ~QJFPOjYʢD1JɃʔLWKʚOjPWɜPĀɺGʨQJYiFKYjWɜPOjPĀi\\UʊLSKɁLFKRĀɜWUiR
%ɃʒFKDL.KLĀɜWUiRQJɃʔLWKʚGQJOɃʘLFɃDKDLVʈQJUĄQJEjRWɜWFɚFiFPɮWFʞDQKʦQJWɜPĀɜW
UʊLGQJED\\QJKqOiQJ
%ɃʒFEDĀɮWWɜPEuDFʠQJKuQKYX{QJĀRPʎLFKLɸXFPOrQPɮWWɜPĀɜWUʊLGQJĀɞXQKʄQOɃʘL
FɃDVɦWFɦWWKHRWɜPEuDOɞQOɃʚWFɦWĀʞWɜPĀi\\OjPVDX
%ɃʒFEʈQ*KpSYjGiQEʈQWɜPĀɜW'QJED\\WUHJɘFKFKRQKiPʖFiFFɘQKWɜPĀɜWVɴGiQJKpS
/ɜ\\P~WWKɜPQɃʒFGɮPYjRQɁLYʢDJɘFKFKRQKiP/ɜ\\KʊĀɜWQKmRĀɦSGj\\ĀɸXFPOrQFKʎJɘFKQKiP
%ɃʒFQĄP'iQJKpSFiFWɜPĀɜWGtQKYʒLQKDXVDXNKLGiQJKpSQJɃʔLWKʚGQJWD\\YʎĀɸXʖFiF
ĀɃʔQJUiSQɦQOɘLFKRYX{QJPɢX3KɞQKʊG{LUDʖĀɃʔQJJKpSQJɃʔLWKʚFKʔ²SK~WSKɞQKʊQj\\FR
OɘLGQJQJyQWD\\WUʆYpWGjLWKHRĀɃʔQJJKpSPLɶWĀɞXQJyQWD\\FKRKʊĄQVkXYjRFiFJyF
%ɃʒFViXĉɮWʈQJOrQWɜPĀɜWOjPĀi\\GQJOɃʘLFɃDQKʄQĀɞXFɦWYX{QJWKHRPɢX*ɘFKQKiPʖ
[XQJTXDQKFKkQʈQJ*ɘFKQKiP[XQJTXDQKWɜPĀi\\/ɜ\\P~WWKɜPQɃʒFĀɤPYjRQɁLJɘFKQKiPĉɮW
ʈQJOrQWɜPĀi\\pSĀɸX[XʈQJ+ʊQKmRG{LUDFKXQJTXDQKFKkQʈQJʖErQQJRjLYjErQWURQJ&Kʔ
SK~WKʊQKmRFROɘLGQJĀɞXQJyQWD\\WUʆYpWPLɶWViWKʊYjRFKXQJTXDQKĀɃʔQJJKpS'QJED\\OjP
QJXʐLFKRĀɰSVɚQSKɠP
%ɃʒFEɚ\\ÓSVɚQSKɠP[XʈQJPɮWEjQSKɪQJQJɃʔLWKʚPyFSKɞQĀi\\FKRWKjQKKuQK
/jPVɚQSKɠPSKʠFWɘS
6ʨNɶWKʚSJLʦDFiFKuQKYʒLQKDXWɘRWKjQKVɚQSKɠPFyNKʈLSKʠFWɘS&iFGɘQJVɚQSKɠPJKpSFiF
NKʈLKuQKKuQKFɞXYʒLKuQKWUʜKuQKʈQJKuQKWUʜYʒLKuQKWUʜKuQKWUʜNɶWKʚSYʒLKuQK{YDQKuQKWUzQpS
OɘLFKɤXERQVDLKuQKWUʜNɶWKʚSYʒLFiFKuQKFyGɘQJWUzQEDKuQKWUʜNɶWKʚSYʒLQKDXWKjQKNKʈLGɘQJOLrQ
NɶWFKʊQJĀʘF}QJQKDX&iFF{QJĀRɘQĀɸXSKɚLOjPNKpROpRWʀPʀĉɮFELɾWNKkXOjPĀɜWQKʊLĀɜWNʮ
OɃʘQJĉɤSFiQĀɜWFyĀʐGj\\EɨQJQKDX3KɁLFiFWɜPĀɜWFyĀʐFʠQJEɨQJQKDX'iQJKpSYjKʊQKmR
SKɚLGQJFQJPʐWO~FePYjPLɶWKʊFKRĄQViWĀɃʔQJUiS6ɚQSKɠPNK{QJQrQSKɁLQɦQJĀɺNK{Wʨ
QKLrQWURQJFKʎUkP

12.4 Page 114

▲back to top
;RD\\&DOLS
;RD\\FDOLSFDOLEUHOjSKɃɁQJSKiSWɘRKuQKVɚQSKɠPEɨQJFiFKGQJPi\\
'ʜQJFʜ
*ʊPGjQFDOLSNKX{QVɚQSKɠPNKX{QFʈLĀLɾQ'jQPi\\FDOLSKRɘWĀʐQJGRP{WɁĀLɾQJʊP
QKʦQJEʐSKɤQFɁEɚQ&ɞQNpR&RQGDR.KX{QVɚQSKɠP0{WɁĀLɾQ&ɞQWKɦQJ
KmP.KX{QWKɘFKFDRĀmJɦQYjRGjQFDOLS.KX{QWKɘFKFDRYɴOʒQ&RQGDRWURQJNKX{Q
.KX{QFʈLEɨQJ[LPĄQJ'jQFDOLSKRɘWĀʐQJWʢQJXʊQĀLɾQQĄQJ
4X\\WUuQKWKDRWiF
7ɘRKuQKVɚQSKɠPFKɤXO\\FDRFPPLɾQJFPĀi\\FP
%ɃʒF/jPFʈWPɢXYjNKX{Q7LɾQFʈWWKɘFKFDRFyNtFKWKɃʒFPɢXQKɃWUrQĉʌNKX{QFʈW
PɢXW\\\\rXFɞXFʞDVɚQ[XɜWPjOjPQKLɸXtWĉ~FPʐWFʈL[LPĄQJĄQNKʒSYʒLNKX{QFKɤX/jPFRQ
GDREɨQJVɦWFyNtFKWKɃʒFGj\\PPFDRKɁQFKɤXPɢXFPUʐQJEɨQJEiQNtQKFKɤXPɢXOɃʘL
GDRQJKLrQJWKHRFKLɸXĀʠQJFKɤXPɢX/ɃʘLGDRJɦQFʠQJWUrQFɞQWD\\NpRFʞDGjQFDOLS
%ɃʒFKDL/jPĀɜWĉɜWFyGɘQJOʆQJSKɚLOjPUiRPʂQĀɸX.KX{QĀɃʚFODXVɘFKSKɁLNK{ĉʌ
Āɞ\\ĀɜWOʆQJYjRFiFNKX{Q.KX{QNK{K~WQɃʒFQKDQKUiRĀɜWWUyFʖFKXQJTXDQKYjQKPLɾQJ
NKX{Q/ɜ\\ĀɜWUDGQJWD\\TXɶWFKRĀɜWGɲRĀɸXJRPWKjQKĀʈQJFKX\\ɺQOrQPɮWEjQ[RD\\FDOLS
%ɃʒFED&KXɠQEʂGʜQJFʜED\\WUHOɃʘLFɃDVɦWQKʄQĀɞXP~W[ʈSFKɤXQɃʒFĀɮWWUrQPɮW
EjQFDOLS
%ɃʒFEʈQ6ɦS[ɶSFiFEʐSKɤQPi\\FDOLS&ʈL[LPĄQJĀɮWWUrQFʈW[RD\\FDOLSWKɤWWUzQFKXɠQ
ĉɮWNKX{QWKɘFKFDRFKɤXO\\YjRFʈW[HPĀʐNKtWYjEiPNKX{QFKɦFFKɦQ&KʀQKOɃʘLGDR[HPĀʐGj\\
ĀɜWEiPYjRNKX{QKʚSOëNK{QJGj\\NK{QJPʆQJTXi7K{QJWKɃʔQJVɚQSKɠPGj\\PʆQJW\\
WKXʐFNtFKWKɃʒFPɢX0ɢXQKʆFʘFPWKuFKʀQKOɃʘLGDRFyĀʐKʖYʒLNKX{QOjFP/ɃʘLGDRSKɚL
ĀɮWĀ~QJWkPNKX{QFKɤXO\\6DXNKLOɦSFʈLYjRNKX{QFKʀQKOɃʘLGDR[LɶWEORRQJWKɤWFKɮWYjRFɞQ
NpRQJɃʔLWKʚPʖPi\\FKɘ\\ĀɺNLɺPWUDOɞQFXʈL[HPĀʐDQWRjQYjĀʐWUzQFKXɠQ
%ɃʒFQĄP.KʖLĀʐQJGjQPi\\FDOLSKRɘWĀʐQJ'QJWD\\SKɚLTXɶWPʐWQɦPĀɜWYRWUzQɃʒF
FKʢQJNKLFKRYjRNKX{QĀɜWGj\\NKX{QFKɤX9LrQĀɜWĀɃʚFQpPYjRNKX{QWD\\WUiLNpRFɞQGDR
[XʈQJWD\\SKɚLĀɮWOrQPLɾQJFKɤXĀɺFKɮQĀɜWGɃWUʊLOrQpP[XʈQJPʐWKDLOɞQ1KuQWURQJOzQJ
FKɤXWKɜ\\ĀɜWSKʞNtQĀɸXOiQJQJɃʔLWKʚOɜ\\ED\\WUHJɘWĀɜWGɃWUrQPLɾQJFKɤXFKREɨQJYɶWNKX{Q
*LʖFɞQNpROrQĀɘSWKɦQJ&ʈWNKX{QFKɤXGʢQJOɘLOɜ\\NKX{QUD&KʔNKX{QK~WQɃʒFFKɤXVɴERQJ
UDQJɃʔLWKʚ~S[XʈQJYiQSKɪQJOɜ\\NKX{QGɼGjQJ&KɤXUDNKX{QĀɺWURQJQKj[ɃʖQJKRQJJLyFKR
NK{FKXɠQEʂOjPQJXʐL1ɶXFKɤXNK{TXiQKDQKGQJQLORQʞNtQĀɺJLʦĀʐɠPOkX3KɁLNKX{QFKR

12.5 Page 115

▲back to top
NK{OɘLWLɶSWʜFF{QJYLɾF'RFyQKLɸXNKX{QWKɘFKFDRNKLOɜ\\NKX{QFKɤXUDQJɃʔLWKʚOɦSNKX{QNKiF
YjRQJD\\ĀɺF{QJYLɾFNK{QJQJɦWTXmQJ
%ɃʒFViX/jPQJXʐL'ʜQJFʜJʊPEjQ[RD\\PLɶQJQKʨDGɲRFP[FPĀɃʚFPjLYjFKj
EɨQJJLɜ\\QKiPQɃʒFFKRFɘQKQKɬQOiQJOɃʘLFɃDVɦWQKʄQĀɞXP~W[ʈSWKɜPQɃʒFGk\\ĀDLVɦWFKɤX
QɃʒF'QJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFWKRDYjRWkPEjQ[RD\\ÓSFKɤXO\\[XʈQJPɮWEjQ[RD\\&KREjQ[RD\\TXD\\
YzQJSK~W'QJKDLWD\\FKʀQKFKɤXYjRWkPEjQ[RD\\/ɜ\\PLɶQJQKʨDGɲRQJKqWʢFKkQĀɶQPLɾQJ
FKɤXFKROiQJ'ʢQJEjQ[RD\\OɤWQJʤDFKɤXOrQ'QJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFWKRDYjRWkPEjQ[RD\\ĉɮWFKɤX
[XʈQJPɮWEjQ[RD\\&KREjQ[RD\\TXD\\KɁLQKDQKYzQJSK~W/ɜ\\OɃʘLFɃDGQJSKɞQUĄQJEjR
WUrQPLɾQJFKɤXFKRSKɪQJ'QJSKɞQVʈQJOɃQJOɃʘLFɃDQJKqOɘLFKROiQJ'QJP~WWKɜPQɃʒFWKRD
WUrQPLɾQJFKROLɸQOɘL'ʢQJEjQ[RD\\Oɜ\\FKɤXUD
&KɘPNKɦFWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQ
&KɘPNKɦFOjGQJYɤWQKʄQFʠQJWɘRFiFĀɃʔQJĀRɘQQpWWUrQ[ɃɁQJĀɜWFʞDVɚQSKɠP&iF
ĀɃʔQJQpWFKɘPNKɦFNK{QJVkXĀʞWɘRFɚPJLiFSKkQFiFKFiFKʄDWLɶW0ʐWWURQJFiFĀɮFĀLɺPFʞD
JʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+Rj&KɘPNKɦFFKuPWɘRɜQWɃʚQJPɘQKYɸVʨFKLDFɦWFiFKʄDWLɶWNKLQKuQKRɮFUʔ
WD\\YjRVɚQSKɠP
3KkQFKLDFiF{
&ĄQFʠYjREʈFʜFKuQKYɴWUrQVɚQSKɠPJʈPQJɃʔLWKʚFKLDVɚQSKɠPWKjQKFiF{&iF{ĀɃʚF
SKkQĀʂQKEʖLĀɃʔQJSKkQFKLDGʄFYjFKLDQJDQJ
9ɸĀɃʔQJFKLDGʄFQJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺFKLDOjPKDLEDEʈQSKɞQ7ʢPLɾQJVɚQSKɠPGQJE~W
FKu[iFĀʂQKFiFĀLɺPWʢFiFĀLɺPɜ\\NɲFiFOɨQGʄFWKHRVɚQSKɠP&ĄQFʠYjRK{QJVɚQSKɠPGQJGk\\
ĀRK{QJVDXĀyJɜSOɘLĀɺ[iFĀʂQKFiFĀLɺPSKkQFKLDWʢĀyNɲOɨQGʄFWKHRVɚQSKɠP&ĄQFʠYjRĀi\\
VɚQSKɠPYɴPʐWĀɃʔQJWUzQFyĀɃʔQJNtQKOʒQKɁQĀi\\VɚQSKɠPOrQPʐWWʔJLɜ\\ĉɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQWʔ
JLɜ\\ĀyYɴYzQJWUzQĀi\\VɚQSKɠP[iFĀʂQKFiFĀLɺPSKkQFKLDTXDWkPWUrQJLɜ\\FKɜPOrQĀi\\VɚQ
SKɠPYjYɴFiFOɨQGʄFFʞDVɚQSKɠP
9ɸĀɃʔQJFKLDQJDQJĀɃʔQJFKɘ\\FKʀQJɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJFKɘ\\FKʀPLɾQJĀi\\Yj[XQJTXDQK
K{QJEuQKĉɺWɘRĀɃʔQJFKʀQJɃʔLWKʚĀɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQPkP[RD\\3KɃɁQJSKiSWɘRĀɃʔQJFKʀWK{QJ
WKɃʔQJGQJWD\\WKɃʒFYjFk\\NKɦF'QJWD\\PɮWKRɮFWUiLFɞPFk\\NKɦFĀɮWOrQPLɾQJĀi\\K{QJVɚQ
SKɠP1JyQFiLYjQJyQWUʆFɞPFk\\NKɦFFiFQJyQFzQOɘLWʨDYjRPɮWVɚQSKɠPFKRYʦQJ7D\\WUiLKRɮF
SKɚLTXD\\PkP[RD\\WʢWUiLVDQJSKɚLNK{QJQKDQKNK{QJFKɤPVDRFKRYzQJNKɦFJLiSPt/ɃXëFk\\
NKɦFSKɚLEpQɜQFKRĀʐVkXFk\\NKɦFĀɸXQKDX'QJFk\\WKɃʒFWKDQKWUʜFyNtFKWKɃʒFFDRKɁQVɚQ
SKɠPWD\\SKɚLNɰSFk\\NKɦFWKɤWFKɦFYjRFk\\WKɃʒFWD\\WUiLTXD\\QKɰPkP[RD\\VDRFKRYzQJNKɦFJLiS

12.6 Page 116

▲back to top
Pt'QJFk\\NKɦFXʈQFRQJKRɮFYjLFKLɶFĀŹDFyFKLɸXGjLNKRɚQJFPĀɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQPkP[RD\\
QJyQFiLYjQJyQWUʆYʂQFKɮWYjRFk\\NKɦFFiFQJyQFzQOɘLWʨDYjRPLɾQJVɚQSKɠPTXD\\QKɰPkP[RD\\
FKRĀɶQNKLYzQJNKɦFJLiSPt
.ʮWKXɤWFKɘPNKɦF
ĉɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQJʈLPɸPĀɺWUiQKQʠWEɺGRVɁëO~F[RD\\WUʖEuQK'QJFk\\NKɦFVɦFQKʄQNKɦF
OrQ[ɃɁQJJʈPĀɃʔQJQpWWRQKʆNKiFQKDX1pWNKɦFĀɺWUDQJWUtVɚQSKɠPFŹQJOjĀɃʔQJSKkQFiFK
PjXPHQNKiFQKDXĉɃʔQJQpWFɞQOɃʚQĀɸXNK{QJJm\\JɜSĀʐVkXYʢDSKɚL1ɶXVɚQSKɠPKɁLɃʒW
NKɦFVkXKɁQYuĀɜWFRU~WNKLNK{OjPĀʐVkXJLɚP1ɶXKuQKYɴĀɁQJLɚQtWKʄDWLɶWQJɃʔLWKʚĀɮWVɚQ
SKɠPWUrQEjQ[RD\\WD\\SKɚLFKɘPNKɦF
.ʮWKXɤWĀʌPʐF
7URQJVɚQ[XɜWNK{QJWKɺGQJJLɜ\\FDQKRɮFYɴSKiFYuVɚQ[XɜWFɞQQKDQKYjĀʊQJĀɸX'ʜQJFʜ
JL~SĀɘW\\rXFɞXĀyJʄLOjPʐF3KɃɁQJSKiSOjPGʜQJFʜĀʌPʐF
0ɢXSKɚLNKɦFQpWWRYjVkXKɁQEuQKWKɃʔQJ
0ʞFDRVXSKDDPRQLDF1+ࢨSKʞOrQEɸPɮWĀɃʔQJNKɦFPXʈQĀʌPʐFOʒSWKʠQKɜWUʊLOʒSWKʠ
KDLWUXQJEuQKNKRɚQJKDLOʒSEɸPɮW
ĉɺJLʦFKRPʐFNK{QJFRJLmQQJɃʔLWKʚSKʞYɚLPQJOrQVDXĀySKʞWKrPPʐWOʒSFDRVX.KL
PʞFDRVXWURQJWKʚJʘPʐFFɦWJʄQĀʂQKYʂPʐFTXD\\OrQTXD\\[XʈQJĀɺLQYjRVɚQSKɠP
1JɃʔLWKʚWKRDPʨFOrQEɸPɮWPʐFVDXĀyLQYjRVɚQSKɠP&iFQpWKʄDWLɶWQʌLU}WKʚGʨDYjR
ĀyPjFKɘPNKɦF
&KɘPOʄQJFKɘPWKʞQJ
1JɃʔLWKʚFyWD\\QJKɸFiFF{QJĀRɘQNʮWKXɤWWʀPʀNKpRNpRWURQJFiFFKLWLɶW/ʄQJTXDQWUʄQJYu
W{QQʌLEɤWKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtOʄQJWKʞQJʖPʐWVʈPyQĀʊJʈPFŹQJOjKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtFKtQK.LɺXOʄQJ
ĀDGɘQJWKɃʔQJOjPɚQJQKʆYuPɚQJOʒQVɴSKiFɜXWU~FFKXQJWURQJTXiWUuQKQXQJJk\\ELɶQGɘQJVɚQ
SKɠP1JɃʔLWKʚGQJGDRPŹLQKʄQFɦW[ɃɁQJĀɜWWKjQKFiFOʎKʌQJ6ɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFFKɘPOʄQJĀqQ
YRLĀ{QOʄEuQKFKRĀɶQĀɶĀqQĀɶYRLNKLVʤGʜQJQKɜWOjWUDQJWUtNKLFyĀqQĀLɾQWURQJVɚQSKɠP
JʈPOʐQJWɘRKLɾXTXɚiQKViQJĀʐFĀiR
7UDQJWUtKRDYĄQKuQKYɴ
+RDYĄQWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDUɜWSKRQJSK~ɚQKKɃʖQJEʖLQKʦQJGzQJJʈPFiFQɁLĀɮF
ELɾWOjKRDYĄQFʞDJʈP7UXQJ+RD KRDYĄQGk\\OiFʌWʠTXtFKʦWɃʚQJKuQK*ʈP%LrQ+zDWUX\\ɸQ
WKʈQJFyKRDYĄQĀɃʔQJGLɸPFiFKĀLɾXWʢFʆFk\\KRDOiWɘRQKʦQJVɦFWKiLULrQJQJRjLUDFzQPʐWVʈ
KRDYĄQKuQKKʄFKRDYĄQVRQJVRQJWʠOLQKORQJOkQTXLSKʜQJWʠTXtPDLODQF~FWU~FFiFĀɃʔQJ

12.7 Page 117

▲back to top
WUDQJWUt[RɦQWU{QʈF+RDYĄQGk\\OiEDRJLʔFŹQJFyE{QJKRDOjPĀLɺPFKtQKGk\\OHREDRTXDQK
NK{QJOLɸQOɘFQʈLWLɶS&iFGk\\OiFʌWKɃʔQJVʤGʜQJFiFORɘLKRDF~FVHQEɨQJOĄQJGk\\OiFʌUʊQJ
Oi&iFĀɃʔQJGLɸPWUDQJWUtOjQKʦQJFiQKVHQ[ɶSNɶOLɸQQKDX+uQKWKʠFWUDQJWUtFKɘPNKɦFKRɮF
ĀɦSQʌLFŹQJWKɃʔQJWKɜ\\OjKuQKKuQKKʄFKuQKNʮKjFiFKʄDWLɶWWURQJKRDYĄQFiFQpWOɃʚQVyQJ
0ʐWVʈĀʐQJYɤWĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtWUrQVɚQSKɠPFiW{PKɃɁXQDLWUkX0ʐWVʈKʄDWLɶWKRDYĄQWUrQ
FiFKLɾQYɤWYĄQKyDWLrXELɺXWUʈQJĀʊQJĉ{QJ6ɁQWKʌFɠPGkQWʐFWKLɺXVʈ0ʐWFiFKWUDQJWUtNKiFOj
YɴNKɦFQʐLGXQJFʈWFKX\\ɾQOʂFKVʤGkQWʐFWɤSTXiQSKRQJWʜFKD\\WɃʚQJOLrQTXDQWtQQJɃʘQJW{Q
JLiR3KɤWJLiR7KLrQ&K~DJLiR1KʦQJWtFKWUDQJWUtWUrQVɚQSKɠPÇX&Ɂ²/ɘF/RQJ4XkQ+DL%j
7UɃQJ/ʜF9kQ7LrQ7UɞQ%uQK7UʄQJ7UiQJVŜUDWUɤQ9}QJDQKĀLWUɃʒF²Y}QJQjQJWKHRVDX0ɰkX\\ɶP
FRQ7uQKPɢXWʤ3KɤW%j4XDQ7KɶÇP7KLrQ&K~DFKʂXQɘQĉʠFPɰ0DULD¬1JRjLUDPʐWVʈVɚQSKɠP
NKɦFKʄDFiFĀLɺQWtFKYɸGLWtFKGLYɤWYĄQKyDNKXYʨF&KĄP3D$QJNRU¬
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQJRjLNLɺXGiQJSKɞQOʒQWUɁQWKX{QPʐWVʈORɘLEuQKFKɤXE{QJFzQUiSJɦQ
WKrPQ~PTXDLOjQKʦQJKRDYĄQGk\\OiFiQKVHQFiFiVɜXPɮWEʚPKuQKGmWK~VɃWʤĀɞXUʊQJ
FiFKĀLɾX7KʚJʈP%LrQ+RjOjPPʐWVʈWɃʚQJJʈP3KɃʒF/ʐF7KʄĀjR[iFKJLʆFiĀjRGkQJWKLɶW
WʆD7ɃʚQJJʈPWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQNʮKjPk\\VyQJQɃʒFYɚ\\FiFiFORɘLKRDTXɚ1KʦQJĀɃʔQJQpWWR
PɸPPɘLNKɦFFKuPNK{QJWKɺWKLɶXPDQJWtQKWUDQJWUtFDRYtGʜEuQKĀʨQJNɰRKuQKFRQYRL&yPʐW
VʈKʄDWLɶWĀɦSQʌLJySSKɞQWUDQJWUt[HQNɴQpWNKɦFFKuP
7KʔLĀɘLSKiWWULɺQQKXFɞXWKɠPPʮWKD\\ĀʌLĀzLKʆLNLɺXGiQJKRɘWLɶWWUDQJWUtWK{QJWKRiQJ
PɘQKPɴPHQNK{QJPHQĀʐQKiPFyQKʦQJELɶQWɜXPʒL1KɃQJJʈP%LrQ+zDFɞQJLʦEɚQVɦF
ULrQJĀɺNK{QJEʂKRjWDQYjRFiFGzQJJʈPNKiF
7UDQKJʈPJKpS
7UDQKJʈPJKpSOjVɚQSKɠPQJKɾWKXɤWĀʐFĀiRFʞDGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zD1ʐLGXQJWUDQKWKɺ
KLɾQFiFĀɸWjLSKRQJFɚQKĀɸQFKDKRDTXɚWŜQKYɤWVLQKKRɘWODRĀʐQJOɼKʐLWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUzFKɁL
GkQJLDQWɤSTXiQ7UDQKJʊPKDLNLɺX
7UDQKJKpSJʈP*KpSQKLɸXYLrQPɚQKJʈPQKʆĀʞPjXĀmWʀD[pQWKHRNtFKWKɃʒFSKKʚS
1JɃʔLViQJWiFWUɃʒFQKɜWFKʄQĀɸWjLYɴEʈFʜFWUrQJLɜ\\ĀɃʔQJQpWKuQKPɚQJViQJWʈLYjFKʀQKVʤD
KRjQWKLɾQNKkXSKiFWKɚRQpWPjXYɴSKyQJKuQKWKHRNtFKWKɃʒFUʊLFDQWUDQKOrQPʐWWɜPYiQSKɪQJ
YiQpS&KʄQQKʦQJPɚQKJʈPFyPjXWɃɁQJWʨWURQJSKiFWKɚREɜPWKjQKQKʦQJPLɶQJYLrQQKʆ
GQJNHRGiQJKpSYjRWɜPJʎ7UDQKJKpSJʈPĀzLKʆLVʨWʀPʀWUDXFKXʈW1JɃʔLViQJWiFNKpRWD\\WKu
NKHKʖJLʦDQKʦQJYLrQJʈPJKpSUɜWPɚQKFiFYLrQPɚQKĄQNKʒSKzDTX\\ɾQQKDX

12.8 Page 118

▲back to top
7UDQKJKpSJɘFK*KpSWʢQKʦQJWɜPJɘFKPHQYɴKuQK1JɃʔLViQJWiFFŹQJYɴPɢXSKiFWKɚR
OrQJLɜ\\7LɶSWKHRFKʄQJɘFKPHQWUɦQJFDQKuQKOrQJɘFKUʊLGQJPjX{[LW YɴOrQWʢQJPLɶQJJɘFK
PHQ9ɴOrQJɘFKPHQWUɁQOiQJFyFiLNKyQpWFʄGɼQʌLU}WʢQJQKiWTXpWPjXGRĀyFɞQFKʄQFʄSK
KʚSYjW{PjXWʀPʀNK{QJĀɺFyYɾWKɨQOrQJɘFKĉɺFKRPHQNK{FKRYjROzQXQJKɜSʖ࢙&²࢙&
'RWiFĀʐQJFʞDQKLɾWĀʐPjXPHQFyWKɺELɶQĀʌLEɜWQJʔQJRjLëĀʊFʞDQJɃʔLViQJWiF
0HQJʈP
/jPʐWGɘQJWKʞ\\WLQKEDREʄFPɮWĀʊJʈPGRWiFGʜQJQKLɾWOjPQyQJFKɚ\\NKLQJXʐLĀ{QJ
FʠQJWKjQKOʒSiRWUrQVɚQSKɠPJʈP0HQWɘRYɲĀɰSFKRĀʊJʈPĀʊQJWKʔLOjPVɚQSKɠPNK{QJ
WKɜPQɃʒF
7KjQKSKɞQPHQ
0HQJʊPWKjQKSKɞQFKʞ\\ɶX
&KɜWWɘRNLɶQJVLOLFR[LW6L2ࢧOjFiWQJX\\rQFKɜWQyQJFKɚ\\ʖ࢙&ĉɺKɘQKLɾWĀʐQyQJFKɚ\\
WKrPFKɜWFKɚ\\YjR
&KɜWFKɚ\\52KD\\52ࢧ5OjNLPORɘLOjPKɘQKLɾWĀʐQyQJFKɚ\\FʞDPHQGRVʨWɃɁQJWiFSKʠF
KʚSFʞDFiFQJX\\rQOLɾXOjPPHQJʈP
&KɜWFKʂXQKLɾWQK{PR[LW$O2ࢨOjPPHQFʠQJYjWɘRFKRPHQĀʐQKʒWOjPPHQFKtQʖQKLɾW
ĀʐFDRKɁQ
%DWKjQKSKɞQFʞDPHQĀɃʚFYtQKɃFiF\\ɶXWʈTXDQWUʄQJWUrQFɁWKɺFRQQJɃʔL;ɃɁQJVLOLFR[LW
PiXFKɜWFKɚ\\52YjWKʂWQK{PR[LWWKLɶXPʐWWURQJEDWKjQKSKɞQWUrQNK{QJWKjQKPHQ
&{QJWKʠFYjWRDPHQ
0HQFyF{QJWKʠFWʌQJTXiW,52[$Oࢧ2ࢨ\\6L2ࢧ,52QJKŜDOjWʌQJKɾVʈFʞD52SKɚLOj9tGʜPHQ
QyQJFKɚ\\ʖ࢙&3E2.ࢧ2&D2$Oࢧ2ࢨ6L2ࢧ0J2%D2FʐQJOj
7RDPHQ'QJFiFNKRiQJFKɜWFiFKʚSFKɜWKRiKʄFWURQJWKLrQQKLrQSKʈLKʚSYʒLQKDXĀɺĀLɸX
FKɶPHQ0ʎLORɘLPHQĀɃʚFFKɶYʒLF{QJWKʠFSKʈLOLɾXGRWKʚOjPPHQWKʨFKLɾQWRDPHQ
0ʐWVʈNKRiQJFKɜWYjKʚSFKɜWKRiKʄFGQJOjPPHQJʈP.DROLQ$Oࢧ2ࢨ6L2ࢧ+ࢧ2)HQSDNDOL.ࢧ2
$Oࢧ2ࢨ6L2ࢧ9{L&D&2ࢨ6RGD1Dࢧ62ࢨ&KuĀʆ3Eࢨ2ࢩ%DULFDFERQDW%D&2ࢨ.ɴPR[LW=Q2
0ʐWWRDPHQFɁEɚQPHQFiLFyQKLɾWĀʐQXQJ࢙&²࢙&FyWʀOɾQKɃVDX)HQSDY{L
FiWĀɜWNDROLQQXQJNɴPR[LWWDQWDOFQXQJ
0XʈQFyPjXQJɃʔLFKɶPHQWKrPYjRPHQFiLFiFR[LWPjX%ɚQJF{QJWKʠF

12.9 Page 119

▲back to top
0jX
;DQKGɃɁQJ
/ʜF
9jQJQkX
1kX
/ʜF
/ʜF
&iFR[LW
&{EDQR[LW
ĉʊQJR[LW
6ɦWR[LW
0DQJDQR[LW
1LNHQR[LW
&U{PR[LW
.tKLɾX
&R2
&X2
)H2
0Q2
1L2
&U2
²
²
²
²
²
&iFSKɞQWUĄPFyWKɺWKD\\ĀʌLGRKRiFKɜWQʐLQJRɘLPjXĀɤPOɘWPHQFiL7KʨFWɶWʢFyPʐWVʈ
QJX\\rQWʈNLPORɘLQKɃF{EDQĀʊQJVɦWPDQJDQFU{PQLNHQQKɃQJWKʚFyWKɺWɘRUDY{VʈPjXPHQ7ʢ
[ɃDWKʚJʈPĀmELɶWNɶWKʚSFiFR[LWNLPORɘLWɘRPjXPHQ
ĉʊQJYʒLF{EDQYjLSKɞQWUĄPĀʊQJR[LWYjGɃʒLF{EDQVɴFKRVɦFViQJFʞDPjXOʜFKɁL
GɃɁQJ
&{EDQYjVɦWPHQFyGɃʒLF{EDQYjtWSKɞQWUĄPVɦWVɴĀɃʚFPjXOʜFFyWKɺWKD\\WKɶFKRPjX
OʜFFʞDĀʊQJ[DQKĀʊQJ
&{EDQYjPDQJDQWKrP²PDQJDQYjRPjX[DQKGɃɁQJKɚLTXkQVɤPWDFyPjXKɁLĀʆWtD
&{EDQPDQJDQYjVɦWNɶWKʚSFKRPjXĀHQĀ{LNKLFŹQJGQJFU{P
0DQJDQYjVɦWSKDWUʐQKDLQJX\\rQOLɾXQj\\WKHRFiFWʀOɾNKiFQKDXFyWKɺWɘRPjXQkXKɁLĀʆ
YjQJĀɶQQkXKɁLĀʆ
&U{PYjF{EDQPHQĀʜFPjXGɃɁQJKɁL[DQKOʜF
&U{PYjVɦWKʎQKʚSKDLFKɜWQj\\VʤGʜQJUʐQJUmLFKRPHQĀʜFPjXKɁLQkXĀʆPHQFiLFKʠD
NɴPY{L0HQFiLNK{QJFKʠDNɴPVɴFKRPjXQkXQJɚĀHQ

12.10 Page 120

▲back to top
&U{PYjPDQJDQFKRPHQĀʜFFyPjXV{F{OD
&U{PYjQLNHQFKRPHQĀʜFFyPjX[DQKOʜF
1LNHQYjF{EDQVʨNɶWKʚSQj\\NK{QJEuQKWKɃʔQJWX\\QKLrQĀk\\OjSKɃɁQJSKiSWKD\\ĀʌLPjX
[DQKGɃɁQJKɚLTXkQViQJFʞDF{EDQ
3KkQORɘLPHQ
&yQKLɸXFiFKSKkQORɘLPHQ0ʐWVʈFiFKSKkQORɘLWK{QJWKɃʔQJ
7KHR QKLɾW Āʐ 0HQ QKɰ Āʐ ࢙&࢙& PHQ WUXQJ Āʐ ࢙& PHQ FDR Āʐ ࢙&
࢙&
7KHRWKjQKSKɞQ7\\WKHRWʢQJQɃʒFFyVʨSKkQORɘLNKiFQKDX0HQFKkXÇXPHQFKuPHQER
NK{QJFKuPHQNK{QJFKuNK{QJERPHQNLɸPPHQIHQSD0HQ1KɤWPHQIHQSDPHQY{LPHQPDJLr
PHQNɴPPHQFKuPHQNLɸP
7KHRFiFKVɚQ[XɜW0HQVʈQJWKɃʔQJJʄLJʄQPHQPHQIULWPHQQɜXFKɚ\\PHQPXʈL
7KHREɚQFKɜWVDXNKLQXQJ0HQWURQJPHQĀʜFPHQPiW0HQFyĀLɸXNLɾQYjEɚQFKɜWĀɮFELɾW
QKɃPHQWLQKWKɺPHQUɘQPHQQJŹVɦF'RP{LWUɃʔQJQXQJFyPHQR[LKyDWRDQKyDPHQNKʤKRjQ
QJX\\rQ
7KHRPjXPHQ'ɃɁQJF{EDQ[DQKĀʊQJĀʆFU{PĀʆVHOHQFDGPLPHQKX\\ɶWGʜĀʆVɦW[DQK
QJʄFFpODGRQ
3KɃɁQJSKiSĀLɸXFKɶPHQ
3KɃɁQJSKiSQj\\WɘRUDPHQFiLPXʈQFyPHQPjXQJɃʔLOjPWKrPFiFR[LWNLPORɘL
%ɚQJKʎQKʚSQJDQJ
&yEDWKjQKSKɞQ$%&EɚQJWRDPHQ1OQJX\\rQOLɾX7PWRDPHQ
1O7P
$
%
&
&ʐQJ

13 Pages 121-130

▲back to top

13.1 Page 121

▲back to top
1O7P
$
%
&
&ʐQJ
1O7P
$
%
&
&ʐQJ
7KHREɚQJWUrQFyWRDPHQWX\\QKLrQFyWKɺNpRGjLUDKRɮFWKXQJɦQOɘL7KʤQJKLɾPKjQJORɘW
PHQWUrQQJɃʔLFKɶWɘRPHQĀiQKGɜXPLɶQJJɘFKWKʤWʢĀɶQQXQJ[RQJVɦS[ɶSWKHRWKʠWʨĀɺ
VRViQK0XʈQKɘQKLɾWĀʐQXQJVɴGQJNɴPR[LWKD\\PɚQK
NtQK Fy WKɺ Vʤ GʜQJ Fɚ KDL WKʠ FQJ PʐW O~F *Lɚ Vʤ $ Oj
SHFPDWLW%OjY{LĀHQ&OjFiW7RDPHQVʈGQJWKrPNɴP
R[LWFKɚ\\ʖQKLɾWĀʐ࢙&WKuWʀOɾQKɃVDXSHFPDWLWY{L
ĀHQFiW=Q2
7DPJLiFWʄD
/jPʐWWDPJLiFĀɸXPʎLFɘQKFKLDĀɸXWKjQKSKɞQEɨQJ
QKDX0ʎLĀʀQK$%&OjYjJLɚVʤFʜWKɺOjIHQSDWURFʞL
WURUɁPĉɺWKʤQJKLɾPWDFyFiFPHQĀiQKVʈWʢ
FiFWKjQKSKɞQWKD\\ĀʌL1JɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJGQJPHQ
EDWKjQKSKɞQFzQPHQKDLWKjQKSKɞQNK{QJWK{QJGʜQJ
7UrQKuQKYɴFiFPHQEDWKjQKSKɞQFyFiFVʈ
7KjQKSKɞQFiFPHQ

13.2 Page 122

▲back to top
1O?WP 6ʈ
)HQSD
7URFʞL
7URUɁP
6ʈ
6ʈ
6ʈ
6ʈ
6ʈ
9ʒLF{Q࢙&FiFPHQVʈFKɚ\\WʈWPHQVʈKɁLTXiFKɚ\\PHQVʈNKiFʠQJĉʊQJ
YjVɦWSKKʚSYʒLPHQWURPjXYʒLĀʊQJVɴĀɃʚFPjX[DQKĀʊQJKD\\YʒLVɦWĀɃʚFPjXYjQJQkX
0HQJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
.KL%DQ*ʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFWKjQKOɤSQKʦQJWKɞ\\Gɘ\\JʈPKɞXKɶWOjQJɃʔL
+RD&KɃɁQJWUuQKGɘ\\JʈPJʊPQɦQYɴWɘRGiQJ[RD\\WD\\LQWUDQJWUtYjFKɜPPHQ0HQFKɜPOrQVɚQ
SKɠPĀɸXPXDWʢErQ7UXQJ4XʈFPDQJVDQJ0HQĀʨQJWURQJFɞQ[pJLʆOʒQPʎLOɞQWUɃʔQJPXDNKi
QKLɸXĀɺGQJGɞQ.KLVʤGʜQJQJɃʔLWKʚĀʌPHQYjROXOʒQFyQɃʒFTXɤ\\ĀɸXUʊLOʄFĀɺORɘLUiFWKɚLNKL
GQJWKuSKDPjXR[LWNLPORɘLʕQKLɸX[ɃʖQJJʈPWKʚSKDWKrPPʐWVʈFKɜWSKKʚSYʒL\\rXFɞXVɚQ
[XɜW1ĄP7UɃʔQJĀʌLWrQWKjQK7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDQKɨPĀjRWɘRWKʚOjPFiF
VɚQSKɠPPʮQJKɾÑQJ-R\\HX[QKjĀLɸXKjQKNʮWKXɤWWUʨFWLɶSTXɚQOëWUɃʔQJĀmWKD\\PHQ7UXQJ
4XʈFEɨQJPHQ3KiS&iFJLʆFɞQ[pPHQIHQSDWUɃʔQJWKɘFKQKɤSWʢ3KiS;ɃɁQJJʈP9LɾW1DPSKʞ
PHQ3KiSNK{QJSKKʚSQrQ-R\\HX[[RD\\TXDQJKLrQFʠXPHQQKɃQJNK{QJWKjQKF{QJQrQWLɶSWʜF
GQJPHQ7UXQJ4XʈFJʄLOjPHQ7jX1ĄP{QJ%DOLFN+LɾXWUɃʖQJYjEj0DULHWWH%DOLFNSKʜ
WUiFK%DQ*ʈPĀmFyQKʦQJEɃʒFĀLĀʐWSKiYɸFKɶWɘRPHQWURQJFKɶWiFJʈP%j0DUHWWHU%UDOOLRQWLɶS
WʜFVʤGʜQJPHQ7UXQJ4XʈFVRQJPXʈQWUɃʔQJFKʞĀʐQJFKɶĀɃʚFPHQNK{QJSKʜWKXʐFPHQQKɤS
%jFKRFiFWKɞ\\Gɘ\\JʈPWKDPTXDQFiFOzFKpQʖ/iL7KLrXQD\\OjWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJFʞDQJɃʔL+RDĀɺ
KʄFWuPKLɺXYɸORɘLPHQĉyOj PHQWUɦQJFKpQĀŜDJʊPWUɜXY{LĀɜWOʄFFyOLɸXOɃʚQJWKD\\ĀʌLW\\Oz
0HQWUɦQJFKpQĀɃʚFQJɃʔL3KiSJʄLOjNDLEDWFiLEiW7RDPHQWUɦQJFKpQ[ɃDFʞD%LrQ+RjFyF{QJ
WKʠFSKʈLOLɾXQKɃVDX7UɜXVʈQJYʆWUɜXSKɞQY{L&jQJ/RQJSKɞQĀɜWVpWOʄFVɘFKSKɞQĉɁQYʂ
SKɞQWKHRFiFKWtQKOtWJiRWKQJ7ɜWFɚĀʈWWKjQKWUR[iPWUɦQJOʄFVɜ\\NK{QJKLɸQPʂQGQJGɞQ
1KLɾWĀʐQXQJPHQWʢ࢙&²࢙&
1JɃʔLWKʚFKɶPHQQkXWUrQQɸQPHQWUɦQJFKpQ0HQWUɦQJFKpQSKɞQĀiRQJĀiĀʆ
SKɞQ&KɶPHQĀHQFɞQGQJ0HQWUɦQJFKpQSKɞQEQV{QJOʄFVɘFKSKɞQĀiĀʆSKɞQ
EʐWF{EDQR[LWSKɞQ7uPĀɃʚFFiFKFKɶPHQEjFQJQKyPQJKLrQFʠXFKX\\ɺQTXDFiFQJX\\rQOLɾX

13.3 Page 123

▲back to top
7URUɁPWURFʞLWUROzĀiWUɦQJSHFPDWLWPɚQKNLɶQJWKʞ\\WLQK%j0DULHWWH%DOLFNFKɶELɶQWKjQK
F{QJORɘLPHQWUREDWKjQKSKɞQWURUɁPWURFʞLYjĀiWUɦQJWKrPPɚQKWKʞ\\WLQKOjFKɜWFKɚ\\/LɸX
OɃʚQJFiFWKjQKSKɞQWKD\\ĀʌLVDRSKKʚS\\rXFɞXVɚQ[XɜW0HQWURWKɃʔQJJʄLOjPHQWDNK{QJSKɚL
OjPHQQKɤSWʢErQ3KiSKD\\7UXQJ4XʈF0ʐWPHQWUɦQJFɁEɚQFʞDPHQWDJʊP7URUɁPWURĀHQ
SKɞQWURFʞLWUROzWURWUɦQJSKɞQEʐWĀiSKɞQ0HQ[DQKĀɃʚFOjPWʢNJPHQWUɦQJWUʐQYʒL
NJPɘWĀʊQJ.KLQXQJʖ࢙&F{QWKXĀɃʚFPjX[DQKĀʊQJ
;ɃDNLDQ{QJGkQFɜ\\O~DWKiQJQrQFyWURUɁPWKiQJ&ʞLOzJʈPOjFk\\JʎOʒQOkXQĄPWKʒ
FKɦFFKɲUDSKɁLNK{NKLĀʈWFKRORɘLWURWʈW7URFʞLFyWKjQKSKɞQSKʠFWɘSYuFʞLJʊPQKLɸXWKʠFk\\
NKiFQKDX7URUɁPYjWURFʞLJRPWKɤWQKLɸXWUʐQĀɸXFKRYjROXOʒQĀʌQɃʒFTXɤ\\ĀɸXUʊLUk\\OʄFOɜ\\
SKɞQWLQKFʞDQy%ʐWĀiWUɦQJSHFPDWLWĀiQRQOɜ\\ʖWʀQK/RQJ;X\\rQFŹQD\\Oj$Q*LDQJFyWKjQK
SKɞQFKtQKOjIHQSD0ɘWĀʊQJOjKʚSNLPWKXĀɃʚFWURQJF{QJĀRɘQOjPQJXʐLJLŹDFɃD¬VɚQSKɠP
ĀʊQJFʞD%DQĀ~FĀʊQJWɘLWUɃʔQJFyPjXYjQJĀʊQJWKLɶFNɴPVɦW1JɃʔLWKʚGQJQDPFKkPORɘL
EʆVɦWWKXPɘWĀʊQJFKRYjROzQXQJFKʎQKLɾWĀʐWKɜSVDXĀyWiQQKʆOʄFOɜ\\WLQK%ɚQJSKkQWtFK
1O?7S
7URFʞL
7URUɁP
)HQSD$*
1O?7S
7URFʞL
7URUɁP
)HQSD$*
6L2
&D2
$O2
0J2
32
.2
)H2
1D2
0Q2
0ɜWNKLQXQJ
&KʦYLɶWWɦW1OQJX\\rQOLɾX7SWKjQKSKɞQ)HQSD$*IHQSD$Q*LDQJ
0HQWUɦQJFɁEɚQFKʀWKD\\ĀʌLEDWKjQKSKɞQ7URUɁPWURFʞLYjSHFPDWLWĀiWUɦQJWKrPFKɜW
FKɚ\\OjNɴPY{LPɚQKNLɶQJ&ʜWKɺ7URUɁPSKɞQWURFʞLSKɞQĀiWUɦQJSKɞQYjNLɶQJSKɞQ
0HQPjX[DQKĀʊQJ9HUWGH%LHQKRDFʞDWUɃʔQJQʌLWLɶQJWKɶJLʒLOjPHQWURFKɜWWɘRPjXOj
KʚSNLPĀʊQJ.K{QJFyWRDPHQFʜWKɺYɸPjXPHQQj\\ĀyOjPʐWKɾWKʈQJPHQ[DQKĀʊQJ[DQKYH

13.4 Page 124

▲back to top
FKDL[DQKOi[DQKQJʄFGRWKʚJʈP%LrQ+zDVɚQ[XɜW1JɃʔLWKʚJʈP[ʤOëWʈWFKɶĀʐOjPQJXʐLVɚQ
SKɠPPʐWVʈPHQFyNKX\\QKKɃʒQJWɘRWLQKWKɺĀʊQJWKɃʔQJJʄLOj[DQKĀʊQJWUʌE{QJ%{QJFyWKɺĀHQ
KD\\YjQJWUrQFQJVɚQSKɠPFyWKɺPɮWQj\\WUʌE{QJĀHQPɮWĀʈLGLɾQWUʌE{QJYjQJ1JX\\rQOLɾXOjP
PHQGɼWUʌE{QJOjWURWUɜXFyĀʐQKʒWFDRĀʊQJNK{QJEʂSKkQWiQQrQGɼUDE{QJ.KLVɚQSKɠPQXQJ
WURQJOzĀʈWEɨQJFʞLWKʀQKWKRɚQJJk\\KʆDELɶQ0ʐWPɦWOzQjRĀyQJKɰWWKLɶXR[LVɴWɘRP{LWUɃʔQJNKʤ
Wʢ[DQKĀʊQJELɶQWKjQKFKɜPYɾWĀʆ
0HQPjXĀiĀʆNKiQʌLWLɶQJPjXĀʆWʢĀiRQJ/RɘLĀiQj\\WURQJWʨQKLrQNKLYLGɃʒLOʒSĀɜWPɮW
Gj\\FKʢQJPpWWUʖOrQWKuPɸPFyWKɺGQJ[ɲQJWKXʌQJFzQJʄLOjFKʆL[ɦQĉiRQJFKʠDR[LWVɦWYj
R[LWQK{POɜ\\OrQPɮWĀɜWĀiRQJUɦQFKɦFGɞQPɃD[yLPzQSKɞQNKRiQJPɸPEʐ[ɃɁQJĀiFyGɘQJWʌ
RQJ1KLɸXQɁLʖ%LrQ+RjFyĀiRQJQJɃʔLWKʚOɜ\\UXʐWĀiRQJPjXĀʆWɃɁLPjLWUrQĀiPjLWURQJFKɤX
QɃʒFVɘFKĀɺOɦQJUʊLFKɦWQɃʒFOɜ\\EʐWĀiĀHPVɜ\\SKɁLNK{GQJGɞQĉiĀʆWUʐQYjRPHQWUɦQJVɴWɘR
PjXQkXĀʆYjQJ7RDPHQPjXĀiĀʆOjPHQWUɦQJSKɞQĀiĀʆSKɞQ
0HQWUɦQJFyPjXWUɦQJWDWUɦQJQJjQJjYjQJPʘJj0HQWURWUɦQJFKɜPOrQ[ɃɁQJĀɜWFyVɦW
WɘRPjXWUɦQJWD
7URQJFKɶWɘRPHQFʐQJVʨĀɦFOʨFFʞDEj0DULHWWH%DOLFNOjWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1KjQ[mYLrQ+ʚSWiF
[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+RjFKX\\rQFKɶPHQ1ĄP%DQWʌFKʠF+ʐLFKʚ+j1ʐLWɮQJ%ɨQJNKHQGDQKGʨYɸ
F{QJODRFKɶUDQKLɸXPjXPHQĀɰS1ĄP{QJĀɃʚFWX\\ɺQGʜQJOjPWKɞ\\JLiRSKʜWUiFKSKzQJ
QJKLrQFʠXFKɶPHQFKRWUɃʔQJYjFKR+ʚSWiF[m6DXQj\\{QJ7KiL9ĄQ&ʠFKɶPHQFKR+ʚSWiF[m
7KHRFiFKFKɶPHQFŹQJɃʔLWKʚJLDJLɚPFiFWKjQKSKɞQWKHROʤDĀɁQYʂOjJiROtWWKQJNK{QJ
FKtQK[iFWUROzSKʠFWɘSQrQPjXPHQFiFĀʚWVɚQ[XɜWNK{QJWKɤWJLʈQJQKDX0HQ[ɃD%LrQ+RjNK{QJ
GQJWUROzĀɁQYʂWtQKEɨQJWUʄQJOɃʚQJNLO{JDPQKɃVDX
0HQWUɦQJQXQJʖQKLɾWĀʐ࢙࢙&JʊPWUR7jXUɁPYjFʆWUDQKĀʈWĀiWUɦQJ
PLɺQJNLɶQJSKqQFKXD
7ʢPHQWUɦQJWUrQQJɃʔLWKʚSKʈLFKɶ
0HQ[DQKOiJʊPPHQWUɦQJEʐWPɘWĀʊQJ
0HQYjQJJʊPPHQWUɦQJEʐWĀiĀʆ
0HQ[DQKGɃɁQJJʊPPHQWUɦQJF{EDQR[LW
&iFQĄP7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+RjVʤGʜQJKDLORɘLPHQFɁEɚQWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ
9ĄQ1KjQSKkQELɾWU}PHQWUɦQJWDYʒLPHQWUɦQJ7k\\
0HQWUɦQJWDJʊPWURUɁPY{L&jQJ/RQJFiW&DP5DQKIHQSDPDJLrR[LWNɴP
R[LWĀɜWĉj/ɘWYjQJ

13.5 Page 125

▲back to top
0HQWUɦQJ7k\\JʊPIHQSDY{LNɴPR[LWEDULFDFE{QDWNDROLQ
1KLɾWĀʐQXQJFɚKDLORɘLPHQWUɦQJWʢ࢙&࢙&
7ʢPHQWUɦQJWDQJɃʔLWKʚFKɶFiFPjXPHQVDX
0HQ[DQKOiFk\\JʊPPHQWUɦQJWDĀʊQJR[LWERUD[ĀʈW
0HQ[DQKGɃɁQJJʊPPHQWUɦQJWDF{EDQR[LW
0HQPjXYjQJYjQJWDJʊPPHQWUɦQJWDVɦWR[LW
0HQPjXĀiĀʆJʊPPHQWUɦQJWDĀiĀʆ
0HQWUɦQJ7k\\WKrPFiFR[LWNLPORɘLVɴĀɃʚFFiFPHQPjXWɃɁQJʠQJR[LWĀʊQJWKD\\PɘWĀʊQJ
FKRPjX[DQKĀʊQJR[LWVɦWWKD\\ĀiĀʆFKRFiFPjXYjQJQkXĀiĀʆFKʀGQJWɘRPHQPjXĀiĀʆ
&iFQĄPWKɞ\\ĉĄQJ1KʨW7KĄQJSKʜWUiFKSKzQJQJKLrQFʠXPHQYjFKɶPHQFKRVɚQ
SKɠPJʈP[XɜWNKɠXTXDWKʂWUɃʔQJĉ{QJÇX7RDPHQFyWKjQKSKɞQFKʞ\\ɶXOjWURUɁPWKiQJYj
FKʞQJPXDʖ%uQK'ɃɁQJKD\\[tQJKLɾSJʈPVʠ+zD%uQK7S+ʊ&Kt0LQK7KjQKSKɞQJʊPSKɞQWUR
UɁPSKɞQFKʞQJSKɞQĀiY{LSKɞQĀiWUɦQJ1KLɾWĀʐQXQJWʢ࢙&࢙&WĄQJWURUɁP
QKLɾWĀʐQXQJVɴWĄQJ
6DXNKLO{YRL[DQKĀʊQJFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+RjOjPNK{QJWKjQKF{QJ{QJ7KiL9ĄQ&ʠ
[LQQJKʀÑQJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞP%D7UɞPSKʜWUiFKSKDPHQWLɶSĀɶQ{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkP+DL7UkP9jR
WKɤSQLrQ{QJ3KɘP9ĄQĉD1ĄPĉDFKɶPHQFKR[tQJKLɾSJʈP6DLJDWKHRNLɺXPHQFʞD+ʚSWiF
[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+Rj{QJWKɃʔQJVʤGʜQJWURO~DQɶS
1ĄPWKɞ\\/r%iĉiQJOjPYLɾFWɘL7UXQJWkPNKXɶFKWUɃɁQJWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾS6jL*zQWX
QJKLɾSQJKɸJʈPWɘL1KɤW/~FWUʖYɸWKɞ\\PʖOzJʈPʖFɁVʖFʞDWUɃʔQJFɁVʖʖWURQJNKX{QYLrQ
7RjKjQKFKiQKWʀQKVʤGʜQJORɘLPHQ1KɤWFKʞ\\ɶXOjPHQIHQSDNK{QJGQJWURUɁPQKɃFiFPHQWD
0HQQj\\QXQJʖ࢙&PjXViQJ7Kɞ\\/r%iĉiQJYj{QJĉʎ9ĄQ1DPWKjQKOɤS[tQJKLɾS'DQDʖ%ʤX
+zDPHQQj\\VʤGʜQJSKʌELɶQ.KRɚQJQĄP{QJĉʎ9ĄQ1DPPʖ&{QJW\\JʈP'RQDFRʖ7DP
+LɾSSKiWKX\\WKɶPɘQKJʈP'DQDĀɃʚFQKLɸXQJɃʔLFKROjJʈPKLɾQĀɘL6DXQĄPF{QJW\\JʈP
'RQDFRĀʌLWrQWKjQK;tQJKLɾS*ʈPVʠĉʊQJ1DL
7jLOLɾXFʞD7LɶQVŜ1JX\\ɼQ7KX7Kʞ\\Gɘ\\OʒSĉLrXNKɦFJʈPĉɘLKʄFWɘLFKʠFPʖWɘL7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
WKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLFKRELɶWFyKDLWRDPHQJʈP%LrQ+zDKɾPHQNLɸPWKʌ
7RDWKʠQKɜWĉiWUɦQJY{LĀHQFiWĀɜWKʊUyWNɴPR[LW
7RDWKʠKDLĉiWUɦQJY{LĀHQFiWNɴPR[LW
+LɾQQD\\KɞXKɶWFiF[tQJKLɾSJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD%uQK'ɃɁQJĀɸXQXQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPʖQKLɾWĀʐ
࢙&࢙&6LQKYLrQ.KRD*ʈP7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚFKʄFYjWKʨF

13.6 Page 126

▲back to top
KjQKWʢPHQQKɰĀʐĀɶQPHQFDRĀʐ࢙&VRQJKʄFNʮPHQWUXQJĀʐ࢙&࢙&ĀɺĀiSʠQJ
\\rXFɞXVɚQ[XɜWFʞDWKʂWUɃʔQJ
&KɜPPHQ
1JɃʔLWKʚWɘROʒSPHQWUrQPɮWVɚQSKɠP1JX\\rQOLɾXJʊPPHQWɘROʒSNLɶQJEDREʄFWɘRYɲ
ĀɰSYjOjPVɚQSKɠPNK{QJEʂWKɠPWKɜXGɼODXFKLNHROjPPHQGtQKYjRVɚQSKɠPNK{QJEʂUʒWNKL
GLFKX\\ɺQVɚQSKɠPYjQɃʒFSKDYjRPHQĀɘWWʀWUʄQJ²%DXPp%{PrWKuGQJĀɃʚF
'ʜQJFʜFKɜPPHQJʊP&iFORɘLFʄJʈLNrED\\VɦWQKʄQĀɞXW{ĀʨQJPHQFDP~FPHQFKɤX[{
ĀʨQJPHQUk\\PHQFiFWKDQKGjLQJɦQW\\WKHRVɚQSKɠPPi\\QpQNKtPi\\SKXQSLWW{Or
&iFSKɃɁQJSKiSYjNʮWKXɤW
7UiQJOzQJVɚQSKɠP'QJPHQWURQJĀɺWUiQJOzQJVɚQSKɠPEuQKFKɤXJʈPO\\WiFKĉʌ
PHQWUiQJOzQJYjREuQKQJɃʔLWKʚQJKLrQJYj[RD\\QKDQKVDRFKRPHQEDRSKʞNtQErQWURQJEuQKUʊL
ĀʌPHQGɃUD
&KɜPPHQ1JɃʔLWKʚGQJFʄW{PHQOrQFiFKʄDWLɶWSKkQFiFKEɨQJFiFĀɃʔQJNKɦFQyLUʐQJ
UDOjW{PHQEɨQJFʄ&KLWLɶWQKʆWKuGQJFʄQKʆEɸPɮWKʄDWLɶWOʒQWKuGQJFʄOʒQFKRQKDQKĉɮWVɚQ
SKɠPOrQJʈLTXɤ\\W{PHQFKRĀɸXGQJFʄĀɞ\\PHQUʊLQKDQKWD\\FKɜPOrQVɚQSKɠPFʠWLɶSWʜFQKɃ
Yɤ\\FKRĀɶQNKL[RQJYLɾF&KɜPPHQWURWKuOʒSPHQSKɚLGj\\KɁQFiFOʒSPHQEuQKWKɃʔQJPHQĀi
+ʄDWLɶWtWVɚQSKɠPNK{QJGLFKX\\ɺQQKLɸXWKuNK{QJFɞQJʈLNr
1K~QJPHQĉʨQJPHQWURQJ[{TXɤ\\ĀɸX7D\\FɞPVɚQSKɠPQK~QJYjR[{PHQOɜ\\UDQJD\\
&KɜPPHQYjRFiFFKʎFyGɜXQJyQWD\\KD\\FKʎFKɃDGtQKPHQFɘRĀi\\FKRVɘFKOʒSPHQGtQKʖĀi\\NKL
QXQJPHQFKɚ\\UDNK{QJEiPGtQKYjREDRKʐS
;ʈLPHQĉɮWVɚQSKɠPOrQKDLWKDQKWUHJʎVɦWJiFTXDPLɾQJFKɤX'QJFDP~FPHQ[ʈLOrQ
VɚQSKɠPWURQJNKLWD\\NLDTXD\\FKɤXĀɮWWUrQEjQ[RD\\&K~ëSKɚLFɘRĀi\\YjFKɜPFKʎFKɃDFyPHQ
3KXQPHQ0HQGQJWURQJSKɃɁQJSKiSSKXQSKɚLWKɤWPʂQGRĀySKɚLUk\\OɃʚFPHQ+ɾ
WKʈQJSKXQJʊPPi\\QpQNKtʈQJQʈLPɸPYjPi\\SKXQSLWW{Or6ɚQSKɠPĀɮWOrQEjQ[RD\\Pi\\SKXQ
SKXQPHQWD\\NLD[RD\\EjQ[RD\\
&iFNKX\\ɶWWɤWFʞDYLɾFFKɜPPHQ
²5ʐSYjOʎFKkQNLPFyWKɺ[ɚ\\UDQɶX[ɃɁQJĀɜWĀmQXQJQRQNK{QJĀɃʚFODXVɁTXDEɨQJNKĄQ
ɃʒWWUɃʒFNKLFKɜPPHQ0HQQJĄQFKɮQNK{QJNKtWURQJFiFOʎEɸPɮWFʞD[ɃɁQJWɘRKLɾQWɃʚQJQyL
WUrQ
²%ʜLGɞXGtQKWUrQEɸPɮW[ɃɁQJĀɜWWɘRUDOʎFKkQNLP0ɮWYiQJEʄWWURQJPHQFŹQJJk\\UDKLɾQ
WɃʚQJWUrQ

13.7 Page 127

▲back to top
²0HQFKɜPTXiGj\\FKɚ\\WKiLTXiVɴFKHNKXɜWPɚQJWUDQJWUtKʄDWLɶWFyWKɺOjPVɚQSKɠPGtQK
YjRWKjQKOz0HQFKɜPTXiGj\\QɮQJWKɃʔQJQʠWNKLNK{.KLQXQJFiFYɾWQʠWNK{QJKjQOɘLPjWiFK
[DKɁQYjFXʈQWɘLFiFPpS.KLNK{QɶXVʨFRU~WĀʞOʒQWKuPHQNɶWGtQK\\ɶXYjR[ɃɁQJĀɜWOjPERQJ
FiFPɚQJPHQWURQJJLDLĀRɘQ[{QJO~FĀɞXFʞDTXiWUuQKQXQJ
²0HQFKɜPTXiPʆQJGɢQĀɶQWuQKWUɘQJPɮWPHQNK{NK{QJĀɰS7K{QJWKɃʔQJPHQPiW
PHQPʔSKɚLFKɜPGj\\KɁQPHQEyQJ
²&KɜPOʒSPHQWKʠKDLOrQOʒSPHQĀɞXĀmNK{KRjQWRjQWKuVɴUʐSOʒSPHQErQGɃʒLEʂɃʒWVɴQʖ
UDĀʠWNKʆL[ɃɁQJĀɜW
²0HQVɴEʂUʐSQɶXVɚQSKɠPĀmQXQJQRQOɘQKĀiQJNɺVRYʒLPHQO~FFKɜPWKuVɴWɘRERQJ
EyQJNK{QJNKtJk\\UʐSPHQO~FQXQJ
1XQJJʈP
&{QJĀRɘQFXʈLFQJFʞDTXiWUuQKVɚQ[XɜWJʈP0XʈQQXQJSKɚLVʤGʜQJOz/zOjWKLɶWEʂGX\\WUu
QKLɾWOzEXʊQJQXQJ/zJʈPNKʖLĀɞXWʢKɾWKʈQJQXQJĀɃʔQJPɃɁQJFyYzPFɚQQKLɾW&ɜXWU~FOz
JʈPQJj\\QD\\SKʠFWɘSKɁQQKLɸXQKɃQJQJX\\rQOëWKuNK{QJWKD\\ĀʌL1KLɾWĀɃDYjREXʊQJOzEXʊQJ
QXQJFKʠDFiFVɚQSKɠP1KLɾWĀʐWĄQJOrQOɃʚQJ{[\\WURQJOzĀɃʚFNLɺPVRiWNKʈQJFKɶWKHR\\rXFɞX
FʞDPHQYjVɚQSKɠP
7ʢYLɾFQXQJĀɁQJLɚQʖQKLɾWĀʐWKɜSEɨQJFʞLFKjFjQKFk\\QKʆOiFk\\FiFYɤWGʜQJQɜX
QɃʒQJQʊLRPWUmWUiFKOzĀɃʚFFɚLWLɶQQKɨPPʜFĀtFKWĄQJQKLɾWFKREXʊQJQXQJ1KLɾWĀʐĀɃʚF
GX\\WUuFyKLɾXTXɚKɁQTXDQKFiFVɚQSKɠPEɨQJFiFK;k\\YiFKQJĄQEXʊQJQXQJOjPFiFPɦWOzĀɺ
ĀɃDWKrPFKɜWĀʈWYjR[k\\ʈQJNKyLOjPWĄQJVʠFK~Wʕ7UXQJ4XʈF1KɤW%ɚQ9LɾW1DP+jQ4XʈFFy
FiFNLɺXOzʈQJOzEDRGjLQKLɸXEXʊQJʖVɃʔQGʈFWɘRĀɃʔQJĀLWʨQKLrQFʞDKɁLQyQJ1Jj\\QD\\ĀɺWLɶW
NLɾPFKɜWĀʈWFiFOzĀɃʚFFɚLWLɶQQKLɸXNKtWKɚLQyQJʖEXʊQJWUɃʒFWɤQGʜQJĀʈWQyQJFKRVɚQSKɠPʖ
EXʊQJVDX
3KkQORɘLYjĀɮFWtQKOzQXQJ
/zJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ[k\\EɨQJJɘFKĀɃʚFWKLɶWNɶPʐWFiFKNKRDKʄFYʒLFiFSKɞQFʤDOzEXʊQJ
FKʠDVɚQSKɠPFiFYiFKQJĄQPɦWOzʈQJNKyL¬/zWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJGQJFʞLĀɺQXQJOzYʒLPʐWWKʔLJLDQ
WtQKWRiQFʜWKɺĀɺJLʦQKLɾWĀʐSKKʚSYʒLORɘLKuQKVɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFWUiQJPHQ6DXQj\\ĀiSʠQJ\\rX
FɞXFKɶWɘRVɚQSKɠPWKHRKɃʒQJKLɾQĀɘLF{QJĀRɘQQXQJJʈPVʤGʜQJĀLɾQQĄQJQKLrQOLɾXJD
&yQKLɸXFiFKSKɞQORɘLOzSKɞQWKHRKuQKGiQJOzWUzQOzFKʦQKɤWWKHRFKɶĀʐOjPYLɾFOz
JLiQĀRɘQOzOLrQWʜFKɞPOzEiQOLrQWʜFWKHRFKɜWĀʈWOzFʞLOzWKDQOzJDVOzGɞXOzĀLɾQWKHR

13.8 Page 128

▲back to top
SKɃɁQJSKiSQXQJOzQXQJWUʨFWLɶSOzP~SOzEiQP~SWKHRKɃʒQJQJʄQOʤDOzĀɞ\\OʤDEʈFOrQWUrQ
OzOʤDĀɚROzOʤDQJDQJWKHRF{QJGʜQJOzQXQJQRQOzQXQJQHQOzQɜX)ULWOzKɞPWX\\QHQ.ʮWKXɤW
QXQJOzWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀzLKʆLNLQKQJKLɾPFʞDQJKɸUɜWTXDQWUʄQJVɦS[ɶSJʈPWKHRG}LTXDQViWYj
FiFKYɤQKjQKOzQXQJWKHRWʢQJJLDLĀRɘQĀʈWĀɞXOzĀʈWOʤDPɦW&iFKVʤGʜQJOzJDVYɤQKjQKWKHR
NʮWKXɤWKLɾQĀɘLEɨQJPi\\PyFYjFiFF{QJFʜKLɾQĀɘLNKXQJOzEɨQJWKpS[HJRRQJĀiQKOʤD[{QJOz
QXQJFKɤPQXQJQKDQK
ĉɮFWtQKFiFORɘLOz
/zOʤDQJDQJ/ʤDSKiWVLQKWʢQɁLĀʈWQKLrQOLɾXĀLYjREXʊQJOzEXʊQJQXQJKɁLQyQJWLɶQ
VRQJVRQJYʒLVjQOzQXQJVɚQSKɠPYjĀLUDQJRjLWKHRĀɃʔQJʈQJNKyL/RɘLOzQj\\WKɃʔQJGQJʖ
7UXQJ4XʈFYjQɃʒF$QK*ɞQQɁLĀʈWQKLrQOLɾXWKuQKLɾWĀʐFDRVʠFQyQJKɘWKɜSNKLĀɶQJɞQʈQJNKyL
/zĀɞ\\/RɘLOzPjQJʄQOʤDWʢQɁLĀʈWQKLrQOLɾXĀLYjREXʊQJOzOHQOʆLTXDFiFVɚQSKɠPKɁL
QyQJEʈFOrQSKtDWUrQQXQJVɚQSKɠPUʊLWKRiWUDTXDʈQJNKyLErQWUrQ&ɜXWU~FOzWɃɁQJĀʈLĀɁQJLɚQ
JLi[k\\GʨQJWKɜSQKɃQJWLrXWKʜQKLɸXFKɜWĀʈWVʨFKrQKOɾFKQKLɾWĀʐFiFYQJOzFDRSKɞQJɞQQɁL
ĀʈWVɚQSKɠPFyQJX\\FɁEɺGRVʜSPʐWSKɞQOz7LrXELɺXFKRORɘLOzQj\\OjOzP~SFyEDRFKʜSFKHNtQ
VɚQSKɠPOʤDYjKɁLQyQJFKɘ\\TXDWKjQKEDRFKʜSUʊLWKRiWUDʈQJNKyL
/zOʤDĀɚR/zQj\\NKɦFSKʜFĀɃʚFQKɃʚFĀLɺPFʞDKDLORɘLOzWUrQ+LɾQQD\\KɞXKɶWFiFOzĀɸX
WKHRQJX\\rQWɦFORɘLOzOʤDĀɚRQj\\1JʄQOʤDQɁLĀʈWQKLrQOLɾXĀLWKɪQJOrQWKHRYiFKOzUʊLWʢErQWUrQ
QJʄQOʤDYjKɁLQyQJTXɮW[XʈQJWUPOrQYjOHQOʆLJLʦDFiFVɚQSKɠPVDXĀyWKRiWYjRĀɃʔQJK~WWUrQ
VjQOzUDʈQJNKyL7LrXELɺXFKRORɘLOzQj\\OjOzJDFiFEpFSKXQOʤDOrQFDR[XQJTXDQKOzĀɃʔQJOʤD
OXkQFKX\\ɺQErQWURQJOz/zPࢗFyKRɮFEpFOzPࢗFyEpF
/zEiQOLrQWʜF/RɘLOzQj\\[k\\GʨQJWUrQVɃʔQĀɜWGʈFFiFEXʊQJOz[ɶSWKɪQJKjQJ.KLFʞLFKR
YjRĀʈWEXʊQJOzQJʄQOʤDĀL[X\\rQTXDOʎK~WSKtDVDXEXʊQJYjĀLYjREXʊQJNɶWLɶS.KLĀʈW[RQJPʐW
EXʊQJQJɃʔLWKʚEtWFʤDEXʊQJOɘLPʖFʤDEXʊQJNɶWLɶSQpPFʞLYjRĀʈW/RɘLOzQj\\FyQKLɸXEXʊQJ
FiFEXʊQJSKtDVDXĀDQJĀʈWWKuFiFEXʊQJSKtDWUɃʒFFyWKɺUDOzVɚQSKɠPĀmQXQJUʊLOɘLYjROzQJKŜDOj
YʢDUDYʢDYjROLrQWʜF.LɺXOzQj\\ĀɃʚFFRLQKɃOzĀɚRQKɃQJQɶXĀʐGʈFOʒQYjWK{QJJLyPɘQKOzQj\\
WLɶQGɞQĀɶQOzOʤDQJDQJYjNKLĀyVʨSKkQEʈQKLɾWNK{QJWʈW
/zKɞPWX\\QHQWXQQHO/jPʐWĀɃʔQJKɞPWKɪQJFKLɸXUʐQJQKʆVRFKLɸXGjLFy[HJRzQJ
FKʠDVɚQSKɠPVʈQJKRɮFWɜPĀDQFKɜWFiFPyQĀʊJʈPFɞQQXQJWUɃʚWWURQJOzFKX\\ɺQĀʐQJWKHR
FRQOĄQʕOzKɞPVɚQSKɠPGLFKX\\ɺQWKHR[HJRzQJWURQJNKLʖFiFORɘLOzNKiFVɚQSKɠP[ɶSFʈĀʂQK
/zKɞPFyORɘLWKɪQJORɘLYzQJYjORɘLP~S7URQJOzKɞPFKLDUDED]{Q]RQHVNKXYʨF={QVɜ\\YjĀʈW
QyQJ]{QQXQJYj]{QOjPQJXʐL={QVɜ\\YjĀʈWQyQJʖĀɞXOz={QQXQJʖJLʦDOzQKLrQOLɾXĀɃʚFĀʈW

13.9 Page 129

▲back to top
FKi\\EɨQJQKʦQJWKLɶWEʂĀɮFELɾWYj={QOjPQJXʐLʖFXʈLOz.KLUDOzQKLɾWĀʐErQWURQJNKRɚQJ&
&+RɘWĀʐQJFʞDOzKɞPQKɃVDX.K{QJNKtOɘQKK~WWʨQKLrQYjROzĀɺOjPQJXʐLVɚQSKɠPNK{QJ
NKtQyQJĀʈWFKi\\QKLrQOLɾXʖ]{QQXQJNKtWKɚLFzQQyQJĀLTXD]{QVɜ\\VɴOjPQyQJĀɺVɚQSKɠPNK{
YjQyQJOrQUʊLUDʈQJNKyL6ɚQSKɠPGLFKX\\ɺQQJɃʚFFKLɸXGzQJNK{QJNKtYjROz
/zĀLɾQ9ɸEɚQFKɜWOzĀLɾQNKiFKRjQWRjQFiFORɘLOzĀʈWQKLrQOLɾXĀɺWɘRQKLɾWĀʐFDR/zĀLɾQ
FyOʚLOjVɘFKVɴNK{QJJk\\{QKLɼPNKyLEʜLKLɾXTXɚQKLɾWFDRGɼĀLɸXFKʀQKĀʐQyQJ7X\\QKLrQOzĀLɾQ
FKʀSKKʚSYʒLVʨQXQJ{[\\KyD/zĀLɾQFyQKLɸXORɘLWURQJ[tQJKLɾSJʈPVʠGQJKɜSVɚQSKɠPWUɃʒF
NKLWUDQJWUt9ɸSKɃɁQJGLɾQQj\\QJRjLOzJLiQĀRɘQOzKɞPFŹQJĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWURQJVɚQ[XɜWOʒQ
/zʈQJYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
/zFyKuQKGiQJQKɃPʐWĀɃʔQJʈQJQɨPGjLWUrQPɮWSKɪQJQJKLrQJGʈFWʢW\\QJɃʔL
VʤGʜQJ&yKDLORɘLOzʈQJOzOjLFyĀʐGʈFWKɜSĀɺQXQJOXNKɘSJʈPPʮQJKɾOzFKpQKD\\Oz
WDPFɜSFyĀʐGʈFQɸQOz[k\\WKHREɤFWDPFɜSĀɺQXQJĀʊJʈPGkQGʜQJ/zʈQJFyEDSKɞQ
%ɞXOzĀɞXOzWKkQOzFXʈLOzOjʈQJNKyL
%ɞXOzOjQɁLĀʈWNKʖLĀʐQJFKRPʐWNƓQXQJ1ɁLĀk\\WLrXWʈQPʐWQʤDOɃʚQJFʞLFʞDNuQXQJYu
WKʔLJLDQĀʈWʖĀɞXOzGjL9uYɤ\\WKLɶWNɶĀɞXOzSKKʚSFiF\\rXFɞXVDX/jQɁLFKʠDQKLɸXFʞLWKDQNKL
ĀʈW0LɾQJOzĀʞOʒQWKRiQJĀɠ\\ĀɃʚFFʞLOʒQYjRGɼGjQJYʒLNKʈLOɃʚQJWʈLĀDPࢗĉɞXOz²W\\WKLɶW
Nɶ[k\\WKHRKDLFiFK7KʠQKɜWWKHRNLɺXFŹWKuQɸQEɞXOzEɨQJSKɪQJWKɜSKɁQQɸQWKkQOzWLɶSJLiS
PQKɃYɤ\\NKLWKDQQKLɸXOrQWKuOʤDĀɞXOzYɢQQJDQJQɸQWKkQOzVɴNK{QJKʜWOʤDFKkQ7KʠKDL
PLɾQJOzFKLDOjPKDLSKɞQSKɞQGɃʒLOʒQĀɺĀɠ\\FʞLĀɞXWUkXFʞLJʐFNKL[{QJOzYjFʞLOʒQNKLSKiWOʤD
OʒQSKɞQWUrQQJĄQFiFKKɪQYʒLSKɞQGɃʒLEɨQJPʐWFk\\ĀjĀyOjOʎQKʆKɁQGQJĀɺOrQOʤDWUXQJKXr
+DLErQYiFKViWQɸQOzOjKDLOʎQKʆPŹLĀɺWK{QJJLy7UɚLTXDTXiWUuQKQJKLrQFʠXFɚLWLɶQEɞXOz
ĀɃʚFWKLɶWNɶNLɺXĀɞXOzʈQJPʒLYʒLKjQJUmQKOʤDYjYʀOʤD9ʀOʤD[k\\EɨQJJɘFKFKʂXOʤDQɨPWUrQFiF
UmQKOʤD9ʀOʤDFyĀʐFK~F[XʈQJQɁLJLiSQɸQWKkQOz7KLɶWNɶWKrPUmQKOʤDYjYʀOʤDWɘRWK{QJJLyQKLɸX
KɁQNKLĀʈWʖEɞXOz1KʔUmQKOʤD{[\\FXQJFɜSWʢGɃʒLEʈFOrQOjPFʞLFKi\\GɼGjQJKɁQPɮWNKiFOjP
JLɚPĀiQJNɺOɃʚQJWURWKDQNKLĀʈWʖEɞXOz
7KkQOzOjSKɞQOʒQQKɜWTXDQWUʄQJQKɜWFʞDOzJʈP7KkQOzFyGɘQJʈQJWKɪQJORHGɞQSKtD
FXʈLOzWX\\QKLrQĀɶQJɞQʈQJNKyLWKuVʈĀRFKLɸXQJDQJFKLɸXFDRFʞDOzNK{QJĀʌL&KLɸXGjLWKkQOz
SKʜWKXʐFTXLP{VɚQ[XɜWWKɃʔQJGjLWʢP7KkQOzFKLDOjPQKLɸXPɦWPʎLPɦWOjPʐWNKRDQJ
EXʊQJOz1ɁLWLɶSJLiSJLʦDKDLPɦWFyOʎQKʆʖKDLErQYiFKĀɺFKRFʞLQKʆYjRĀɶQJLDLĀRɘQOrQPɦW
.tFKWKɃʒFPɦWOzQKɃVDX
0ɦWĀɞXGjLPUʐQJPFDRP

13.10 Page 130

▲back to top
0ɦWJLʦDWKkQOzGjLPUʐQJPFDRP
0ɦWJɞQFXʈLWKkQOzGjLPUʐQJPFDRP
0ɦWFXʈLFQJFyNtFKWKɃʒFQKʆKɁQGjLPUʐQJPFDR²P
0ʎLPɦWNK{QJGjLTXiPĀɺQKLɾWĀʐQXQJĀɃʚFĀɸX+DLK{QJOzFyQKʦQJFʤDK{QJWLɾQFKR
YLɾFUDYjROz
ʇQJNKyLĀɺWKRiWNKtWKɚLFKLɸXFDRWʀOɾWKXɤQYʒLVʨOɃXWK{QJNK{QJNKtWURQJOz7\\WKXʐF
FKLɸXGjLYjĀʐGʈFFʞDOzPjWKLɶWNɶʈQJNKyLWKɜSKD\\FDRWKɃʔQJPʐWOzʈQJGjLPGʈFWKuʈQJ
NKyLFDRP&yPʐWYiFKQJĄQWjQRQJJLʦDʈQJNKyLYjPɦWFXʈLFQJWKkQOzĀɺĀLɸXFKʀQKĀɃʔQJ
ĀLFiFOXʊQJNKtOjPQKLɾWĀʐQXQJWURQJOzSKkQSKʈLĀɸX
4X\\WUuQKYɤQKjQKFʞDOzʈQJWUɚLTXDQKLɸXF{QJĀRɘQ
9LɾFĀɞXWLrQOjGʄQGɰSVɘFK[jEɞQWURQJQJRjLOzNKʆDFiWQɸQOz6DXNuQXQJOʒSFiWQɸQOz
FKDLFʠQJOɘLYuWKɶWKʚOzSKɚLGQJ[ɲQJ[ɦQOjPPɸPQɸQĀʌWKrPOʒSFiWĀʞGj\\FP/ʒSFiWFy
KDLWiFGʜQJ*L~SQJɃʔLYjROzGɼGjQJĀLɸXFKʀQKWKɪQJFiFFk\\KʐSEDRFKʜSĀʠQJYʦQJNKLQXQJ
K~WQKLɾWNKLQXQJYjGX\\WUuQKLɾWĀʐQɸQOzʌQĀʂQKWUiQKKLɾQWɃʚQJPɜWOʤDFKkQ
;ɶSJɘFKPɦWĀɞX0ɦWĀɞXOzKʠQJOʤDWUʨFWLɶSWʢEɞXOzSKiWUDQrQQKLɾWĀʐQɁLQj\\WKɃʔQJUɜW
FDR0ɮWNKiFFɞQVʨWK{QJWKRiQJWKtFKKʚSĀɺQJʄQOʤDFKX\\ɺQĀʐQJYɸSKtDʈQJNKyLYuYɤ\\QJɃʔLWKʚ
WKɃʔQJEʆPʐWKDLPɦWW\\ĀʐGjLOzĀɺ[ɶSJɘFKFKʂXOʤD7UɃʒFWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;WKʚOzWKɃʔQJ
GQJʈQJNKɠPĀɺ[ɶSYjRQKʦQJPɦWĀɞXWLrQ1KɃQJWKʨFWɶFKRWKɜ\\[ɶSʈQJNKɠPNK{QJWɘRĀɃʚF
ĀɃʔQJĀLFʞDOʤDWʈWYjĀɸXQKɃ[ɶSJɘFK
&KXɠQEʂVʈOɃʚQJEDRFKʜSEDRKʐSYʢDĀʞSKKʚSQKLɸXFKʞQJORɘLVɚQSKɠPYjROz
&KXɠQEʂFʞL&ʞLSKɚLNK{FKɲWKHREDFʘNKiFQKDX&ʞLQKʆĀɺOrQPɦWFʞLYʢDEɨQJFʌFKkQ
ĀɺSKiWOʒQOrQWUXQJKXrFʞLWRĀɺ[{QJOz
9jROz&{QJĀRɘQVɦS[ɶSSKkQEʈVɚQSKɠPFKɃDQXQJYjROzĀɺQXQJ7ɤQGʜQJWULɾWĀɺWLɶW
GLɾQFKRSKpSFʞDOzĀɺ[ɶSVɚQSKɠPKɘJLiWKjQKQXQJVɚQSKɠPPʐWNuĀʈWOz%ɚRĀɚPFiFOXʊQJ
NKtOɃXWK{QJKʚSOëWURQJOzNK{QJQJKɰWOʤDVRQJFŹQJNK{QJWUʈQJTXiĀɺOʤDĀLKɶW6ʨWK{QJWKRiQJ
YʢDSKɚLYʒLKjQJFKɮQKʚSOëWɘRVʨFKi\\WʈWQKLɾWĀʐWĄQJWKHRëĀʊFʞDWKʚOʤD
1JɃʔLWKʚFK~ëFiFORɘLPHQFʞDVɚQSKɠP7KʚOʤDJLʆLELɶWU}PHQQjRGɼFKɚ\\PHQQjRGɼED\\
FɞQ[ɶSVɚQSKɠPĀyʖFKʎWKtFKKʚSWURQJOz9tGʜPHQ[DQKGɃɁQJFKʂXQKLɾWFDRWKuVɚQSKɠPĀɺʖ
QɁLFyQKLɾWĀʐFDRPHQYjQJKʊQJGɼEʂED\\VɚQSKɠPĀɺʖQɁLFyQKLɾWĀʐWKɜSKɁQ
%DRFKʜSOjVɚQSKɠPSKʜWUʚĀɺFKʠDFiFFKtQKSKɠPFyPHQWURQJOz1KʔEDRFKʜSVɚQSKɠP
ĀɃʚF[ɶSWʢFKkQOrQQJʄQNK{QJĀʜQJYjRQKDX1ɨPWURQJEDRFKʜSEɸPɮWPHQWUiQKĀɃʚFWURYj

14 Pages 131-140

▲back to top

14.1 Page 131

▲back to top
QJʄQOʤDWUʨFWLɶSSKɚYjR7UɃʒFĀk\\[ɶSEDRFKʜSOrQQɸQOzVDXQj\\FɚLWLɶQWKʚNrJɘFKUʊLPʒL[ɶSEDR
FKʜSOrQWɘRVʨWK{QJWKRiQJJL~SOʤDFKkQĀɸXKɁQVROʤDQJʄQ%DRFKʜS[ɶSWKjQKFk\\QJD\\QJɦQQʈL
OLɸQQKDXWKjQKKjQJKɶWFKLɸXUʐQJFʞDOz7\\NtFKWKɃʒFEDRFKʜSYjOzFiFFk\\FiFKQKDXFPYj
FiFKKDLErQWKjQKOz²FPĀɺOʤDFKX\\ɺQĀʐQJWʈWYQJWKjQKOz
7KʚWKɃʔQJWKɚWUɞQĀʀQKFiFFk\\EDRFKʜSFKʠDVɚQSKɠPQKʆVɚQSKɠPFyPHQFKʂXQKLɾW7X\\
QKLrQQJD\\ViWOʎFKʜPFʞLPɦWYɢQSKɚLFKHPʐWPLɶQJEDRFKʜSEɺĀɺWUiQKWURWKDQUɁLYjR&yWUɃʔQJ
KʚSNK{QJFyVɚQSKɠPYʢDQJɃʔLWKʚYɢQSKɚLĀɺPʐWSKɞQEDRFKʜSOrQQKɨPWUiQKWUrQQJʄQWUʈQJ
QKLɸXTXi0ʐWPɦWOzWKɃʔQJ[ɶSKjQJYjPʐWKjQJEp+jQJEpWKɪQJYʒLKDLOʎPɦWWUrQWKjQKOzQy
FKtQKOjYiFKQJĄQWɘPWKʔLJLʦDKDLPɦWOz1JɃʔLWKʚYjRKjQJEpFyKDLPʜFĀtFKĀyOjKjQJFɚQOʤDQKɨP
WĄQJQKLɾWĀʐFɞQWKLɶWFKRPɦWWUɃʒFĀʊQJWKʔLFŹQJOjFKʎFKʜPFʞLOrQPɦWFKRPɦWNɶĀy
+jQJEpWKɃʔQJFyVʈFk\\tWKɁQFiFKjQJNKiFYjVROHYʒLKjQJWUɃʒFQy1ɶXFiFKjQJWURQJPʐWPɦWOzFy
WKɺViWYjRQKDXWKuNKRɚQJFiFKJLʦDKjQJEpYjNɶQySKɚLWʢ²FPĀyFKtQKOjUmQKFKʜPFʞLPɦWYj
JɘWWKDQ[XʈQJ+DLFk\\ErQFɞQFiFKWKjQKOzWʢ²FPĀɺGɼFKʜPFʞLFKkQ+jQJEp[ɶSJɞQQJDQJOʎ
PɦWErQWUrQOyWOʒSJɘFKQɦSOXĀɺGɼFKʜPOʤDFʞLNK{QJUɁL[XʈQJFKkQYjVɚQSKɠPKjQJEpNK{QJ
FKi\\PLɾQJGRWKDQQKLɸX
.KLOzĀDQJQXQJFiFOXʊQJNKtErQWURQJOzFKX\\ɺQĀʐQJUɜWPɘQKEDRFKʜSFKɮQJLɚPOʨFQj\\NKL
QKLɾWĀʐFDRGɼJk\\ĀʌEɺQrQFɞQFKʄQEDRFKʜSFKɦFFKɦQ[ɶSʖGɃʒL&iFFk\\FKʜSFɞQWKɪQJĀʠQJFKqQ
FKɦFYʒLQKDXYjRWKjQKOzEɨQJFiFPLɺQJFKʜSEɺ
0LɶQJWKʤOjWKʠNK{QJWKɺWKLɶXJL~SWKʚOʤDELɶWĀʐFKtQFʞDPHQ7UɃʒFĀk\\QJɃʔLWKʚGQJFk\\
P{QJPRQWUHFzQJʄLOjF{QF{QHĀʊQJKʊOʤDSKʈLOLɾXWKjQKSKɞQWKHRF{QJWKʠFQKɜWĀʂQKĀ~QJĀʐ
QKLɾWFDRQjRĀyWKuP{QJVɴJʜF[XʈQJ9ɸVDXWKʚGQJFiFPLɶQJVɚQSKɠPPHQFKɃDQXQJOjPPLɶQJ
WKʤ0ʐWKjQJEqWKɃʔQJĀɮWQKLɸXPLɶQJWKʤYʒLQKLɸXORɘLPHQPjXFKʂXQKLɾWĀʐNKiFQKDX0ɮWPHQ
FʞDPLɶQJWKʤKɃʒQJYɸOʎPɦWVDRFKRWKʚOʤDFyWKɺTXDQViWJɦSUDGɼGjQJQJD\\NKLĀDQJQXQJ9jROz
[RQJQJɃʔLWKʚEʂWFiFFʤDYjOʎPɦWĀɺWLɶQKjQKQXQJVɚQSKɠP
1XQJVɚQSKɠPWUɚLTXDKDLJLDLĀRɘQ
ĉʈWĀɞXOzQKɨP;{QJWʢWʢĀɺKɁLQɃʒFWURQJVɚQSKɠPED\\KɁL7ɘRQKLɾWĀʐFDRʖFiFPɦWĀɞX
WtFKQKLɾWʖFiFPɦWNɶWLɶSOjPĀjFKRJLDLĀRɘQOrQPɦWĉʈWĀɞXOzJʊPEDJLDLĀRɘQ
;{QJOzNpRGjLJLʔW\\WKHRVɚQSKɠP[ɶSErQWURQJ6ɚQSKɠPOʒQYjGj\\WKuWKʔLJLDQ[{QJ
OzGjLĀɺKɁLQɃʒFWKRiWKɶWUDQJRjL1JɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJĀʈWFʞLJʐFYʒLQJʄQOʤDQKʆVDRFKRQKLɾWĀʐʖFiF
PɦWĀɞXNKRɚQJ&&XʈLJLDLĀRɘQ[{QJOzQKLɾWVɴWĄQJWʢWʢ.LQKQJKLɾPĀɺQKɤQELɶWKɁLQɃʒFWURQJ
OzED\\KɶWYʒLSKɃɁQJFiFKEʆQɦPUɁPɠPYjRPɦWFXʈLOzWKɜ\\UɁPNK{JLzQWKuNɶWWK~FJLDLĀRɘQ[{QJOz

14.2 Page 132

▲back to top
3KiWOʤDOʒQGjLWʢJLʔW\\ĀʐGjLOz1KLɾWĀʐĀɃʚFWĄQJWʢWʢOɃʚQJFʞLWĄQJGɞQVDX
PʎLOɞQFKʜP7KʔLJLDQPʐWFKɤQNKRɚQJFiFKKDLOɞQFKʜPW\\WKHRFʞLORɘLQjRWKɃʔQJWʢ
SK~W1JɃʔLWKʚQKuQQJʄQOʤDOzĀɺ[iFĀʂQKO~FFɞQWLɶSWKrPFʞL.KLPʒLFKʜPOʤDWKɃʔQJĀɞ\\FKɘ\\GjL
YɸSKtDʈQJNKyLVDXĀyQJʄQOʤDQJɦQGɞQFQJYʒLFʞLWURQJOzVʜS[XʈQJ1ɶXFʞLNK{QJNK{ĀyQJ
WKDQQKLɸXSKɚLGQJFk\\VɦWGjL[ʒLOrQFKRFʞLFKi\\WʈWKɁQ&XʈLJLDLĀRɘQSKiWOʤDOʒQOɃʚQJWKDQEɞX
OzWɃɁQJĀʈLQKLɸXWKuQJɃʔLWKʚEtWPLɾQJOzOrQOʤDWUXQJKXr/zNK{QJFyOʤDWUXQJKXrWKuEtWPʐWQʤD
GɃʒLPLɾQJOz
/ʤDWUXQJKXr*LDLĀRɘQFXʈLFʞDĀʈWĀɞXOzNpRGjLWʢJLʔ&ʞLQKʆKɁQFyĀʐSKiWOʤDFDR
KɁQJLDLĀRɘQWUɃʒF0ʎLOɞQFKʜPOɃʚQJFʞLĀɠ\\YjROzQKLɸXKɁQWʢPࢗW\\OzOʒQQKʆ1JɃʔL
WKʚFĄQFʠĀʐGjLQJʄQOʤDEzYɸSKtDʈQJNKyLPjTX\\ɶWĀʂQKOɃʚQJFʞLYjWKʔLJLDQFʞDJLDLĀRɘQQj\\6ʨ
WtFKQKLɾWFiFPɦWĀɞXOzUɜWTXDQWUʄQJFKRJLDLĀRɘQOrQPɦW/zGjLPjOʤDĀɞXOzNK{QJĀʞĀʐGjLFɞQ
WKLɶWNKLOrQPɦWVɴFyKLɾQWɃʚQJPɜWOʤDVɚQSKɠPGɼVʈQJ/zGjLPWKuOʤDĀɞXOzSKɚLEzWʒLPɦW
WKʠPɃʔLWUʖOrQPʒLĀɘW\\rXFɞX.KLPLɶQJWKʤʖOʎPɦWWKʠQKɜWFKtQJLjPLɶQJWKʤʖOʎPɦWWKʠKDLUʒP
FKɚ\\WKuNɶWWK~FJLDLĀRɘQOʤDĀɞXOzFKX\\ɺQVDQJJLDLĀRɘQWLɶSWKHR
ĉʈWOʤDPɦW*LDLĀRɘQTX\\ɶWĀʂQKNɶWTXɚNuQXQJOzĉʈWOʤDPɦWFɞQĀɘWFiF\\rXFɞX
ĉLɸXFKʀQKQKLɾWĀʐWURQJPʐWPɦWOzSKKʚSĀʐFKɚ\\FʞDPHQ
ĉLɸXFKʀQKQKLɾWĀʐWURQJOzVDRFKRĀɸXJLʦDFKkQYjQJʄQJLʦDOzYjUuDWKjQKOz
7UiQKʠĀʄQJQKLɸXWKDQOjPɚQKKɃʖQJWʒLVɚQSKɠP
&ʞLĀʈWPɦWOzĀɃʚFFKɲQKʆGɼFKi\\7ɘLQKʦQJPɦWJLʦDYjFXʈLOzQKLɾWĀʐNKLEɦWĀɞXNKXLYj
ĀʈWĀmʖYjRNKRɚQJ࢙&࢙&&ʞLQKʆQkQJQKLɾWĀʐPɦWĀyOrQĀʐFKɚ\\FʞDPHQNKRɚQJ&
KRɮFKɁQ.KLNKXLOʎPɦWWUrQQJɃʔLWKʚYɢQĀʈWYʢDYjQKʆʖPɦWGɃʒLYXʈWĀɺOɃXQKLɾWʖPɦWĀmFKtQ
YjKʎWUʚPɦWWUrQ
.KLOrQPɦWOɃʚQJFʞLQkQJGɞQWKHRWʢQJFKɤQʖFɚQJʄQYjFKkQOɃʚQJFʞLʖFKkQtWKɁQQJʄQ
7URQJO~FĀʈWWKʚTXDQViWOʤDʖOʎPɦWWUrQĀɺĀLɸXFKʀQKFKRSKKʚSYjĀɸX1JɃʔLWKʚOzSKɚLTXDQViW
NʮQJʄQOʤDʖFKkQYjEuDQɶX\\ɶXKɁQWKuSKɚLWĄQJOɃʚQJFʞLQɁLĀyYjQHRQJʄQOɘLFKʔFKRĀɸXKRɮF
QJɃʚFOɘL
7KʚOzWKɃʔQJFKʔQJʄQOʤDKɘ[XʈQJTXDQViWGɼFKtQK[iFKɁQĉɺ[iFĀʂQKQKLɾWĀʐQJɃʔLWKʚ
FK~ëFiFELɺXKLɾQOʤDPjXYjQJELɺXKLɾQQKLɾWĀʐJɞQWʒLPjXWUɦQJELɺXKLɾQQKLɾWĀʐFDR0jXOʤD
SKʜWKXʐFFʞLQrQQJɃʔLWKʚSKɚLQKuQYjRFiFNɴKʐSQXQJFʞDFiWNKLOʤDWURQJ&XʈLFQJPLɶQJWKʤ
JL~SWKʚELɶWPHQFKtQFKɃDFKtQYjĀʐFKtQJLjQRQKD\\YʢDWʒL7ɜWFɚQKʦQJĀLɸXĀyJL~SWKʚOzTX\\ɶW
ĀʂQKYLɾFĀʈWOʤDPɦWʖPɦWĀyĀmKRjQWKjQKFKɃD7KʔLJLDQĀʈWʖPʎLPɦWWʢSK~W/zFŹ7UɃʔQJ

14.3 Page 133

▲back to top
0ʮQJKɾFyPɦWQKLɾWĀʐQXQJF{QOj࢙&7KʔLJLDQWʢEɦWĀɞXQʌLOʤDĀɶQNKLWɦWOzNKRɚQJ
JLʔ
5DOzĉɺQJXʐLWʨQKLrQOzWʢĀɶQQJj\\O~FJɞQNKXLOzQJɃʔLWKʚPʖKpOʎPɦWĀɺKɁLQyQJ
WKRiWUDFKRFKyQJQJXʐLUʊLPʖOʒQGɞQĀɺVɚQSKɠPWURQJOzNK{QJQʠW0ʖKɶWOʎPɦWPʖFʤDK{QJ
VDXĀyPDQJVɚQSKɠPUDQJRjL&KXNuOzPɦWFʞDWUɃʔQJQXQJF{QNKRɚQJQJj\\
/zEDRYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
9QJ/iL7KLrX%uQK'ɃɁQJWKɃʔQJVʤGʜQJORɘLOzQj\\ĀɺQXQJFiFVɚQSKɠPOʒQ/zFyĀʐGʈFWʢ
VjQOzGɘQJEɤFWKDQJFyQKLɸXEXʊQJQXQJJʄLOjEDRQXQJKD\\EDROz%DRQXQJKuQKFKʦ
QKɤWNKRɚQJ[PPʐWFɘQKOjEɸQJDQJWKkQOzFɘQKNLDOjEɸQJDQJEDRQXQJOzFyEDRGjL
NKRɚQJP&KʎFDRQKɜWErQWURQJEDRQXQJFKʢQJP&XʈLPʎLEDROzGɃʒLFKkQ[ɶSJɘFKWɘROʎĀɺ
ĀɃʔQJOʤDĀLJʄLOjKjPUĄQJOʤD0ʎLEDRFyKDLFʤDĀʈLQKDXĀɺWKʚYjRUDVɚQSKɠPGɼGjQJ7UrQEDR
FyPʐWOʎTXDQViWOʤDGɃʒLFKkQFŹQJFyOʎTXDQViWPLɶQJPHQKD\\F{QFk\\P{QJ
%ɞXOʤDKuQKFKʦQKɤWNtFKWKɃʒFP[EɸQJDQJWKkQOzFyEDFKʎĀʈWFQJPʐWO~FEɞXOʤDFyFiF
OʎWK{QJKɁLFKRNK{QJNKtĀLYjR.KLĀʈWFiFFʤDĀɸXEtWOɘLFKʀFKʢDPʐWOʎFKʦQKɤWNtFKWKɃʒF
[FP.KLOrQEDRPʒLPʖUDĀɺQpPFʞLYjR9ɸQJX\\rQWɦFTXLWUuQKKRɘWĀʐQJWɃɁQJWʨOzʈQJ[{QJ
OzOʤDOʒQOrQEDR
/zJDYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
7URQJTXiWUuQKVɚQ[XɜWJʈPFiFOzQXQJ[ɃDNLDĀɸXOjPEɨQJJɘFKQɮQJVDXWKD\\WKɶEɨQJJɘFK
FKʂXOʤDFyWUʄQJOɃʚQJQɮQJ/RɘLJɘFKQj\\WLrXKDRQKLɸXQĄQJOɃʚQJĀɺJLʦQKLɾWYjWtQKFiFKQKLɾW
NpP/RɘLJɘFKFyWUʄQJOɃʚQJQKɰFiFKQKLɾWWʈWUDĀʔLĀmOjPJLɚPĀiQJNɺPʠFWLrXWKʜFKɜWĀʈW1ʤD
FXʈLWKɶNʬ;;NKLE{QJE{QJJʈPĀɃʚFFKɶWɘRĀɶQQĄPPʒLWK{QJGʜQJ/RĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJFy
WUʄQJOɃʚQJQKɰJLɚPYɤWOLɾXYjWKʔLJLDQ[k\\JLɚPWLrXKDRQĄQJOɃʚQJVRYʒLWUɃʒF7URQJQKʦQJ
QĄPJɞQĀk\\QKLɸXQɃʒFFKX\\ɺQVDQJOzE{QJFiFKQKLɾW&iFORɘLE{QJQj\\ĀɸXOjYɤWOLɾXWʨQKLrQOjP
WʢQK{P{[LW$Oࢧ2ࢨYjVLOLFR[LW6L2ࢧYʒLVʈOɃʚQJNKiFQKDXĀɺJLɚPĀʐFRYjGQJʖQKʦQJOzQXQJ
QKLɾWĀʐFDRWKuPʐWVʈORɘLE{QJWKrPFKʢQJ]LUFRQLR[LW=U2ࢧKRɮFFU{PR[LW&Uࢧ2ࢨ&iFORɘL
E{QJFyPʠFFKʂXQKLɾWNKiFQKDX࢙&࢙&࢙&࢙&࢙&/RɘLE{QJFKʂXQKLɾWĀʐ
࢙&Yj࢙&FKʀWKtFKKʚSYʒLQKʦQJOzQXQJĀʊĀɜWĀʆ
9jRWKɤSQLrQYʢDTXDʖ9LɾW1DPPʐWVʈOzJʈPGRWKLɶXFʞLYjJk\\{QKLɼPP{LWUɃʔQJĀm
FKX\\ɺQVDQJOzJDEɨQJJɘFKFʞDĉjL/RDQ1ĄP7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
QKɤSOzE{QJWʢÓF'OiWJɘFKOyWE{QJQJX\\rQWɦFKRɘWĀʐQJFʞDOzJDNK{QJĀʌLFKʀNKiFEXʊQJ

14.4 Page 134

▲back to top
QXQJOzOyWE{QJFiFKQKLɾWWʈWJLɚPQKLrQOLɾXĀiQJNɺQXQJQKDQKKɁQ/zPࢗFyWKɺQXQJFKʀWʢ
JLʔʕSKtD1DP[tQJKLɾS9LJODFHUDVɚQ[XɜWOzE{QJFKRFiFFɁVʖJʈPFy\\rXFɞX
/zFʈĀʂQK.K{QJFy[HJRzQJYjRVɚQSKɠPWUʨFWLɶS.KXQJOzEɨQJWKpSPʐWFʤDFŹQJEɨQJ
WKpSJɦQYjRNKXQJ%rQWURQJEXʊQJQXQJYjFʤDOyWE{QJFiFKQKLɾWVjQOiWJɘFKKDLErQK{QJFyKDL
KjQJJɘFKNKRpWOʎWUzQSKtDGɃʒLJɦQFiFEpFOʤD&XʈLOzSKtDGɃʒLFyʈQJWK{QJKɁLʈQJWKRiWKuQK
FKʦQKɤWQʈLYʒLʈQJNKyLQJD\\SKtDVDXYiFKOzʇQJNKyL[k\\JɘFKYʆQJRjLOjWKpS&yWKɺQʈLGjLʈQJ
NKyLOrQFDREɨQJFiFK[k\\JɘFKErQQJRjLEʄFWKpSLQʈFLQR[&iFOzQKʆFyWKɺWtFKWʢPࢗFy
EHFĀɶQPࢗEHFWKɃʔQJFʈĀʂQKĀʠQJGɃʒLĀɜWFyWKɺ[ɶSVɚQSKɠPYjROzĉRQKLɾWĀʐGQJFDQ
QKLɾWFDQQKLɾWQʈLYʒLĀʊQJKʊFKɘ\\EɨQJSLQ1JRjLUDFzQGQJF{QKD\\YzQJQKLɾWĀʐĀɺ[iFĀʂQKĀʐ
FKtQFʞDVɚQSKɠPWURQJOz9DQʈQJNKyLĀLɸXFKʀQKUɜWGɼGjQJ
/zPʐWJRzQJQKɃOzFʈĀʂQKQyLWUrQQKɃQJVjQOzGLFKX\\ɺQĀɃʚFWUrQĀɃʔQJUD\\'ROzOʒQ
NKL[ɶSĀʊYjRQXQJSKɚLĀɃDVjQOzUDQJRjLEɨQJ[HJRzQJFKɘ\\WUrQĀɃʔQJUD\\;ɶS[RQJĀɠ\\[H
JRzQJYjRĀ~QJYʂWUtWKkQOz1KɃYɤ\\OzJʊPEDEʐSKɤQFKtQKWKkQOz[HJRzQJʈQJNKyL
/zKDLJRzQJFyKDLFʤDOzPʖĀyQJGɼGjQJWKkQOzQXQJQɨPJLʦDKDL[HJRzQJKDLErQ/ɦS
PʐWWURQJKDL[HJRzQJYjRĀ~QJYʂWUtWKkQOzWKuOzWUʖWKjQKOzFʈĀʂQKFzQ[HJRzQJNLDʖQJRjL/zPࢗ
FʞDWUɃʔQJFy[HJRzQJNtFKWKɃʒFEɸQJDQJPFDRPGjLPFyEHFPʎLErQEHFFyWKɺ
QXQJQKɃOzJDEuQKWKɃʔQJKD\\JjLVɬQFKɃɁQJWUuQKĀLɸXNKLɺQEɨQJYLWtQKWʨĀʐQJ/zJDFyORɘLWKLɶW
NɶFyFiQKFʤDOjPQKLɾPYʜPʐW[HJRzQJ
/zE{QJQKʆFDRPUʐQJPVkXPFyEpFQKLɾWĀʐQXQJ࢙&4X\\WUuQKKRɘW
ĀʐQJ
ĉiQKOʤD0ʖYDQJDFKtQKʖGʄFʈQJJDPʖOɃʚQJJDQKʆʖĀɃʔQJʈQJJDGɢQYjROzPʖKɾ
WKʈQJĀiQKOʤDWʢQJEpFOʤDFKɃDFKi\\WUɚEHFWUʖYɸYjĀiQKOʤDOɘL1ɶXYɢQFKɃDFKi\\PʖWKrPYDQĀɺ
WĄQJOɃʚQJJD
;{QJOz&ʤDOzFKɃDĀyQJNtQQJʄQOʤDPʎLEpFFDRFP1ɶXVɚQSKɠPOʒQYjGj\\[{QJEpF
QɶXVɚQSKɠPPʆQJ[{QJEpF.KRɚQJJLʔVDXOzɜPOrQWKuĀyQJFʤDOz7ʢO~F[{QJOzĀɶQNKLWĄQJ
JDNKRɚQJJLʔNɺFɚNKLEɦWĀɞXQʌLOʤD
1XQJFKɤP7ʢO~FĀɞXFKRĀɶQNKLQKLɾWĀʐĀɘW࢙&NKRɚQJJLʔ*DWĄQJWʢWʢĀɺQXQJ
FKɤPĀʊQJKʊĀRQKLɾWWĄQJWʢWʢ9tGʜĀDQJʖ࢙&WĄQJJDNKRɚQJJLk\\OrQ࢙&
1XQJQKDQK7ʢ࢙&WUʖOrQWKʚEɦWĀɞXQXQJQKDQKJLʔWĄQJNKRɚQJ࢙&ĀɶQ࢙&
QXQJFKɤPWUʖOɘLJLDLĀRɘQQj\\NKRɚQJJLʔ
7\\WKHRVɚQSKɠPGj\\KD\\PʆQJOʒQKD\\QKʆPjWKʔLJLDQQXQJGjLJLʔKRɮFtWKɁQ

14.5 Page 135

▲back to top
1JX\\rQOLɾXĀɜWVpW
ĉɃDJʈPYjROz
/zQXQJJʈP
%rQWURQJOzQXQJ

14.6 Page 136

▲back to top
%rQWURQJOzQXQJ
&ʤDOzQXQJ
%rQK{QJOzQXQJ
&ʤDOzQXQJ

14.7 Page 137

▲back to top
1KʦQJWKʚJʈP

14.8 Page 138

▲back to top
/zQXQJJʈPKLɾQĀɘL

14.9 Page 139

▲back to top
;ʈLPHQJʈP
6ɚQSKɠPJʈP

14.10 Page 140

▲back to top
ĉjLSKXQQɃʒF&iKyDUʊQJʖEQJELQK4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ
7Kɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤXViQJWiF+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
WKʨFKLɾQQĄP
7ɃʚQJJʈP/kQYʔQFɞXGR
WKɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤXViQJWiF
+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWKʨFKLɾQ
WKɞ\\/r9ĄQ&ɃɁQJSKʜFFKɶ
7ɃʚQJ0ɰEʊQJFRQFʞD{QJ%DOLFN
SKʜFFKɶ

15 Pages 141-150

▲back to top

15.1 Page 141

▲back to top
3KĀLrXJʈPĉiPFɃʒLFʞDWKɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤX
7ɃʚQJEʐED3K~F/ʐF7Kʄ
WKɞ\\%D7KʄQɦQPɢXVDXĀ~FĀʊQJ
7ɃʚQJ&{GkXFK~Uɺ
FʞDWKɞ\\%D7Kʄ
7ɃʚQJÑQJ7Kʄ
FʞDWKɞ\\%D7Kʄ
7ɃʚQJ1JʨDFkXWXQJYy
FʞDWKɞ\\%D7Kʄ

15.2 Page 142

▲back to top
&iFNLɺXEuQKJʈPWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQKLɾQĀɘL
FʞDWKɞ\\+DLĉiQJ
7ɃʚQJÑQJ7LrXʖFKD0ʐW&ʐWWKɞ\\%D7KʄQɦQEʐQJ
*ɘWWjQWKXʈFOiJʈPKLɾQĀɘL
FʞDWKɞ\\/r%iĉiQJ

15.3 Page 143

▲back to top
%ÎQKPHQFKDÝ\\KLHÆQÓDÑL
FXÝDWKDÂ\\/HÄ%DÛ³DÛQJ
%ÎQKJRÃPYH×/HÄ7KDÚQK+DÂX
1JX\\HÅQ+Ø×X&DÝQK
FXÝDWKDÂ\\³LQK&RÄQJ/DL
%ÎQKYH×FKDÄQGXQJ
7UÔQK+RDÚL³ØÛF
FXÝDWKDÂ\\³LQK&RÄQJ/DL

15.4 Page 144

▲back to top
&DÍSEÎQKJRÃP%DÛF7RÄQYDÚ%DÛF+RÂ
7ÈQKXÝ\\³RÂQJ1DLÓDÍWWKDÂ\\³LQK&RÄQJ/DLODÚP
ÓHÇWDÍQJ%DÝRWDÚQJ7RÄQ³ØÛF7KDËQJ
%ÎQKYH×FKDÄQGXQJ
1KDÚJLDÛR¸XWXÛ1JX\\HÅQ9DÌQ7KRÄQJ
FXÝDWKDÂ\\³LQK&RÄQJ/DL

15.5 Page 145

▲back to top
1KRÛPWØÖÑQJJRÃPVÖQ
4XDQ%ÎQK4XDQ9X×&KDÄX;ØÖQJSKDÝLVDQJ
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ
1KRÛPWØÖÑQJJRÃPVÖQJLDÝJRÅJXÑ
7KDÂ\\WURÚ³ØÖÚQJ7DP7DÑQJÓLWKÈQKNLQK
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ

15.6 Page 146

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP.DQJXURRYDÚNKÈ
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ
7ØÖÑQJJRÃPVÖQ%R³H³DÑW0D
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ

15.7 Page 147

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJJRÃPVÖQJLDÝÓRÂQJ&DÛFWKLHÃXQØ×/DÚR%DËF7UXQJ1DP
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ

15.8 Page 148

▲back to top
/ØJRÃPFKØ×QKDÆW[LYDÚQJ[LEDÑF
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ
7ØÖÑQJJRÃPVÖQ0XÑFÓRÂQJFØÖ×LWUDÄXWKRÇLVDÛR
FXÝDRÄQJ%DÝ\\1ÖÝ
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP.ÐVÕFXÝDRÄQJ+DL7UDÄP
7ØÖÑQJ1JØÑDFDÄXWXQJYRÛFXÝDRÄQJ+DL7UDÄP

15.9 Page 149

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJ(£FKQJRÂLPHQ[DQKÓRÂQJWURÇERÄQJ
FXÝDRÄQJ+DL7UDÄP
7ØÖÑQJ&DÛVDÃXPHQ[DQKÓRÂQJWURÇERÄQJFXÝDRÄQJ+DL7UDÄP
7ØÖÑQJ&KDËSWD\\FDÂXQJX\\HÆQ
FXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ

15.10 Page 150

▲back to top
&DÛFWØÖÑQJJRÃPQKRÝÓHÇWUDQJWUÏFXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ
1KRÛPWØÖÑQJ2¤QJOD×RFDÄXFDÛFXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ
³RÄQJRÃP/DÄQEDPDÍW
FXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP&RQPHÚR
FXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ
3KDÆW4XDQ7KHÃ$¤PEHÃKDÚLQKL
FXÝDRÄQJ7Ø'DÑQJ

16 Pages 151-160

▲back to top

16.1 Page 151

▲back to top
%ÎQKJRÃP7KHÃJLÖÛL
7KDÂ\\+DL%RÂL[RD\\
GDQKKRÑD/HÄ%DÛ³DÝQJYH×
7ØÖÑQJJRÃPÓRÝ
'DQKKRÑD/HÄ%DÛ³DÝQJODÚPÖÝ&RÄQJW\\6DLJD
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP&RQWUDÄX
'DQKKRÑD/HÄ%DÛ³DÝQJODÚPÖÝ&RÄQJW\\6DLJD

16.2 Page 152

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJ7LHÇXWKØGLHÅPOHÆ
KRÑFVLQK0\\×QJKHÆODÚP
7ØÖÑQJSKXÚÓLHÄX3KDÆW%DÚQJDÚQPDËWQJDÚQWD\\
KRÑFVLQK0\\×QJKHÆODÚP

16.3 Page 153

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJ1JØÑD[HURQJUXRÇL
GRKRÑFVLQK7UØÖÚQJ0\\×QJKHÆ%LHÄQ+RÚD
ODÚPFDÛFKÓDÄ\\GDÌPFKXÑFQDÌP
'ÕDJRÃPFRQFXD
ÓHÇWUHRWØÖÚQJ
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ
0\\×WKXDÆW7UDQJWUÏ
³RÂQJ1DLODÚP
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP&KXÚPEØÖÝL7DÄQ7ULHÂX
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ0\\×WKXDÆW
7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP

16.4 Page 154

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJ9X×ÓLHÆX&KDÌP
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP7KRÇLWXÚYDÚ
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ
0\\×WKXDÆW7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP 0\\×WKXDÆW7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP
7ØÖÑQJ9X×ÓLHÆX&KDÌP
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ
0\\×WKXDÆW7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP

16.5 Page 155

▲back to top
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP³DXÓÖÛQKD×LKXÚQJ
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ0\\×WKXDÆW
7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP6ØÝQJVRÃW
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ
0\\×WKXDÆW7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP
7ØÖÑQJJRÃP3KXÑQØ×6WLHÄQJJLD×JDÑR
VLQKYLHÄQ&DRÓDÜQJ0\\×WKXDÆW
7UDQJWUϳRÂQJ1DLODÚP

16.6 Page 156

▲back to top

16.7 Page 157

▲back to top

16.8 Page 158

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
7URQJVʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDFyQKLɸXQJɃʔLJySSKɞQĀyQJJySF{QJVʠFWkPKX\\ɶWWUt
WXɾʖQKLɸXJLDLĀRɘQWUrQFiFOŜQKYʨFOLrQTXDQĉyOjQKʦQJQJɃʔLPʖOzĀɮWQɸQPyQJFKRKuQKWKjQK
QJKɸQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQWKʚJʈPWKDPJLDVɚQ[XɜWWKɞ\\JLiRF{JLiRWUX\\ɸQQJKɸQJKLrQFʠXViQJFKɶ
PHQViQJWɘRʠQJGʜQJNʮWKXɤWViQJWiFPɢXPmWiFSKɠPĀɞXWɃNLQKGRDQKTXɚQJEiVɚQSKɠP¬
+ʄFKtQKOjQKʦQJ´%iXYɤWQKkQYĄQVʈQJµFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ[ʠ%LrQ+zD0ʎLQJɃʔLYʒL
ĀDPPrYjQKLɾWKX\\ɶWQɦPJLʦQKʦQJWULWKʠFTXDQWUʄQJFʞDQJKɸJʈP1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPTXD
EjQWD\\NKpROpRyFViQJWɘRYjNʮQĄQJWKjQKWKʜFFʞDWKʚĀmWUʖWKjQKQKʦQJWiFSKɠPQJKɾWKXɤWĀʐF
ĀiROjPYDQJGDQKFKRQJKɸYjOjQJQJKɸ7UrQEuQKGLɾQFKXQJĀʈLYʒLQJKɸFyWKɺJʄLKʄOjQJKɾ
QKkQKD\\QKʦQJFiQKkQWLrXELɺXĀyQJJySWtFKFʨFYʒLFiFKWKʠFĀʈLYʒLQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
1JKɾQKkQJʈP%LrQ+zDFyWD\\QJKɸFDRNʮQĄQJYjWUuQKĀʐFKX\\rQP{Q6ɚQSKɠPJʈPUDĀʔL
OjVʨNɶWKʚSĀʐFĀiRFʞDNLQKQJKLɾPWKDRWiFWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀʊQJWKʔLiSGʜQJPʐWVʈNʮ
WKXɤWKLɾQĀɘL+ʄOjWKɞ\\Gɘ\\QJɃʔLFKɶWɘRPHQViQJFKɶPɢXĀLrXNKɦFWUDQJWUtFKɜPPHQ¬FKX\\rQ
QJKLɾSWURQJFiFGzQJVɚQSKɠPĀDGɘQJFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD1KʦQJQJKɾQKkQQʌLWLɶQJFʞDJʈP%LrQ
+zDJʊPQKLɸXWKɶKɾ7KɶKɾĀɞXWLrQʖFiFOjQJQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDtWDLFzQQKʒ6DXQj\\TXDKʊLFʈYj
WɃOLɾXPʐWVʈQJɃʔLĀɃʚFQKɦFĀɶQNK{QJQKLɸX1KʦQJQJKɾQKkQFDRQLrQĀDVʈĀmTXDĀʔLPDQJ
WKHRQKʦQJNʮWKXɤWFKɶWiFJʈPPjWKɶKɾQJj\\QD\\NKLQKɦFĀɶQĀɸXEj\\WʆVʨWKiQSKʜFYjWLɶFQXʈL
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊLĉɮQJ9ĄQ4XʒL%L9ĄQ7Uj7UɞQ9ĄQɀQ/r9ĄQ0ɤX+XƓQK9ĄQ7Kʄ7UʂQK9ĄQ
1ʖ9}.LPĉ{L/r%iĉiQJ3KɘP9ĄQĉDĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJ¬ĉk\\OjQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQFyNLQKQJKLɾP
ĀɃʚFĀjRWɘRYjOjWKɶKɾKʄFWUzEDQĀɞXFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zD&iFQJKɾQKkQYʈQOj
WKɶKɾFʞD7UɃʔQJQKʦQJQĄPQKɃ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6DQJ7UɞQ9ĄQ'ɘQJ7Ƀ%ʊL6iXeQ1JX\\ɼQ
9ĄQ7UtĉɮQJ9ĄQ&KiQK3KɘP7UXQJ/LɾW1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkPĉʎ9ĄQ%ɚ\\1JX\\ɼQ7KjQK&KkX1JX\\ɼQ
9ĄQ7K{QJ0ʐWVʈQJKɾQKkQOjPJʈPJLDGʜQJQKɃ%D7KɁ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ1ĄP/ʞQJĉLQK&{QJ/DL
7KiL9ĄQ0ʢQJ¬&iFWKɶKɾQJKɾQKkQJʈPVDXQj\\ĀmWLɶSQʈLWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFʞDQJKɸFyQKLɸXF{QJODR
JySSKɞQJuQJLʦYjSKiWKX\\QJKɸJʈPʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJ0ʐWVʈGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈPVDXQj\\YʒLQKʦQJQʎ
OʨFYɃʚWNKyĀmGX\\WUuKRɘWĀʐQJWURQJQJKɸYjĀyQJJySFKRSKiWWULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zD&K~QJW{LUɜW
WLɶFNKLNK{QJWLɶSFɤQĀɞ\\ĀʞQKʦQJGRDQKQJKLɾSVɚQ[XɜWJʈPQJKɾQKkQQJɃʔLWKʚ¬ĀɺFyQJXʊQWɃ
OLɾXSKRQJSK~KɁQ1ʐLGXQJQj\\FKʀJLʒLWKLɾXPʐWVʈFiQKkQWLrXELɺXYjWK{QJWLQYɸ[mYLrQFʞD+ʚS
WiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWKjQKOɤSWʢQĄPYjWʊQWɘLFKRĀɶQQĄP

16.9 Page 159

▲back to top
1KʦQJFiQKkQWLrXELɺX
9ʙ &+ʉ1* Ñ1* %$ %$/,&. %­
0$5(77(%5$//,21
ÑQJ 5REHUW %DOLFN VLQK QJj\\ WɘL
3DULVWʈWQJKLɾS$UWV'pFRUDWLIV%j0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQ
VLQKQJj\\WɘL1DQF\\0HXUWKHHW0RVHOOHWʈW
QJKLɾS 7UɃʔQJ *ʈP /LPRJHV ĉk\\ Oj KDL Yʚ FKʊQJ
ĀɃʚFEʌQKLɾPĀɶQOjPYLɾFWɘL7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ
+zDQĄPÑQJ5REHUW%DOLFNOjPKLɾXWUɃʖQJEj
0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQOjP7UɃʖQJ%DQ*ʈP7URQJWUɃʔQJ
JʄLYʒLWrQTXHQWKXʐFOj{QJ%D%DOLFN7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zDO~FEk\\JLʔFyQKLɸXEDQĀjRWɘRQJKɸ
QʌLEɤWOj%DQĉ~FĀʊQJYj%DQ*ʈP.ɶWKʢDFiFQʐL
GXQJ ĀjR WɘR WUɃʒF Āy WURQJ ĀjR WɘR Yɸ JʈP FʞD
WUɃʔQJTXDNʮWKXɤW[RD\\FKɘPNKɦFFKɜPPHQLQ
YjQɮQEj%DOLFNYɘFKUDKɃʒQJĀLFKR%DQ*ʈPFK~ë
YɸVɚQSKɠPWUDQJWUtQKLɸXPjXFKɘPNKɦFKRDYĄQ
WLQKYLVʤGʜQJPjXPHQOɘPɦWĀɺWɘRUDVʨNKiFELɾW
YʒL FiF GzQJ JʈP ĀDQJ Fy PɮW WUrQ WKʂ WUɃʔQJ %j
%DOLFNWUDRĀʌLYʒLFʐQJVʨWURQJWUɃʔQJWuPKLɺXYɸ
ÑQJ%D%DFOLFN5REHUW%DOLFN+LɾXWUɃʖQJ
Ej0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQ7UɃʖQJEDQ*ʈP
FiFKFKɶWɘRPHQWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFʞDFiFGzQJJʈPO~FEɜ\\JLʔ6DXĀyEjFQJFʐQJVʨ WuPWzLYjNKiP
SKiUDʖĉɜW&XʈF7kQ8\\rQQD\\WKXʐFWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJFyORɘLFDRODQKFKʂXQKLɾWFDR7ʢFɁVʖPHQ
WDPHQWURTXDQKLɸXOɞQWKʤQJKLɾPEj%DOLFNWKjQKF{QJWURQJYLɾFSKDFKɶPHQWDYʒLPɘWĀʊQJSKɶ
OLɾXWʢF{QJĀRɘQKRjQWKLɾQVɚQSKɠPĀ~FĀʊQJUDORɘLPHQPjX[DQKĀʊQJUɜWĀɰSJʄLOj´9HUWGH
%LHQKRDµĀɃʚFJLʒLOjPJʈPViQKQJDQJKjQJYʒL9HUWG ,VODPQʌLWLɶQJWKɶJLʒLWURQJFiFNLɶQWU~F+ʊL
JLiRĉʐFĀiRKɁQPHQ´9HUWGH%LHQKRDµĀʈWEɨQJFʞLFzQWɘRUDKʆDELɶQĀɰSOɘĉʊQJWKʔLEj%DOLFNFzQ
SKDFKɶUDPʐWORɘLPHQPjXQkXĀʆWʢQJX\\rQOLɾXĀiRQJFʞD%LrQ+zD1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɃʚFFKɶ
WiFWʢFKɜWOLɾXFKʂXQKLɾWFDRPHQPʒLPjX[DQKĀʊQJWUʌE{QJFʞDWUɃʔQJGɃʒLWKʔL{QJEj%DOLFNĀɘW
QKLɸXJLɚLWKɃʖQJWURQJFiFFXʐFWULɺQOmPNKXYʨFYjTXʈFWɶEiQĀɃʚFQKLɸXVɚQSKɠP
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDYʒLSKRQJFiFKĀʐFĀiRĀɃʚFɃDFKXʐQJ{QJEj%DOLFNQJKŜĀɶQ
YLɾFVʤGʜQJOʚLWKɶVɬQFyFʞDQKjWUɃʔQJĀɺVɚQ[XɜWNLQKGRDQKPɮWKjQJQj\\1ĄPWUɃʔQJWKjQK

16.10 Page 160

▲back to top
OɤS +ʚS WiF [m 7Kʞ F{QJ Pʮ QJKɾ FʞD WKʚ JʈP Yj WKʚ Ā~F ĀʊQJ %LrQ +zD /D 6RFLpWH &RRSpUDWLYH
$UWLVDQDOHGHV3RWLHUVHW)RQGHXUVGH%LHQ+RD+ʚSWiF[mWɤSKʚSKʄFVLQKFiFOʒSKRjQWKLɾQYjWKXK~W
QKʦQJQJKɾQKkQFyWD\\QJKɸFDRWɘLĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀLYjRKRɘWĀʐQJKLɾXTXɚÑQJEj%DOLFNWUʨFWLɶSĀʠQJ
UDNLɺPWUDFKɜWOɃʚQJWʢQJF{QJĀRɘQNʮFjQJĀɺVɚQSKɠPUDĀʔLNK{QJĀɃʚFNKLɶPNKX\\ɶWFKɜWOɃʚQJ
ĀɚPEɚR&QJYʒLKRɘWĀʐQJFʞDKʚSWiF[mWUɃʔQJPʖUD3KzQJ7UɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPĀɺTXɚQJEi7URQJ
NKRɚQJWKʔLJLDQJɞQQĄP²GɃʒLVʨĀLɸXKjQKFʞD{QJEj%DOLFNOjNKRɚQJWKʔLJLDQWKjQK
F{QJQKɜWWURQJOʂFKVʤQKjWUɃʔQJĀiQKGɜXJLDLĀRɘQSKiWWULɺQUʨFUʘFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDFɚWKʂWUɃʔQJ
WURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF
+RɘFKĀʂQKFKRQJKɸJʈPSKiWWULɺQTXDĀjRWɘRQKkQOʨFYjPj\\PzQJKLrQFʠXWKʤQJKLɾPWUrQ
FɁVʖNLɶQWKʠFNʮWKXɤWSKɃɁQJ7k\\NɶWKʢDSKʈLKʚSWULWKʠFGkQJLDQFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJʖYQJĀɜW%LrQ
+zD{QJEj%DOLFNĀmWUɚLTXDQKLɸXNKyNKĄQQKɃQJĀmWKjQKF{QJWURQJYLɾFĀɃDJʈP%LrQ+zDOrQWɞP
FDRPʒLĀʂQKGDQKWKɃɁQJKLɾXWUrQWUɃʔQJTXʈFWɶ7ʢFɁVʖFʞDJLDLĀRɘQ{QJEj%DOLFNWɘLWUɃʔQJJʈP
%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFĀʂQKGDQKWUrQSKɃɁQJGLɾQPʮWKXɤWYʒLORɘLKuQKKRDYĄQYjĀɮFELɾWOjPHQ[DQKĀʊQJWUʌ
E{QJ´9HUWGH%LHQKRDµ
ĉyQJJySF{QJVʠFFʞD{QJEj%DOLFNUɜWOʒQĀɮFELɾWNKLWKjQKOɤS+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDYj
ĀʊJʈPOjPɮWKjQJQʌLWLɶQJĉɃʚFĀjRWɘRWKHRWLQKWKɞQYʂQJKɾWKXɤWYjYʂQKkQVLQK{QJEj%DOLFNKLɺX
U}FKɜWOɃʚQJOjYɜQĀɸVʈQJFzQVɚQSKɠPJʈPWURQJFiFF{QJĀRɘQVɚQ[XɜWÑQJEjFKĄPFK~W+ʚSWiF
[mQJRjLĀLɸXKjQKYLɾFJLɚQJGɘ\\{QJJiQKYiFWKrPYLɾFWuPNLɶPWKʂWUɃʔQJEiQFiFVɚQSKɠPGR
WUɃʔQJYj+ʚSWiF[mOjPUDÑQJFQJYʂĀɘLGLɾQWKʚWKHRG}LViWVDRDQKHPYjKʄFWUzOjPYLɾFʖWʢQJ
F{QJĀRɘQ9jLQJKɾQKkQJLjKLɶPKRLQD\\ʖOʠDWXʌLWUʖOrQFKRELɶWFKɤXĀŜDYjEuQK[RD\\QɦQ[RQJ
ĀɸXĀɃʚF{QJEjNLɺPWUDEɨQJEjQ[RD\\QɶXNK{QJWUzQYRVɴEʂPʐWQKiWE~DORɘLEʆQJD\\6ɚQSKɠPUD
OzPjPHQNK{QJOiQJĀɸXKRɮFFyYɶW[ɃʒFYɶWQʠWFŹQJEʂĀɤSEʆNK{QJWKɃɁQJWLɶF&iFPyQĀʊOjPUD
SKɚLKRjQKɚREiQJLiFDR0ʐWOzFyNKLORɘLEʆWʒLVɚQSKɠPNKX\\ɶWWɤWPjKʚSWiF[mYɢQFyOmLQKɃ
WKɃʔQJ3KzQJWUɃQJEj\\WKXK~WNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjL²SKɞQĀ{QJOjQJɃʔL3KiS²ĀɶQ[HPKjQJPɢX$L
FŹQJF{QJQKɤQFiFVɚQSKɠPPʮQJKɾĀʊQJKD\\JʈPUɜWOɘPɦWFjQJQJɦPOkXFjQJWKtFKWK~*ʈP%LrQ
+zDĀɃʚFJLʒLVjQKĀLɾXɃDFKXʐQJYuVɦFWKiLPHQJLɚQGʂWUɞPOɦQJNtQĀiRKjLKRjNLPFʌWKXɞQW~\\
SKɃɁQJĉ{QJÑQJEj%DOLFNOjPYLɾFWɘLWUɃʔQJWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP%L7KXɤQFKRUɨQJ*LʒL
QJKLrQFʠXPʮWKXɤW9LɾW1DPĀɸXFyFKXQJQKɤQĀʂQK´7rQWXʌLFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDJɦQOLɸQYʒL7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDJɦQOLɸQYʒLWrQWXʌL{QJEj%DOLFNµ
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU
%L7KXɤQ&ɮSĀ{LWɘRQrQGDQKWLɶQJFKRJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD%iRĉʊQJ1DLFXʈLWXɞQVʈQJj\\

17 Pages 161-170

▲back to top

17.1 Page 161

▲back to top
Ñ1*/È9ă10ɣ8
ÑQJ/r9ĄQ0ɤXVLQKQJj\\ʖ[m7kQ+ɘQKWʌQJ
%uQK$QWʀQK9ŜQK/RQJ7ʢQKʆFyQĄQJNKLɶXQɮQKuQKWʢĀɜW
VpWOjPQKʦQJFRQYɤWÑQJKDPWKtFKKʄFKʆLĀɃʚFJLDĀuQK
WɘRĀLɸXNLɾQĀLKʄF[DQKj1ĄPWXʌL{QJĀɤXEɨQJWLɺXKʄF
3KiSEɚQ[ʠVDXĀyKʄFWUɃʔQJ&KɜQ7KjQKʖ6jL*zQ1ĄP
WXʌL{QJĀɤXWUXQJKʄFÑQJYʢDKʄFYĄQKRiYʢDKʄFWKrP
YɸĀLrXNKɦFFKRWKʆDFKtĀDPPr
.KLELɶW7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDFyGɘ\\ĀLrX
NKɦFYjQɦQWɃʚQJ{QJKʄFGʨWKtQKWɘLWUɃʔQJYjRQĄP
9jRKʄFGʨWKtQK{QJVD\\PrWURQJYLɾFWɘRKuQKQɮQWɃʚQJ
ĀʐQJYɤWFiFORɘLFKyPqRFKʊQFKHRJjYʂWEʊFkXYʒLFiF
KʄFVLQKVɦSWʈWQJKLɾSĉɃʚFVʨWɤQWuQKGɘ\\EɚRFʞDWKɞ\\F{
WɘLĀk\\VʨKʎWUʚFʞD{QJKLɾXWUɃʖQJ%DOLFN{QJWʈWQJKLɾSYj
ĀɃʚFJLʒLWKLɾXYjQKɤQKʄFEʌQJYjRKʄF7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮ
WKXɤWĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJ+j1ʐL7KʔLJLDQKʄFWɘLĀk\\{QJFKĄP
FKʀYjFyKDLWiFSKɠPĀɃʚFWUɃQJEj\\YjRQĄPWɃʚQJFKʂ
7KRD Yj SK ĀLrX /D SURFHVVLRQ ĉiP UɃʒF %iR 3KiS /D
YRORQWpLQGRFKLQRLVHQKɤQ[pWSKrEuQK´7iFSKɠPĉiPUɃʒF
FʞD{QJ0ɤXGRFiFKEʈFʜFYjVʨWuPWzLWURQJFiFKWKɺKLɾQ
ĀmEiRKLɾXPʐWQJKɾVŜWjLQĄQJµ0DKq{QJTX\\ɶW
ĀʂQK WK{L KʄF PʐW QĄP WUɃʒF NKL WKL WʈW QJKLɾS *LiR VɃ
7Kɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤX6iX0ɤX
-RQFKqUH FɜS FKʠQJ FKʀ YʒL QKɤQ [pW UɜW WʈW ÑQJ ĀɶQ YQJ ĀʠQJFɘQKWɃʚQJ1JX\\ɼQ7UXQJ7UʨFʖ5ɘFK*Li
4XɚQJ&KkX/RDQ7UXQJ4XʈFOjPĀLrXNKɦFFKRFiFELɾWWKʨYjVDXĀyWUʖYɸ9ŜQK/RQJ
7KiQJ{QJ%DOLFNJʤLWKɃPʔLDQKOrQ%LrQ+zDWKɶFKkQĉɮQJ9ĄQ4ɃʒLWKɞ\\1KʠWQJKʀ
KɃX1KʒɁQ[ɃD{QJOrQ7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDGɘ\\QJKɾWKXɤWWɘRKuQKWʢQĄP9ʢDGɘ\\YʢDOjP
QJKɾWKXɤW{QJĀɺOɘLQKLɸXWiFSKɠPF{QJWUuQKWURQJĀyFyQKʦQJWɃʚQJQKkQYɤWOʂFKVʤYjFiQKkQGR
NKiFKĀɮWKjQJĉʈLYʒLYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD{QJOjPWɃʚQJĀjLEʈQPɮWEɨQJĀi´7jLQJX\\rQWʀQK%LrQ+zD´
ĀɮWWɘLEQJELQK6{QJ3KʈVDXĀyOjĀjLSKXQQɃʒF&iKRiORQJEɨQJJʈPWKD\\WKɶFKRWɃʚQJĀjL
WUrQ ÑQJ Fy QKLɸX WɃʚQJ ĀjL Yɸ QKkQ YɤW OʂFK Vʤ WURQJ Yj QJRjL QɃʒF EɨQJ FKɜW OLɾX ĀʊQJ
1DSROpRQ[HPELQKWKɃĀɘLWKɞQ3KDQ7KDQK*LɚQ$QKKQJ1JX\\ɼQ7UXQJ7UʨF

17.2 Page 162

▲back to top
1ĄP{QJSKiFWKɚRP{KuQKWɃʚQJĀjL´'zQJOʂFKVʤ9LɾW1DPKX\\KRjQJµĀɃʚF+ʐLĀʊQJ0ʮWKXɤW
6jL*zQWɮQJJLɚL1KɜWPʐWVʈSKĀLrXWURQJFiFF{QJWUuQKNLɶQWU~FSKĀLrX7UɃQJYɃɁQJNKɚLKRjQ
7RjKjQKFKiQK%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFĀk\\WUDQK7KiF7Uʂ$QWɃʚQJĉʠFPɰ0DULDEɨQJJʈPĀɮWʖQKjWKʔ
FKiQK[ʠ%LrQ+Rj
1ĄP{QJOjP+LɾXWUɃʖQJ7UɃʔQJ.ʮWKXɤW%LrQ+zDYjQĄPFKX\\ɺQĀɶQ7UɃʔQJ4XʈF
JLD&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW6jL*zQÑQJJLɚQJGɘ\\PʮWKXɤWQĄPJySSKɞQĀjRWɘRQKLɸXOʒSWKʚQKLɸX
QJKɾQKkQQKLɸXKRɘVŜYjĀLrXNKɦFJLD1ĄP{QJYɸTXrKɃɁQJ9ŜQK/RQJVLQKVʈQJYjTXDĀʔL
QĄP
Ñ1*+8ƒ1+9ă17+ʃ
ÑQJ+XƓQK9ĄQ7KʄVLQKQĄPWɘLOjQJ7kQ7KjQKWʌQJ3KɃʒF
9LQK7UXQJTXɤQ&KkX7KjQKWʀQK%LrQ+zDQD\\WKXʐFSKɃʔQJ4XDQJ
9LQK WKjQK SKʈ %LrQ +zD ĉʊQJ 1DL .KL KʄF KɶW OʒS ED {QJ YjR KʄF
7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zDFQJNKyDYʒL7Ƀ7KɃʔQJ+DL.pR&KkX9ĄQ
.pR &yVʨKDPWKtFKYjQĄQJNKLɶXÑQJQKDQKFKyQJKʄFWʈWYɸĀLrX
NKɦFYjQJKɸJʈP.KRɚQJĀɞXWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʀ;;{QJWʈWQJKLɾSVDX
QĄPKʄFĀɃʚFEʌQKLɾPOjPKXɜQPʮYLrQPRQLWHXUSKʜWiFiFWKɞ\\
KɃʒQJGɢQKʄFWUzPʒLYjRWUɃʔQJUʊLFKtQKWKʠFJLɚQJGɘ\\YɸĀLrXNKɦF
QɦQJʈP
ÑQJ+XƓQK9ĄQ7KʄFQJFiFĀʊQJQJKLɾS%D&Kʀ+DL1JʄF1ĄP
<ɶQ1ĄP7Kɶ%ɚ\\7Kɶ¬WKDPJLDWUDQJWUtPʮWKXɤWFKRPʐWVʈF{QJWUuQK
NLɶQWU~F&KLQKiQKQJkQKjQJĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJ6LQJDSRUHW{QWɘRFiFGL
WtFK$QJNRU7KRP$QJNRU:DW&DPSXFKLDWUQJWXWUDQJWUtGLQK6RiL
SKʞFʞD7KʈQJĀʈF1DP.ƓWUDQJWUtGLQK7RjQTX\\ɸQĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJʖ+j
1ʐL¬ĉɮFELɾW{QJ+XƓQK9ĄQ7KʄĀɃʚFQKjFɞPTX\\ɸQĀɮWKjQJOjPSKR 7Kɞ\\+XƓQK9ĄQ7Kʄ%D7Kʄ
WɃʚQJJʈPEDPɮWYɸSKʜQʦ9LɾW0LrQYj/jRĉɮWʖFʐWPʈFJLʦDEDTXʈFJLD
0ʐWVʈWiFSKɠPEɨQJJʈPWLrXELɺXFʞD{QJ+XƓQK9ĄQ7KʄĀɃʚFĀɮWWURQJFiFF{QJWUuQKWɃʚQJ
OkQ7KɚRFɞPYLrQWɘL6jL*zQWɃʚQJOkQ7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWɃʚQJÑQJ7LrXEj7LrQFKD&k\\
&KjP%LrQ+zDÑQJĀɃʚFQKLɸXQJɃʔLWURQJQJKɸJʈPĀiQKJLiOjFyWjLQĄQJWURQJQJKɾWKXɤWQɦQ
EʐQJ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPQɦQEʐQJĀzLKʆLQJKɾQKkQNKpRWD\\QɦQSK{LJʈPGj\\ĀɸXĀɺNKLQXQJNK{QJEʂ
QʠWQʌ7ɃʚQJWKʔĀɃʚF{QJQɦQYʒLWʬOɾEɨQJQʤDQJɃʔLWKɤWSKkQNK~FSKɁLWURQJEyQJUkPQXQJ

17.3 Page 163

▲back to top
WUɜXWURQJKʈOjPFKR[ɃɁQJJʈPUɦQFKɦF6DXĀyPʒLUiSNK~FVɁQSKɶWYjĀʌFʈW[LPĄQJÑQJ+XƓQK
9ĄQ7KʄTXDĀʔLYjRQJj\\
Ñ1*75ɝ19ă19ɗ1
ÑQJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ%ɚ\\9ɘQVLQKQĄPWɘLWK{QĉɦF3KɃʒF[m7kQ
9ɘQWʌQJ&KiQK0ʮ7KɃʚQJTXɤQ&KkX7KjQKWʀQK%LrQ+zDQD\\WKXʐF
SKɃʔQJ7kQ9ɘQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD*LDĀuQK{QJWʢ%uQKĉʂQKYjRYQJ
ĀɜWQj\\VLQKVʈQJWUɃʒFĀk\\+RjQFɚQKJLDĀuQKNKyNKĄQQĄPWXʌL{QJ
ĀLOjPFKROzOXFʞDQJɃʔL7jXʖ7kQ9ɘQ7KʔLJLDQOjP{QJFKʂXNKyTXDQ
ViWYjKʄFQJKɸOjPJʈPWʢQKʦQJQJɃʔLOjPYLɾFWɘLĀk\\YɸFiFKQɦQ[RD\\
YjĀʈWOzQXQJ
1ĄPNKL+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWKjQKOɤS{QJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ
ĀɃʚFQJɃʔLDQKUXʐW%D7{Q[LQYjROjPWɘLĀk\\&KjQJWKDQKQLrQ%ɚ\\9ɘQ
YʒLWD\\QJKɸWKjQKWKɘRQʌLWLɶQJYɸ[RD\\QKʦQJFKɤXFʘOʒQ6ɚQSKɠP
JʈPWɘL+ʚSWiF[mĀɃʚFOjPUɜWNʮPʎLWKiQJFKʀ[XɜWPʐWOz1KʦQJVɚQ
SKɠPOjPUDFKɃDĀɘW\\rXFɞX[ɜXKɃĀɸXEʂĀɤSEʆ1KʦQJVɚQSKɠPWʈW
TXDWX\\ɺQOʨDPʒLĀHPUDEj\\EiQ9uYɤ\\FKɜWOɃʚQJJʈPWɘLKʚSWiF[m
ĀɰSFKɜWOɃʚQJYjFyX\\WtQ6DXQĄP{QJ%ɚ\\9ɘQĀɃʚFOz7KjQK/ɼʖ
ÑQJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ%ɚ\\9ɘQ %uQK'ɃɁQJUɃʒFTXDOjPYʒLVʨWUɚF{QJKɤXKŜQKEʖLWD\\QJKɸFDRWURQJ
PʐWWKʔLJLDQ6DXĀy{QJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQWUʖYɸ%LrQ+zDWLɶSWʜFOjPQJKɸ
PʖOzJʈPYjRQʤDĀɞXWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʀ;;ÑQJ7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQPɜWQĄPWKʄWXʌL&RQ{QJOj
DQK7UɞQ9ĄQĉɘRQʈLQJKLɾSFKDWLɶSWʜFPʖ[ɃʖQJJʈPWLɶSWʜFQJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJJLDĀuQK
Ñ1*1*8<ɻ19ă1+$,
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊLVLQKQĄPWɘL[yP7kQ*LiPOjQJ1KʠW+zD&ODR3KʈQD\\
WKXʐFSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD.KLKʄF[RQJOʒSEɤFWLɺXKʄFFKjQJWUDLWUɲ+DL%ʊLJLʆL
QJKɸWKʚPʐFEʖLWKHRFKDĀLOjPViQJGɘNKpRWD\\
1ĄP1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DLOjPĀɁQYjRKʄFQJKɸWɘL7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zD+ʄF
ĀɃʚFKDLQĄPYʒLQĄQJNKLɶXQɮQJʈPQrQKLɾXWUɃʖQJ%DOLFNĀɮFFiFKFɜSEɨQJWʈWQJKLɾSKɘQJɃX
&ɤXKʄFVLQKJLʆLQJKɸĀɃʚFKLɾXWUɃʖQJJʤLĀɶQOzOX7UɞQ/kPʖ+yD$QFKʞOzQJɃʔL+RD
TXʈFWʂFK3KiSOjPPʐWWKʔLJLDQ7ɘLĀk\\DQK+DL%ʊLWLɶSWʜFKʄFWɤSNLQKQJKLɾPOjPJʈPQKɜWOj[RD\\

17.4 Page 164

▲back to top
WɘRKuQK6DXĀyDQK+DL%ʊLYɸOjPʖ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
QKDQKFKyQJQʌLWLɶQJOjWKʚ[RD\\JʈPJLʆLYʒLPʐWVʈWKʚNKiFĀɃʚF
WUɚF{QJFDR9ʒLELɾWWjL[RD\\JʈPĀLrXOX\\ɾQDQKĀɃʚFQKLɸXQJɃʔL
ĀɮWELɾWGDQK+DL;RD\\
7KʔLJLDQ[ɚ\\UDFKLɶQWUDQKWʢVDXWKiQJ7iPQĄPʖ%LrQ
+zD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDQJɃQJVɚQ[XɜWÑQJ+DL%ʊLQJKʀ
OjPJKɸWKʚOɤSYɃʔQVLQKVʈQJʖ[m%uQK+zDQD\\WKXʐFKX\\ɾQ9ŜQK
&ʤX1ĄP{QJWKHRQJKɸPʐFWUɃʒFĀyNKLJLDĀuQKPʖ[ɃʖQJ
ʖ%LrQ+zD1ĄP7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDWKLWX\\ɺQ
WKɞ\\Gɘ\\YɸJʈP'QJKʀOjPQJKɸJʈPPʐWWKʔLJLDQQKɃQJ{QJĀm
YɃʚWTXDNƓWKLYʒLYLɾFWKʨFKjQK[RD\\JʈPĀɘWĀLɺPFDRQKɜW7ʢĀy
{QJEɃʒFYjRQJKɸGɘ\\KʄFYɸJʈP7UɃʖQJWKjQKWʢQJɃʔLWKʚJLʆL
{QJWLɶSWʜFKʄFWKrPNLQKQJKLɾPYjWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\WɤQWuQKFK~WUʄQJ
OjPPɢXFKRKʄFVLQKOjPWKHR&iFNʮWKXɤWYɸQɦQUyW[RD\\ĀʈWOz
ĀɃʚFWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DLFKʀGɘ\\YʒLFiFKOjPWKjQKWKɘROjPFKR
KʄFVLQKGɼQɦPEɦWWKʨFKjQK0ʐWVʈVɚQSKɠPWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ
7Kɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊL
%ʊLNKiĀʐFĀiRFKLɶFOX%ɚRĉɘLFDRPĀɃʔQJNtQKWɜFFyQ~P
TXDLFKɘPNKɦFWʀPʀQKʦQJFKLɶFFKɤXWUʊQJFk\\NLɺQJOʒQĀɰSFk\\
WQJĉj/ɘWĀɃʚFQKLɸXQJɃʔLĀɮW
7ʢVDXQĄPWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DLQJKʀGɘ\\ĀɃʚFPʐWVʈFɁVʖOjPJʈPWɘL%LrQ+zDPʔL
FʐQJWiFFɁVʖĉʎ1DPWKɞ\\[RD\\EuQKFDRPFɁVʖJʈP6DLJDFʞD{QJ1J{&{QJĉʠFWKɞ\\[RD\\
ORɘLEuQKP²PWKHR\\rXFɞXFʞDNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjL7Kɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DLFŹQJĀɶQPʐWVʈOzJʈP
ʖ9ŜQK/RQJKɃʒQJGɢQNʮWKXɤW*LʒLOjPJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDW{QYLQKWKɞ\\Oj´9XD[RD\\JʈPµ
Ñ1*/È%ÉĉÉ1*
ÑQJ/r%iĉiQJVLQKQĄPʖYQJĀɜW3KDQ7KLɶWQɁLFyGzQJV{QJ&j7\\FKɚ\\TXD1ĄP
WXʌL{QJKʄF7UɃʔQJ7UXQJKʄF3pWUXV.ëʖ6jL*zQ1ĄPĀɺWKʆDOzQJĀDPPrQJKɾWKXɤW{QJ
YjRKʄFNKRiFʞD7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWTXʈFJLD6jL*zQ6DXNKLWʈWQJKLɾS{QJĀLOjPʖ7UXQJ
WkPNKXɶFKWUɃɁQJWKʞF{QJQJKɾWKXʐF1KD.ʮWKXɤWKʄFYʜ%ʐ*LiRGʜFÑQJFKX\\rQWKLɶWNɶPɢXFiF
VɚQSKɠPWKʞF{QJFKɶWiFWʢOiPk\\WUHJʈPFKRFiFĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀɃʚFSKiLĀLKXɜQQJKɾʖWʀQK%uQK
ĉʂQKĉɮFELɾW{QJJySSKɞQFɚLWLɶQEuQKJʈPPʆQJNK{QJWUiQJPHQWɘRQrQVʨĀʐFĀiRFʞDVɚQ

17.5 Page 165

▲back to top
SKɠPQj\\FiFKĀLɾXEuQKWɘROʎQKʆĀɺQɃʒFWKɜPUDQJRjLEʈF
KɁLOjPPiWQɃʒFErQWURQJYjĀɮFELɾWGQJOɃʚQJR[LWF{EDQ
SKKʚSOrQPɮWQJRjLVɚQSKɠPWUɃʒFNKLQXQJ6ɚQSKɠPFyPjX
[DQKGX\\rQGiQJĀɃʚFJLʒLWKLɾXWULɺQOmP7UXQJWkPKXɜQQJKɾ
WKXK~WNKiFKKjQJ
1ĄP{QJ/r%iĉiQJĀɃʚF7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
PʔLJLɚQJGɘ\\6DXĀy{QJĀLWXQJKLɾSYɸJʈPVʠʖ9LɾQQJKLrQ
FʠXJʈP1DJR\\D1KɤW%ɚQWʢWKiQJĀɶQWKiQJ
ÑQJWɤSWUXQJWLɶSFɤQNLɶQWKʠFYjWKʨFWɶWɘLQJKɸOjPJʈP1KɤW
%ɚQQɦPEɦWQKʦQJEtTX\\ɶWOjPFKRVɚQSKɠPWLQK[ɚRYjFiFK
QkQJFDRJLiWUʂVɚQSKɠPJʈP7UʖYɸQɃʒF{QJ/r%iĉiQJQXQJ
QɜXKɃʒQJSKiWWULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zDWKHRKɃʒQJKLɾQĀɘLQKɃQJ
YɢQJLʦQpWULrQJĀʊQJWKʔLĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXWKʂKLɶXQJɃʔLGQJ
ÑQJ Ām ʠQJ GʜQJ PjX PHQ Wʢ JʈP 1KɤW %ɚQ Yj FiFK WkQ NLɺX
GiQJWɘRKuQKFKRJʈP%LrQ+zD7ɘLWUɃʔQJ{QJFKʞWUɃɁQJ[k\\
WKrPOzQXQJJʈPEɨQJGɞXErQFɘQKFiFOzQXQJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀm
Fy6ɚQSKɠPJʈPOɞQĀɞXWKʨFKLɾQYʒLVʨPRQJPXʈQYjKʊLKʐS
FKʔĀʚLFʞD{QJYjFʐQJVʨ6ɚQSKɠPVDXNKLKRjQWKjQKĀɃʚF
WULɺQOmPQKLɸXQJɃʔLĀyQQKɤQWUʖWKjQKĀʐQJOʨFKɃʒQJSKiW
WULɺQJʈPFiFKWkQFʞD{QJ*ʈPPʮQJKɾKLɾQĀɘLFʞD%LrQ+zD
7Kɞ\\/r%iĉiQJ
WɘRQrQWLɶQJYDQJWUrQWKʂWUɃʔQJYjGXNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjLWuPPXD&ʐQJVʨYjQKʦQJQJɃʔLKʄFQJKɸ
ĀɃʚF{QJFKʀGɘ\\QɦPĀɃʚFFiFKWKʠFWɘRKuQKYjPHQPjXWKHRKɃʒQJPʒLVDXQj\\WUɃʖQJWKjQKPʖ
OzVɚQ[XɜWĀʐFOɤSÑQJ/r%iĉiQJFQJ{QJĉʎ1DPKʚSWiFPʖOzVɚQ[XɜWJʈP'DQD6DXPʐWWKʔL
JLDQPʎLQJɃʔLWiFKUDOjPULrQJ6ɚQSKɠPJʈP'DQD[XɜWKLɾQWUrQWKʂWUɃʔQJPLɸQ1DPWʢWKɤSQLrQ
WKɶNʬ;;7X\\QKLrQGRFɘQKWUDQKWKʂWUɃʔQJPʐWVʈQɁL´QKiLµPɢXPmWʢVɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞD{QJ
FKɜWOɃʚQJWKɜSKɘJLiWKjQKĀmJk\\QrQQKʦQJWiFĀʐQJWLrXFʨFFKRQJKɸJʈPʖSKtD1DP
9ɸNLQKQJKLɾPSKiWWULɺQJʈPWKHRKɃʒQJKLɾQĀɘLVRYʒLJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ{QJ/r%iĉiQJFKR
ELɶWĉɜWVpWOjQJX\\rQOLɾXFKtQKQKɃQJQKʔYjRNKRDKʄFNʮWKXɤWSKiWWULɺQQrQQKʦQJFKɜWSKʜJLD
ĀɃʚFSKDFKɶYʒLWʬOɾSKKʚSĀɃʚF[iFĀʂQKĀɺVɚQSKɠPPʒLWʈWKɁQĉLɸXQj\\ĀzLKʆLQJKLrQFʠXNʮ
FjQJYjNLQKQJKLɾPFʞDQJɃʔLOjPJʈP6RYʒLPjXPHQWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJPjXWUɞPOɦQJtWVɦFWKuPHQY{
FɁWURQJSKiWWULɺQJʈPKLɾQĀɘLOjY{FɁQKLɸXPjXVɦFYjFyQKʦQJPjXOʐQJOɢ\\WɘRVʨĀDGɘQJFʞDVɚQ

17.6 Page 166

▲back to top
SKɠPĉʐQXQJSKKʚSQKLɾWFDRQKɃQJFKtQK[iFVɴOjPPHQEɸQYjEɚRYɾ[ɃɁQJJʈPWʈW9ɸNLɺX
GiQJJʈPFʌWUX\\ɸQWKɃʔQJFyKuQKGiQJFkQĀʈLFKkQSKɃɁQJYjJʈPKLɾQĀɘLFyQKLɸXFiFKWkQ
QKLɸXKuQKGiQJ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPSKɚLĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXWKʂKLɶXFʞDQJɃʔLGQJQJɃʔLWKɃʖQJQJRɘQ
Ñ1*ĉɭ1*&ɟ0+ʉ1*
ÑQJĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJVLQKQĄPʖ/RQJ+ʊWʀQK9ŜQK/RQJ7ʢQKʆ
WURQJKRjQɚQKJLDĀuQKFyQKLɸXNKyNKĄQQKɃQJ{QJYɢQKDPKʄFYj
WKtFKYɴ6DXNKLWʈWQJKLɾSEɤFWLɺXKʄF{QJKʄFWKrPWLɶQJ3KiS1ĄP
{QJWKLĀɤXQKɤQKʄFEʌQJYjR7UɃʔQJ9ɴ*LDĉʂQK7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
WKXɤW*LDĉʂQK.ɶWWK~FQĄPKʄFKʐLKʄDFɁEɚQVLQKYLrQFʞDWUɃʔQJ
ĀɃʚFFKʄQKʄF7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWɘL7Kʞ'ɞX0ʐWQJjQKPʐFVɁQPjL
KRɮF%LrQ+zDQJKɸĀ~FJʈPÑQJĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJFKʄQKʄFQJjQK
JʈPʖ%LrQ+zD
1ĄPWʈWQJKLɾSNKyDKʄFEDQĄP{QJOjPYLɾFʖ+ʚSWiF[m
0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDFʞDWUɃʔQJWKjQKOɤSWʢQĄP7ɘLĀk\\{QJFKʂX
NKyTXDQViWKʄFWɤSFiFNʮWKXɤWNLQKQJKLɾPFʞDQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚJLʆL
YɸNʮWKXɤW[RD\\QɦQNKɦFOʐQJPHQOzWURQJFKɶWiFJʈP7KiQJ
QĄP{QJĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJWUʖWKjQKWKɞ\\Gɘ\\YɴFKR7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zDNKLQKjWUɃʔQJFɞQJLiRYLrQ1KɨPWɘRQrQVʨKʠQJWK~
WURQJJLɚQJGɘ\\YjKʄFWɤSFKRQJɃʔLKʄFWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJWUDRĀʌL
7Kɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJ
YʒLWKɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤXYɸëWɃʖQJPDQJWtQKViQJWɘROXkQSKLrQGɘ\\KʐL
KʄDYjĀLrXNKɦFYʒLFKɃɁQJWUuQKĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJĀʂQKOɃʚQJWKHRWKʔL
JLDQFʜWKɺYjĀɃʚF{QJ%DOLFNKLɾXWUɃʖQJFKRSKpSWKʨFKLɾQ3KɃɁQJSKiSWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\YjOzQJQKLɾW
WkPFʞDKDLWKɞ\\ĀmĀHPOɘLNɶWTXɚNKLKʄFVLQKKʠQJWK~YjQɦPEɦWĀɃʚFNLɶQWKʠFNʮWKXɤWPʐWFiFK
FKɦFFKɦQ
7URQJWKʔLJLDQWʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFFiFNʮVɃ
FKX\\rQJLDJʈPVʠWʢ1KɤW%ɚQ,VKL]XND.DWR.RH0L]XQRKʎWUʚĀɺQkQJFDRFKɜWOɃʚQJJLɚQJGɘ\\
ĀjRWɘR%ʐ4XʈFJLD*LiRGʜF6jL*zQSKkQF{QJWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJOjPYLɾFYʒLĀʈLWiF7KʔLJLDQ
Qj\\WKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJFQJYʒLĀʊQJQJKLɾSWKɞ\\1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1KjQJL~SFKX\\rQJLD1KɤWQɦPYɸ
PHQWDNLɺXGiQJJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDYjFQJWKʨFKLɾQQKLɸXFKX\\ɶQNKɚRViWQKʦQJQɁLOjPJʈPʖ
PLɸQ1DPĉʊQJWKʔLWKɞ\\+ʊQJViQJWiFQKLɸXPɢXJʈPPʒL1ĄPWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJĀɃʚF

17.7 Page 167

▲back to top
FKtQKSKʞ3KiSFɜSKʄFEʌQJĀLFKX\\rQWXJʈPVʠWɘL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ.ʮWKXɤWTXʈFJLD9LHU]RQQɃʒF
3KiS7ɘLĀk\\NKɦFSKʜFQKʦQJUjRFɚQWKɞ\\WɤSWUXQJKʄFYʒLëWKʠFWKʨFKLɾQWUʄQJWUiFKKʄFWɤSYj
ĀHPYɸʠQJGʜQJSKiWWULɺQFKRJʈPVʠQɃʒFQKj+jQKWUDQJFʞDWKɞ\\VDXNKLWʈWQJKLɾSOjNLɶQWKʠF
WtFKOŹ\\TXDKʄFWɤSQKLɸXWjLOLɾXQɦPEɦWQKLɸXNLQKQJKLɾPWLɶSFɤQYʒLNʮWKXɤWKLɾQĀɘLFʞDJʈPVʠ
Wʢ3KiSĀHPYɸ7UʖYɸWUɃʔQJWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJWLɶSWʜFJLɚQJGɘ\\YjSKʜWUiFKSKzQJWKtQJKLɾP
1ĄPWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJFKX\\ɺQĀɶQF{QJWiFWɘLNKRD*ʈPPʒLPʖFʞD7UXQJWkP.ʮWKXɤW3K~
7Kʄʖ6jL*zQWLɸQWKkQ7UɃʔQJĉɘLKʄF.ʮWKXɤW3K~7Kʄ7URQJVX\\QJKŜFʞDWKɞ\\Āk\\OjEɃʒFĀLWɘRFɁ
VʖĀɺKʄFVLQK7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDWKXɤQOʚLFyWKɺKʄFOrQEɤFFDRYɸQJKɸJʈP6DX
Qj\\PʐWVʈKʄFVLQKFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDĀmKʄFWLɶSYɸQJKɸJʈPWɘLNKRD*ʈPQj\\
1ĄPWKɞ\\ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJQJKʀKɃXVLQKVʈQJWɘL7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK9ʒLQKʦQJKLɺXELɶWYɸ
FKɶWiFJʈPYjQɦPEɦWQKʦQJQJXʊQQJX\\rQOLɾXʖWʢQJYQJ{QJĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJĀmWɃYɜQFKRPʐW
VʈĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀɁQYʂSKiWWULɺQQJjQKJʈP
Ñ1*ĉʍ9ă175ɝ0
ÑQJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞP%D7UɞPVLQKQĄPWɘL%ʤX+zDWKXʐF
WʀQK %LrQ +zD [ɃD QD\\ WKXʐF WKjQK SKʈ %LrQ +zD +ʄF KɶW OʒS ED
WUɃʔQJ[m{QJYjRKʄF7UɃʔQJ7LɺXKʄF%LrQ+zDGjQKFKRQDP
1ĄP QJKH WKHR OʔL DQK WUDL ĉʎ 9ĄQ 6kP {QJ [LQ YjR KʄF
7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD/~FEɜ\\JLʔĀʔLVʈQJNKyNKĄQYLɾFKʄFʖ
WUɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJWKXɤQOʚLYuĀɃʚFFɜSKʄFEʌQJ
0ʎLKʄFVLQKSKɚLKRjQWKjQKQĄPKʄFWʢNLɶQWKʠFFɁEɚQĀɶQWKʨF
KjQKPʒLĀɃʚFFɜSFKʠQJFKʀWʈWQJKLɾS
'RKRjQFɚQKJLDĀuQK{QJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞPFKʀKʄFĀɃʚFQĄPYj
VDXĀyWKHRFKkQQJɃʔLDQKĀmWʈWQJKLɾSĀLOjPWKʚFKROzVɚQ[XɜW
JʈP6DXQĄPKʄF{QJĀɃʚFFɜSFKʠQJFKʀYjOjPWKʚJʈP/jPFKR
FKʞ Oz WKHR JLDR NKRiQ PʒL ĀɃʚF OŜQK OɃɁQJ 7KʔL Eɜ\\ JLʔ FKʞ Oz
NKRiQWKʚ[RD\\JʈPPʎLQJj\\FiLW{KD\\FKpQĄQFɁPĀɃʚF
OŜQKF{QJOjĀʊQJ0ʠFNKRiQQj\\ĀzLKʆLWKʚOjPFɤWOʨFVXʈWQJj\\ ÑQJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞP%D7UɞP
.KRɚQJQĄP{QJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞPĀɃʚFWKɞ\\+DL.pRQJɃʔLFQJTXr%ʤX+zDJʄLYɸ7UɃʔQJ0ʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zDOjPSKʜWiÑQJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞPSKʜWUiFKYLɾFFKXɠQYʂQJX\\rQYɤWOLɾXWKDPJLD[RD\\QɦQ
EuQKFKɤXE{QJFKR+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD+ʚSWiF[mQj\\ĀɃʚFWKjQKOɤSQĄPEDQĀɞX

17.8 Page 168

▲back to top
WUʨFWKXʐF7UɃʔQJ7ɘLWUɃʔQJ{QJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞPĀɃʚFTXDQViWYjKʄFKʆLQKLɸXNLQKQJKLɾPWʢFiFQJɃʔL
WKɞ\\JLɚQJGɘ\\WɘLĀk\\%L7ɃʔQJ9LɼQWKɞ\\+XƓQK9ĄQ7KʄWKɞ\\7UɞQ9ĄQɀQJLiRVɃ-RQFKqUHFQJYʒL
QKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚJLʆL1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊL7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ%ɚ\\9ɘQ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6ɚQK6iX6ɚQK
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkP+DL7UkP7KʔLJLDQOjP{QJĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞPFŹQJWʨWuPWzLFKɶWiFPHQViQJWɘR
QKʦQJPɢXJʈPÑQJWKHRĀXʌLQJKɸKɁQQĄPPɃɁLQĄPOjPUDQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPULrQJQKɃQJVDXQj\\
GRĀLɸXNLɾQNLQKWɶĀmEiQGɞQNK{QJFzQOɃXJLʦ9ɸJLj{QJVʈQJWɘL%ʤX+zDYjTXDĀʔLQĄP
Ñ1*1*8<ɻ19ă175Ì
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtVLQKQĄPWɘL%LrQ+zDWURQJJLD
ĀuQKFyWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJOjPJʈPYjĀ~FĀʊQJ*LDĀuQK{QJWUɚLTXD
QKLɸXWKɶKɾOjPJʈP5LrQJ{QJFXʐFĀʔLJɦQOLɸQYʒLQJKɸWUrQ
QĄP1ĄPWXʌL{QJKʄFOjPJʈPʖ7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨF
KjQK%LrQ+zDWLɸQWKkQFʞD7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUt
ĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\ĉDPPrQJKɸYjFyQĄQJNKLɶXQrQ{QJWLɶS
WKXNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈPNKiQKDQKWKjQKWKʜFNʮWKXɤWWʈWQJKLɾS
ORɘLɃXVDXQĄPKʄF6DXNKLUDWUɃʔQJ{QJPʖOzPʖ[ɃʖQJOjP
JʈPJɦQEyYʒLQJKɸ
9ʒLJʈP%LrQ+zD{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtNK{QJFKʀFyQLɸP
VD\\PrPjFzQJʤLJɦPWuQK\\rXFʞDPuQKYjRĀyWURQJTXiWUuQK
FKɶWiFVɚQSKɠP&KʀFyQKʦQJQJɃʔL\\rXQJKɸTXëQJKɸPʒL
FɚPQKɤQQLɸPYXLKɘQKSK~FĀɃʚFNKLWʨWD\\PuQKKRjQWKjQK
VɚQSKɠPVDXNKLWUɚLTXDODRĀʐQJWʀPʀFKĄPFK~W&yWKɺQyL
FXʐFĀʔLFʞD{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtOj´OĄQOʐQµYʒLQJKɸWʢNKLQKʆ
FKRĀɶQOʒQQrQ{QJUɜWQɮQJOzQJYʒLJʈP%LrQ+zD7ʢYʈQNLɶQ
1JKɾQKkQ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Ut
WKʠFKʄFKʆLʖWUɃʔQJYjNLQKQJKLɾPWKʨFWɶ{QJQɦPJLʦQKʦQJ
WULWKʠFWURQJVɚQ[XɜWJʈPViQJWɘRFKɶWiFQKLɸXPɢXPm
0ʐWWKʔLNKLNKʞQJKRɚQJWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDĀʠQJWUɃʒFQKʦQJNKyNKĄQ
OʒQYjG\\rXQJKɸ{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtFŹQJSKɚLQJɃQJVɚQ[XɜWPʐWWKʔLJLDQVDQJ%uQK'ɃɁQJOjP
WKXrFKROz7KjQK/ɼ.KLQJjQKJʈPSKiWWULɺQPʖUʐQJWKHRKɃʒQJVɚQ[XɜWF{QJQJKLɾSQKLɸXOz
JʈPPʖUDOjPJʈP[XɜWNKɠXWKʚJLʆLPDLPʐWYuKjQJWKʞF{QJFɘQKWUDQKNK{QJOɘLJʈPF{QJQJKLɾS
9ʒLNLQKQJKLɾPYjWULWKʠFWʢQJKɸ{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtĀɃʚF%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLPʔLWKDPJLDWKʨFKLɾQ

17.9 Page 169

▲back to top
SKʜFFKɶP{KuQKOzJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃQJEj\\YjRQĄPÑQJFŹQJWKDPJLDViQJWiFWUDQKJʈP
OʒQĀɃʚF%ɚRWjQJWUɃQJEj\\YʒLFKʞĀɸOʂFKVʤYĄQKyDOLrQTXDQĀɶQYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DL'DQK
WɃʒQJ1JX\\ɼQ7UL3KɃɁQJWURQJFXʐFNKiQJFKLɶQFKʈQJ3KiSOɞQWKʠQKɜWWɘL%LrQ+zD/LɾWQʦ1JX\\ɼQ
7Kʂ7ʊQĀiQKWUʈQJNrXRDQFKR%L+ʦX1JKŜD
1KʦQJFKɮQJĀɃʔQJWKĄQJWUɞPFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDĀmOjP{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtFKɘQKOzQJɃXWɃ
+RjLQLɾPYɸPʐWWKʔLKRjQJNLPWUɃʒFĀk\\FʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD{QJWUɚLOzQJ´.K{QJJuGLɼQWɚĀɃʚFVʨ
NKiWNKDRFʞDW{LYjFɚQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQNKiFWkPKX\\ɶWYʒLQJKɸJʈPWURQJYLɾFJLʦJuQKʊQJʈP%LrQ
+zD1KɃQJWʨPʎLQJɃʔLYjFiFKOjPQKʆOɲPDQKP~QWKuNK{QJOjPĀɃʚF&K~QJW{LPRQJPXʈQFy
QKʦQJFKtQKViFKFKXQJUʐQJOʒQKɁQĀɺQJʄQOʤDJʈP%LrQ+zDNK{QJWjQOʜLYjELɶQPɜW7ʢQKʦQJWUɚL
QJKLɾPYʒLQJKɸW{LWKɜ\\FyWKɺFyKɃʒQJĀL0ʐWOjYɢQWLɶSWʜFSKiWWULɺQJʈPF{QJQJKLɾSJʈP[XɜW
NKɠXEɨQJFiFKQkQJFDRWtQKFɘQKWUDQK%rQFɘQKĀyQrQJLʦJuQGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zDWKʞF{QJYuĀk\\
FKtQKOjFiLKʊQFʞDJʈPWK{QJTXDYLɾFFKʄQOʨDĀjRWɘREjLEɚQWʢQKʦQJQJɃʔLQJKɾQKkQQKʦQJ
QJɃʔLWKʚJLʆLĀɺKʄJL~SJLʦOʤDFKRQJKɸWUX\\ɸQĀɘWOɘLFiFKOjPĉiQJEXʊQOjUɜWtWQJɃʔLWUɲWKtFKQJKɸ
JʈP+ʄFOjPJʈPWKɤWVʨUɜWYɜWYɚ&K~QJW{LPɜWQĄPĀɺKʄFWʢQJFiFKQKyPOzFKʄQĀɜWFKʜPFʞL
ĀROʤDFKɶPHQ¬YjSKɚLUɜWNƓF{QJPʒLUDĀɃʚFPʐWVɚQSKɠPɃQJë1KʦQJNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈP[ɃDɜ\\Ām
WKXʐFYɸTXiNKʠ1KLɸXGRDQKQJKLɾSPʔLW{LĀɶQGɘ\\OjPJʈPFKRWKʚQKɃQJKʄWKɤWVʨFKʀOjQKʦQJ
QJɃʔLWKʚFKʠNK{QJSKɚLQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQKʄWKLɶXĀLOzQJVD\\PrYjWʨKjRYʒLQJKɸOjPJʈP1ɶXFy
WKɺSKʜFKʊLQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDW{LQJKŜFyOɴSKɚLEɦWĀɞXEɨQJFKtQKFRQQJɃʔLµ
Ñ1*75ʁ1+9ă11ʕ
ÑQJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖVLQKQĄPWURQJPʐWJLDĀuQKQ{QJGkQWɘLOjQJ7kQ9ɘQWʌQJ&KiQK0ʮ
7KɃʚQJTXɤQ&KkX7KjQKWʀQK%LrQ+RjQD\\OjSKɃʔQJ7kQ9ɘQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL*LD
FɚQKNKyNKĄQQKɃQJ{QJYɢQĀɃʚFJLDĀuQKFKRĀLKʄF1ĄP{QJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖWʈWQJKLɾSWLɺXKʄF
YjWKLYjR7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zDĀɘWKɘQJQKuĀɃʚFQKɤQKʄFEʌQJ1ĄP{QJ7UʂQK
9ĄQ1ʖWʈWQJKLɾSKɘQJɃXEDQĀ~FĀʊQJJLʆLĀLrXNKɦFYjOjPJʈPFŹQJNKi
7KHRĀɸQJKʂFʞDWUɃʔQJ1KD.ŜWKXɤWKʄFYʜ%ʐ*LiRGʜF²ĀʂQKFKR{QJVDQJ3KiSKʄFYɸOzĀLɾQ
YjPHQJʈPQKɃQJ{QJNK{QJWKʨFKLɾQĀɃʚF6DXĀy{QJYjROjPʖ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDĀɺFy
FɁKʐLJL~SĀʘJLDĀuQK1ĄP{QJ7KDQK/ɼʖ7Kʞ'ɞX0ʐWWʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJPʖOzOjPĀ{QYRLJʈP
.LP1JkQ1JKɾQKkQJʈP%LrQ+zD1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtĉʢQJĀɺQJʄQOʤDJʈP%LrQ+zDWjQOʜLYjELɶQPɜWGɢQWKHR

17.10 Page 170

▲back to top
ÑQJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖ%ɚ\\1ʖ
TXD%LrQ+zDWX\\ɺQWKʚJLʆLEɨQJFiFKWUɚF{QJFDRÑQJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖ
FQJQKLɸXWKʚNKiFʖ%LrQ+zDĀɞXTXkQFKR7KDQK/ɼ7ɘLĀk\\{QJ
FKX\\rQNKɦFYɴFiFORɘLEuQKFKɤXKRDOʒQ6DXQj\\{QJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖPʖ
FɁVʖOjPWɃʚQJEɨQJWKɘFKFDRYjWKʨFKLɾQQKLɸXKʚSĀʊQJĀLrXNKɦF
.KRɚQJĀɞXQĄP{QJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖFKX\\ɺQVDQJQJKɸJʈPPʮ
QJKɾ7UrQFɁVʖWɃʚQJWKɘFKFDR&{JiL7KɃʚQJĀɃʚFOjPPɢX
WɃʚQJQj\\FKX\\ɺQVDQJOjPJʈPWKXK~WĀɃʚFNKiFKKjQJÑQJ7UʂQK
9ĄQ1ʖPɘQKGɘQ[k\\Eɚ\\OzQXQJQKɃQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPFKɃDKLɾXTXɚ
6DXĀy{QJKʄFWɤSNLɶQWKʠFYɸOzʖFiFQɁLYjFɚLWLɶQĀɺOjPJʈPYʒLFɁ
Vʖ%ɘFK<ɶQ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞD{QJ7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖFKɶWiFYʒLVʨĀLrX
NKɦFWʀPʀFKʞ\\ɶXOjWɃʚQJ/D+iQ%ʊĀɸĀɘWPD7Kɞ\\WUz7k\\GXNëOɃ
WɃʚQJWʠOLQKPʜFWʤ¬ĀɃʚFEiQʖWKʂWUɃʔQJWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF6DX
Qj\\{QJFKɶWɘRVɚQSKɠP JʈPQXQJUʊLVɁQ[LPɘYjQJPɘEɘFPɘ
ĀʊQJÑQJĀmFyQKʦQJĀyQJJySFKRWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJJʈPPʮQJKɾ
%LrQ+zDWUrQYQJĀɜ%uQK'ɃɁQJ
Ñ1*1*8<ɻ19ă16É8
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXVLQKQĄPʖYQJ*z&iWWKXʐF&
ODR3KʈQD\\OjSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD.KLĀLKʄFWɘL
7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zDEjJLiRVɃ%DOLFNĀʄFWrQ{QJWKHRJLʄQJ
9LɾWQKɃQJNK{QJU}Oj6iX8QrQQKLɸXQJɃʔLOɜ\\WrQQj\\OjPELɾW
GDQK6LQKUDWURQJJLDĀuQKOjPQ{QJQKLɸXNKyNKĄQQrQWKXʖQKʆ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXNK{QJĀɃʚFKʄFWUʄQFiFOʒSYɸYĄQKyDWʒLOʒSWKu
{QJQJKʀÑQJFQJPʐWVʈEɘQʖ&ODR3Kʈ[LQYjRKʄFWUɃʔQJ%i
1JKɾNKRi
7ɘLWUɃʔQJ{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXĀɃʚFQKLɸXWKɞ\\F{Ej%DOLFN
WKɞ\\1KʠWWKɞ\\+DL.pRWKɞ\\1ĄPɀQWKɞ\\7ULQKWKɞ\\0ɃʔL5XʐQJ
Gɘ\\YɴQɦQ[RD\\NKɦFFKɜPPHQYjWKʨFKjQKʖ[ɃʖQJKRɮFTXD
[ɃʖQJFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾO~FEɜ\\JLʔFzQWURQJNKX{QYLrQFʞD
7zDEʈ%LrQ+zDÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXWʈWQJKLɾSYɸQJKɸĀ~FĀʊQJ
QKɃQJFŹQJELɶWOjPJʈP5DWUɃʔQJ{QJYjROjPʖ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮ
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iX6iX8

18 Pages 171-180

▲back to top

18.1 Page 171

▲back to top
QJKɾ1ĄPTXrKɃɁQJ%LrQ+zDWURQJWKʔLNƓNKiQJFKLɶQFKʈQJ3KiS{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXWKDP
JLDFiFKPɘQJOrQ&KLɶQNKXĉʕ&KLɶQNKXĉ{QJFQJYʒLPʐWVʈQJɃʔLWKʚJʈPTXHQELɶWWUɃʒFĀy
ĀɃʚFJLDRPʖOzOjPOXKŹFKpQW{¬ĀɺSKʜFYʜNKiQJFKLɶQ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDOzOjPUDEiQʖFiF
YQJWɘPFKLɶPĀɺORNLQKWɶFKRNKiQJFKLɶQPʐWSKɞQFXQJFɜSFKRFiFFɁTXDQĀɁQYʂEʐĀʐLYjQKkQ
GkQFKLɶQNKX1KʦQJW{FKpQGQJʖFKLɶQNKXĀɃʚFYɴKuQKYLɶWNKɠXKLɾXFʌYŹF{QJFXʐFNKiQJ
FKLɶQ/zVɚQ[XɜWJʈPQj\\FzQVɚQ[XɜWQKLɸXYʆPuQYjOʨXĀɘQJʈPFKRELQKF{QJ[ɃʖQJĀɺFKLɶQĀɜX
QKɃQJVDXĀyQJɃQJYuĀʐViWWKɃɁQJNK{QJPɘQK1ĄPGRVʠFNKʆH{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXYj
QJɃʔLFQJOjPJʈPWURQJFKLɶQNKXĉWUʖYɸ&ODR3KʈVLQKVʈQJ6DXĀy{QJYjROjPWKʚʖ+ʚSWiF[m
0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD.KRɚQJQĄP{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXOjPFKRFiFFKʞOzJʈPFKX\\rQYɴFKɜP
PHQYjWɤQWuQKFKʀGɢQFKRQKʦQJWKʚWUɲQĄPJɦQEyYʒLQJKɸJʈP{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXFKɶWiF
QKLɸXVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾ
Ñ1*ĉ,1+&Ñ1*/$,
ÑQJĉLQK&{QJ/DLVLQKQĄPWɘL%uQK
ĉʂQK1ĄPVDXNKLKʄF[RQJOʒS{QJWKL
YjR %DQ *ʈP FʞD 7UɃʔQJ 7UɃʔQJ 7UXQJ KʄF Nʮ
WKXɤW%LrQ+Rj1ĄP{QJWʈWQJKLɾSĀɃʚF
QKɤQYjROjPʖ&{QJW\\JʈP'RQDFR7KʔLĀLɺP
Qj\\QJKɸWKʞF{QJTXDQWkPSKiWWULɺQʖĉʊQJ
1DLĀɮFELɾWQJKɸJʈPFyTXiWUuQKSKiWWULɺQ
WUɃʒFĀk\\YjQKXFɞX[mKʐLQKLɸXYɸKjQJWLrX
GQJ&{QJW\\'RQDFRFyKɾWKʈQJFʤDKjQJNKi
QKLɸXWLrXWKʜVɚQSKɠPJʈP
7ʢKʄFNLɶQWKʠFNʮWKXɤWWURQJWUɃʔQJOɘL
FK~WUʄQJYɸNʮWKXɤWWD\\QJKɸWURQJNKkX[RD\\
JʈP{QJĉLQK&{QJ/DLĀmQKDQKFKyQJSKiW
KX\\ Vʖ WUɃʔQJ 7ʢ PʎL QJj\\ [RD\\ ʈQJ JʈP
GQJĀʨQJĀŹD{QJWĄQJVʈOɃʚQJOrQʈQJ
PʎLQJj\\7ʢWKʨFWɶOjPQJKɸWɘLF{QJW\\WURQJ
NʮWKXɤW[RD\\GFXʐFVʈQJFzQQKLɸXNKyNKĄQ
QKɃQJWD\\QJKɸFʞD{QJQJj\\FjQJFDR6DXQj\\
7Kɞ\\ĉLQK&{QJ/DL

18.2 Page 172

▲back to top
ĀɺFɚLWKLɾQWKXQKɤS{QJFQJPʐWQJɃʔLEɘQWKʚ[RD\\OjPWKrPFKRPʐWF{QJW\\WɃQKkQWʢQĄP
YjWLɶSWʜFKʄFWɤSQKʦQJNLQKQJKLɾPWURQJQJKɸJʈPWʢQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚFDRWXʌLQɦPQKʦQJEtTX\\ɶW
WURQJNʮWKXɤW1ĄP&{QJW\\FʌSKɞQJʈP'RQDFRFKX\\ɺQĀʌLP{KuQKWKjQKF{QJW\\F{QJWɃKʚS
GRDQKJʈPĉʊQJ1DLDQKEiPWUʜOjPWURQJNKLQKLɸXQJɃʔLFKX\\ɺQF{QJYLɾFĉɺSKiWWULɺQ{QJĉLQK
&{QJ/DLWUDXGʊLOX\\ɾQWKrPWD\\QJKɸĀɺWɘRKuQKFiFPɢXPmĀDGɘQJNKiFQKDXNʮWKXɤWKɁQWURQJFiF
F{QJĀRɘQNʮWKXɤWFiFNKkXGiQJQJɃʔL[RD\\YʂWUtWɃWKɶĀʠQJNʮWKXɤWWKDRWiFWD\\²ĀɮFELɾWTXDQViW
WʢQJKɾQKkQ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊL²EɤFWKɞ\\WURQJ[RD\\JʈP7D\\QJKɸOjPJʈPYjQĄQJVXɜWQJj\\
FjQJFDRWURQJF{QJYLɾF
1ĄP{QJWKDPJLDFKɃɁQJWUuQKĀɘLKʄFPʖWɘL7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLYjVDXĀy
ĀɃʚFPʔLJLɚQJGɘ\\7ʢNLQKQJKLɾPWD\\QJKɸTXDWKʨFWLɼQFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚ{QJĉLQK&{QJ/DLWUɃʖQJ
WKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQWURQJP{LWUɃʔQJPʒLÑQJYʢDJLɚQJGɘ\\YʢDWKʨFKLɾQQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP1ĄP
{QJFKɶWiFFɮSEuQKJʈPOʒQFKRWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLWɮQJ%ɚRWjQJ7{QĉʠF7KɦQJĀk\\YʢDOjQLɸPYLQK
GʨYjFɚVʨWjLWuQKWURQJVɚQSKɠPNKLVɚQSKɠPOjTXjWɮQJFyëQJKŜD%uQKJʈPFDRPWUrQWKkQEuQK
WKɺKLɾQKuQKɚQKKDLYʂOmQKWʜFʞDĀɜWQɃʒFEiF7{QĉʠF7KɦQJYj&KʞWʂFK+ʊ&Kt0LQKUɜWVLQKĀʐQJ
7ʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP{QJĉLQK&{QJ/DLJLʦWUʄQJWUiFKWURQJ.KRD*ʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJĀyQJ
JySQKLɸXF{QJVʠFFKRWUɃʔQJWURQJJLɚQJGɘ\\ĀjRWɘRQKLɸXWKɶKɾKʄFWUz9ɸQJKɸ{QJOX{QGX\\WUu
FKɶWiFQKLɸXPɢXPmWKHRĀɁQĀɮWKjQJ0ʐWVʈWiFSKɠPJʈPFʞD{QJĀmĀɃʚFJLɚLWKɃʖQJWURQJYj
QJRjLQɃʒF9ʒLWD\\QJKɸYɸOjPJʈPĀɮFELɾWNʮWKXɤW[RD\\{QJĉLQK&{QJ/DLĀɃʚFQJɃʔLWURQJQJKɸ
PɾQKGDQKOj´%jQWD\\YjQJµFʞDJʈPĉʊQJ1DL1KʦQJQJɃʔLWURQJJLDĀuQKFʞD{QJWLɶSWʜFQJKɸJʈP
YjWKDPJLDJLɚQJGɘ\\WɘLWUɃʔQJWKɞ\\ĉLQK&{QJ9LɾW.K{LÑQJĉLQK&{QJ/DLFyQKLɸXWkPKX\\ɶWYj
F{QJVʠFWURQJSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPʖQKLɸXFɃɁQJYʂFKʠFWUiFK+LɾQQD\\{QJWLɶSWʜFWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\Yj
TXɚQJEiYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDTXDQKLɸXVʨNLɾQOLrQTXDQĀɶQQJKɸ
Ñ1*+8ƒ1+ĉʟ&7+ɀ
ÑQJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁVLQKUDYjOʒQOrQWUrQYQJĀɜW7kQ9ɘQĉk\\OjOjQJFʌĀɃʚFFɃGkQ9LɾW+RD
ĀɶQNKDLNKɠQNKiVʒPYjKuQKWKjQKQJKɸJʈP7kQ9ɘQ9ʒLWuQK\\rXYjVD\\PrYʒLQJKɸWKʞF{QJĀʐFĀiR
Qj\\NKLWXʌLWKLɶXQLrQ{QJWuPĀɶQFiFOzJʈPWURQJYQJĀɺKʄFQJKɸ+ʄFĀɃʚFEDQĄPYʒLVʨFKĄPFKʀ
YjOzQJQKLɾWKX\\ɶW+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁWUʖWKjQKPʐWWKʚOjQKQJKɸKLɺXELɶWYjWKjQKWKʜFFiFF{QJĀRɘQ
OjPJʈP1ĄP{QJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁĀɃʚFWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLWUDRWɮQJGDQKKLɾX7KʚJLʆLWURQJQJjQK
QJKɸWKʞF{QJ

18.3 Page 173

▲back to top
9ɃʚWTXDQKʦQJWKʔLĀLɺPWKĄQJWUɞP{QJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁJɦQEy
YʒLQJKɸYjKLɾQQD\\{QJTXɚQOëGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈP7KiL9LQKNKXSKʈ
S7kQ9ɘQ7S%LrQ+zD7UɃʒFĀk\\FɁVʖJʈPFʞD{QJFKʀOjPKjQJ
WLrXWKʜWURQJQɃʒF[XɜWNKɠXTXDFiFF{QJW\\WUXQJJLDQQKj[ɃʖQJ
NK{QJĀiSʠQJĀɃʚF\\rXFɞXFʞDNKiFKQɃʒFQJRjL7ʢQĄPNKLGL
GʔLYjR&ʜPF{QJQJKLɾSJʈPVʠ7kQ+ɘQKWS%LrQ+zD{QJĀɞXWɃ
QKj[ɃʖQJPi\\PyFWKLɶWEʂWɘRWKXɤQOʚLFKRYLɾFVɚQ[XɜWKjQJFKɜW
OɃʚQJ
7ʢQJɃʔLWKʚFKRĀɶQTXɚQOëGRDQKQJKLɾS{QJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁ
OX{QVX\\QJKŜQJKLrQFʠXĀɺSKiWWULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zDYʒLQKʦQJEɃʒFĀL
KLɾXTXɚPʖUʐQJWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜYjKɃʒQJĀɶQ[XɜWNKɠXJʈPUD
QɃʒFQJRjL7KHR{QJJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDĀʐFĀiREʖLWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ
ĀɃʚFWɘRGʨQJWUrQFɁVʖNɶWKʢDFiF\\ɶXWʈWʢErQQJRjLYjVʨViQJWɘR
ÑQJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁ
WjLWuQKFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚQJKɾQKkQÑQJFyKRjLEmRVɴWʨPuQKViQJWɘRUD
QKLɸXVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʒLOɘKɜSGɢQQKɃQJYɢQJLʦQpWWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ
JʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLOjVʨWKDQKQKmQJKɾWKXɤWWKɠPPʮYjYĄQKyDĀɃʚFFiFWKɶKɾĀLWUɃʒFWɘR
GʨQJ7ʢQʎOʨFWURQJKɃʒQJSKiWWULɺQJʈP{QJ+XƓQKĉʠF7KɁĀmKLɾQWKʨFKRjLEmRFʞDPuQKYʒLYLɾF
ViQJWɘRQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPJʈPNKiFQKDXYjĀɃʚFWKʂWUɃʔQJWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒFĀyQQKɤQ7UrQFʖVʖ
JʈPFʞDPuQK{QJĀmJySSKɞQWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFKRKjQJWUĄPQJɃʔLWURQJĀyFyQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚJʈP
JLʆLNKɪQJĀʂQKWrQWXʌLWURQJQJKɸ
Ñ1*0$,9ă11+ɀ1
ÑQJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQVLQKQĄPWɘLĉʊQJ1DL7KʔLQLrQWKLɶXDQKĀDPPrKʐLKʄDWURQJJLDĀuQK
FyWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJQJKɾWKXɤW1ĄPNKLKʄF[RQJFɜSFKjQJWKDQKQLrQ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQĀʠQJWUɃʒF
OʨDFKʄQQJjQKKʄFʖQJɃʘQJFʤDĀɘLKʄF7RiQKʄFNLɶQWU~FYjPʮWKXɤWÑQJĀmFKʄQWKLYjRNKRD7RiQ
FʞD7UɃʔQJĉɘLKʄF7ʌQJKʚS73+&01ĄPVDXNKLWʈWQJKLɾSĀɘLKʄF{QJYɸ%LrQ+zDOjPYLɾFWɘL
/LrQKLɾS;XɜWQKɤSNKɠXĉʊQJ1DL/jPYLɾFWURQJEʐPi\\QKjQɃʒF{QJNLQKTXDQKLɸXFKʠFYʜWUrQ
QKLɸXOŜQKYʨF7URQJFKX\\rQP{QQJKɾWKXɤW{QJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQFyQKLɸXWKjQKWtFKYjTXiWUuQKODRĀʐQJ
ViQJWiFWɤQWkPQKLɾWKX\\ɶW
7ʢP{LF{QJWiF{QJFyGʂSĀLĀɶQFiFGRDQKQJKLɾSWURQJQJjQKVɚQ[XɜWJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDÑQJFy
GʂSWuPKLɺXYɸQKʦQJF{QJĀRɘQFKɶWiFJʈPWURQJĀyFyNKkXFKɶWɘRPHQSKDPHQWUiQJPHQJʈP

18.4 Page 174

▲back to top
1JKɸJʈPGDQKWLɶQJFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDQX{L
GɃʘQJWURQJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQWuQK\\rXNƓOɘ/jKʄDVŜ
YʒLVʖWUɃʔQJOjWUDQKVɁQGɞXQKɃQJDQKFyGX\\rQ
NKLViQJWiFWʢFKɜWOLɾXĀɜWNʮWKXɤWSKDFKɶQɃʒF
PHQF{QJSKXWɘRQrQPjXVɦFĀDGɘQJWURQJQJKɸ
JʈP7uQK\\rXYjQpWGX\\rQFʞDJʈPĀmFXʈQK~W
DQK WuP WzL ViQJ WiF GzQJ WUDQK JKpS JʈP PDQJ
ĀɤPGɜXɜQFʞDGLVɚQWLɸQQKkQʖĉʊQJ1DLĉɮF
ELɾW QĄP WiF SKɠP WUDQK JʈP 0RVDLF
JKpS JʈP YjR WUDQK FʞD DQK Yɸ FKkQ GXQJ OmQK
+ʄDVŜ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQ
ĀɘRFiFQɸQNLQKWɶWKjQKYLrQ$3(&WʌFKʠFKʐLQJKʂ
FɜSFDRWɘL9LɾW1DPY{FQJVLQKĀʐQJWLQK
WɶĀɃʚFQKjQɃʒFFKʄQOjPTXjWɮQJOmQKĀɘRFiFTXʈFJLDYQJOmQKWKʌWKDPGʨ
êWɃʖQJYɸViQJWiFWUDQKJKpSJʈPFʞD{QJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQĀɃʚFWKʨFKLɾQWʢQĄPÑQJFQJ
FʐQJVʨWKjQKOɤSPʐWrNtSGj\\F{QJWuPWzLQJKLrQFʠXYjWUɚLTXDQKLɸXNKyNKĄQ7KʔLĀɞXEɦWWD\\YjR
OjPFiLNKyWURQJF{QJĀRɘQFKɶWɘRPHQĀɺOjPWUDQKUɜWNKyÑQJWKXrQJɃʔLĀɶQFiFOzJʈPWuPJRP
JʈPYʜQĀɮWKjQJĀɺOjPPjXPHQFɞQWKLɶWQKɃQJNK{QJFyĀɃʚFJʈPYʒLPjXPHQFKʞĀtFKViQJWiF
9uYɤ\\{QJWUDQKWKʞWKʔLJLDQWLɶQKjQKWKʨFQJKLɾPSKDPHQQKLɸXOɞQVDXQKLɸXWKɜWEɘLQKɃQJFŹQJ
ĀmWuPUDF{QJWKʠFSKKʚS1KLɸXWKiFKWKʠFEXʐF{QJSKɚLYɃʚWNKyNLrQQKɢQ&iFPjXSKɶWOrQJʈP
ĀɸXFyPjX[iPQKɃQJNKLQXQJTXDOʤDVɴFKRUDPjX[DQKĀʆWtPYjQJ7ʢPʐWPjXUD
PjXYjPɜWKɁQQĄPUzQJ{QJPʒLFyPjXNKiFQKDXĀɺVɚQ[XɜWWUDQKJʈP0RVDLF7ʢJʈP
YʒLPjXPHQFKɶWɘR{QJWʀPʀFKʄQOʨDFɦWJʄWWʢQJPɚQKJʈPFyPjXSKKʚSĀɦSOrQWUDQKKRjQ
WKLɾQWiFSKɠPĉʈLYʒL{QJYɴOjPʐWQKXFɞXNK{QJWKɺWKLɶXYjOjPWUDQKJʈPOjWkPKX\\ɶWFɚFXʐFĀʔL
YʒLQLɸPVD\\PrNKyWɚ%LrQ+zDYʈQOjYQJĀɜWFyQJKɸJʈPSKiWWULɺQFyEɸGj\\WUX\\ɸQWKʈQJQrQKʄD
VŜPXʈQĀɃDJʈPYjRWiFSKɠPFʞDPuQKPʐWFiFKWʨQKLrQQKɜWNK{QJFKʀOjPʐWVʨViQJWɘRWURQJPʮ
WKXɤWPjTXDĀyJySSKɞQOɃXJLʦEɚRWʊQYjSKiWKX\\YɸGLVɚQĀʐFĀiRQj\\FʞD%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DL
1ĄPKʄDVŜ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQWKDPJLDWKʨFKLɾQĀRɘQWUDQKJʈPPRVDLFGjLPWKXʐF´&RQĀɃʔQJ
*ʈPVʠYHQV{QJ+ʊQJµF{QJWUuQKĀɃʚFWʌFKʠF*XLQQHVV7KɶJLʒLF{QJQKɤQOjEʠFWUDQKJʈPGjLQKɜW
WKɶJLʒLÑQJĀɃʚF[HPOjQJɃʔLWLrQSKRQJYjViQJWɘRVʤGʜQJQJX\\rQOLɾXJʈPPjXĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀɺ
WɘRQrQQKʦQJEʠFFKkQGXQJFKkQWKʨF&iFWiFSKɠPWUDQKJʈPFʞD{QJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQOjVʨNɶWWLQKWjL
QĄQJWUtWXɾYjVʨNKpROpRWURQJTXiWUuQKPLɾWPjLViQJWɘR7URQJViQJWiFYɸPʮWKXɤWʖFiFORɘLKuQK

18.5 Page 175

▲back to top
WUDQKJKpSJʈPFʞD0DL9ĄQ1KɁQNKiĀʐFĀiRFiLKʊQFiLWKɞQWRiWOrQVLQKĀʐQJWLQKWɶYʒLPjXVɦF
ĀɃʚFFKɦWOʄFFKLWLɶWQKɜWWʢKuQKGiQJNtFKFʘPjXPHQ¬WʢFKɜWOLɾXJʈP7URQJGzQJJʈPFʞD%LrQ
+zD{QJ0DL9ĄQ1KɁQĀmJySSKɞQTXɚQJEiORɘLKuQKWUDQKJʈPĀʐFĀiRYʒLQJKɾWKXɤWWKɶJLʒL
Ñ1*+2­1*1*ʃ&+,ɵ1
+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQVLQKQĄPTXr1JKɾ
$Q1ĄPOrQJLDĀuQKDQKYjRĉʊQJ1DLVLQKVʈQJ
6DX NKL WʈW QJKLɾS 3Kʌ WK{QJ WUXQJ KʄF DQK FKʄQ
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLĀɺKʄF
YʒL QLɸP ĀDP Pr \\rX WKtFK QJKɸ JʈP 1ĄP
VDXNKLWʈWQJKLɾSDQKOjPYLɾFʖQKLɸXFɁVʖJʈPĀɺ
KʄFKʆLWKrPNLQKQJKLɾPYʒLPRQJPXʈQVDXQj\\
PʖPʐWFɁVʖFKX\\rQVɚQ[XɜWJʈPWUDQJWUt1ĄP
ɃʒFPɁFʞDDQKWUʖWKjQKKLɾQWKʨFYʒLQLɸP
ĀDP Pr WkP KX\\ɶW WKjQK OɤS FɁ Vʖ VɚQ [XɜW JʈP
+LɶQ1DPWɘLSKɃʔQJ+yD$QWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
ĉɃʚFĀjRWɘRFKtQKTX\\FyNLQKQJKLɾPVDX
1JKɾQKkQ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQ
QKLɸXQĄPPLɾWPjLWtFKOŹ\\WKʨFKjQK+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQYʢDTXɚQOëYʢDFKɶWiFVɚQSKɠPJʈPYʒLFʐQJ
VʨWKʚWɘL[ɃʖQJ1JKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJEɃʒFWKĄQJWUɞPĀɮFELɾWWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜ+RjQJ
1JʄF+LɶQYʢDORViQJWɘRQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾĀɮFVɦFYʢDFKʞĀʐQJWuPNLɶPWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrX
WKʜĀɺGX\\WUuVɚQ[XɜWĀʊQJWKʔLFŹQJOjQLɸPĀDPPrWʢOkX1ĄP+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQĀɃʚFWʀQK
ĉʊQJ1DLWUDRWɮQJGDQKKLɾX1JKɾQKkQ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮWKXɤWGRFɁVʖ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQVɚQ[XɜW
WKHRWUɃʔQJSKiLFʌĀLɺQYjKLɾQĀɘL9ʒLWUɃʔQJSKiLFʌĀLɺQDQKWɤSWUXQJSKʜFKʊLYjSKiWWULɺQFiF
VɚQSKɠPJʈPWɃʚQJWUDQKSKĀLrXKRDYĄQ9ʒLWUɃʔQJSKiLKLɾQĀɘLDQKQJKLrQFʠXViQJWɘRUDFiF
VɚQSKɠPJʈPFDRFɜSĀDQ[HQJLʦDQpWWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJYjKLɾQĀɘLĀɺTXɚQJEiYjNLQKGRDQK7ʢNKLWKjQK
OɤSFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWYjFKX\\ɺQWKjQKF{QJW\\VɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDDQKQKɤQĀɃʚFUɜWQKLɸXĀɁQĀɮWKjQJ
WURQJĀyFyPʐWVʈQɃʒFWURQJNKXYʨFYjWKɶJLʒL
1KʔGj\\GɮQNLQKQJKLɾPYjX\\WtQWURQJQJKɸ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQĀɃʚFFɁTXDQFKʠFQĄQJFKʄQWKL
F{QJSKʜFFKɶQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPWɘLFiFGLWtFKOʂFKVʤWUrQĀʂDEjQWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ
3Kʈ7KɜWSKʞFʌPLɶXĀuQK7kQ/kQĀɸQWKʔ7UɞQ7KɃʚQJ;X\\rQĀuQK%uQK.tQK¬7KHR+RjQJ1JʄF

18.6 Page 176

▲back to top
+LɶQ´7{LFKʄQQJKɸYu\\rXWKtFKYjĀDPPrQrQGʊQWkPVʠFYjRFKɶWiFVɚQSKɠPJʈPYʒLPRQJPXʈQ
JySSKɞQWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\FʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDPʐWWKʔLGDQKWLɶQJ0ʐWVʈWiFSKɠPJʈPW{LSKɚLPɜW
QKLɸXWKʔLJLDQQJKLrQFʠXViQJWɘRPʒLKuQKWKjQKYjWUʖWKjQKKjQJ´ĀʐFµĀɃʚFQKʦQJQJɃʔLPrJʈP
ĀiQKJLiFDRYɸJLiWUʂQJKɾWKXɤW7{LFŹQJOɃXJLʦPʐWVʈWiFSKɠPJʈPĀɮFVɦFOjPNʬQLɾPYjWULɺQOmP
WɘLFɁVʖµ7ɘLFɁVʖ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQWX\\ɺQGʜQJYjĀjRWɘRWKrPFiFWKʚJʈPQKɨPGX\\WUuWUX\\ɸQWuQK
\\rXYɸQJKɸJʈPFKRFiFEɘQWUɲSKiWWULɺQOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJOkXĀʔLʖ%LrQ+zD
1KʦQJ[mYLrQ+ʚSWiF[mPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
1ĄP+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%ɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFWKjQKOɤS7rQ
Āɞ\\ĀʞFʞD+ʚSWiF[mQj\\Oj+ʚSWiF[mWKʞF{QJFʞDWKʚJʈPYjWKʚĀ~FĀʊQJ/D6RFLpWHFRRSpUDWLYH
DUWLVDQDOHGHVSRWLHUVHWIRQGHXUVJʄLWɦWOj+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD1KʦQJQJɃʔLWKDPJLDYjOjP
YLɾFWɘLĀk\\OjKʄFVLQKWʈWQJKLɾSFʞDWUɃʔQJVDXPʐWQĄPĀɃʚFF{QJQKɤQOjWKʚĉʊQJWKʔL+ʚSWiF[m
WKXQKɤQQKʦQJQJKɾQKkQFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJJʈPĀʊQJʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJKD\\JLiRYLrQJLɚQJGɘ\\+LɾX
WUɃʖQJWUɃʔQJOj{QJ5REHUW%DOLFNYjYʚ0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQTXɚQOëWURQJJLDLĀRɘQĀɞX
7URQJEʈLFɚQKFʞDWKʔLNƓFKLɶQWUDQKJLʦDWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;KRɘWĀʐQJFʞD+ʚSWiF[mEʂJLiQĀRɘQ
WʢQĄPĀɶQQĄP1ĄP+ʚSWiF[mWiFKUDKRɘWĀʐQJĀʐFOɤS&KʞQKLɾP+ʚSWiF[m
QJɃʔL9LɾWĀɞXWLrQOj{QJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6ɚQKWLɶSWKHROj1JX\\ɼQ7UtĉʊQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkP7ʢ7KLrP
3K~F1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iXĉjR9ĄQ/ɃɁQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ/ɞX+ʚSWiF[mKRɘWĀʐQJĀɶQQĄPWKuJLɚL
WKɺ7URQJTXiWUuQKWKjQKOɤSYjSKiWWULɺQ+ʚSWiF[mOjFiLQ{LWKXQKɤQYjWUɃʖQJWKjQKFʞDQKLɸX
QJɃʔLWKʚJʈPYjĀ~FĀʊQJ1KLɸXQJKɾQKkQWKʚJLʆLWʢKʚSWiF[mĀmSKiWWULɺQQJKɸVDXQj\\ʖĀʂD
SKɃɁQJKRɮFWʆDĀLFiFYQJNKiFNKʖLQJKLɾS+ʚSWiF[mJʊPQKʦQJ[mYLrQFʞD%DQ*ʈPĉ~FĀʊQJYj
%DQĉi&K~QJW{LQrXGDQKViFK[mYLrQFiFEDQQJKɸFʞD+ʚSWiF[mQKɨPFXQJFɜSFKRĀʐFJLɚQJXʊQ
WɃOLɾXOLrQTXDQWURQJĀyFyQKʦQJQJɃʔLOjPJʈP6ʈ[mYLrQWʢ%DQĉ~FĀʊQJEDQĉiFKX\\ɺQTXDOjP
JʈPFŹQJNKiQKLɸXGRFyQĄQJOʨFYɸWɘRKuQK7ɃOLɾXQj\\FKɦFFKɦQFKɃDĀɞ\\ĀʞVRQJVɴJySSKɞQJKL
QKɤQVʨĀyQJJySFʞDFiF[mYLrQKRɘWĀʐQJWURQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJFyQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD0ʐWVʈ[mYLrQ
FKʀELɶWWrQWrQWKɃʔQJJʄLNK{QJWUX\\WɞPĀɃʚFKʄWrQOyWĀɾP1KʦQJQJɃʔLFyFK~WKrPGɜXKRDWKʂ
ĀɃʚFKʚSWiF[mPʔLGɘ\\

18.7 Page 177

▲back to top
;mYLrQ%$1*ʇ0
EDQĀɞXGREj0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQĀLɸXKjQK
1JX\\ɼQ7UtĉʊQJ1ĄPĉʊQJ
/r9ĄQ7KXɶ1ĄP7KXɶ
7UɞQ9ĄQ9ɘQ%ɚ\\9ɘQ
ĉʎ9ĄQ7UɞP%D7UɞP
3KDQ9ĄQ7uQK1ĄP7uQK
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1JKŜD0ɃʔL1JKŜD
3KɘP9ĄQĉɦF+DLĉɦF
7UɞQ9ĄQ1J{7Ƀ1J{
3KɘP9ĄQ6iQJ+DL6iQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1KjQ+DL1KjQ
+XƓQK9ĄQ7Kʄ%D7Kʄ
7UɞQ9ĄQ7k\\%ɚ\\7k\\
/r9ĄQ&KkX6iX&KkX
9}9ĄQ*LiR%D*LiR
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ*ɞQ%D*ɞQ
+XƓQK9ĄQ7KɘFKWKʞ7KɘFK
+XƓQK9ĄQ0LrQJ+DL0LrQJ
7UɞQ9ĄQ+ɘQK%D+ɘQK
ĉɮQJ1KʨW7KĄQJ1ĄP7KĄQJ
7UɞQ9ĄQ+ʐL
/r9ĄQ1~L
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ.ʬ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ9jQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ$QK
7KiL9ĄQ&ʠ%D&ʠ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6ɚQK6iX6ɚQK
+XƓQK9ĄQ7Kj1ĄP7Kj
7UɃɁQJ7ʠ4Xt7ʠ4Xt
/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ;ɘ%D;ɘ
7UɞQ9ĄQ7ɃɁL7Ƀ7ɃɁL
3KɘP9ĄQĉD1ĄPĉD
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iX6iX8
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1LQK6iX1LQK
ĉjR9ĄQ+LɶQ%D+LɶQ
9}1JʄF+ɚR
&KkX9ĄQ'kQ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkP+DL7UkP
1JX\\ɼQ7Ut'ɘQJ7Ƀ'ɘQJ
1J{9ĄQ.LrQ
1J{9ĄQ.LɶQ
9}7KjQK1J{Q%D1J{Q
7UɞQ9ĄQĉLɺX
7KiL9ĄQĉʨF
7UɞQ9ĄQ7Ƀ7Ƀ0D
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+ɚR
/r9ĄQ&DR
/r9ĄQ1KʨW
ĉʎ9ĄQ%ɚ\\%ɚ\\ĉʎ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ/jR0ɃʔL/jR
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ9ĄQ6iX9ɨQ
3KɘP7UXQJ/LɾW%D/LɾW
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ%ɸ1ĄP%ɸ
'ɃɁQJ%iĉɃɁQJ
7ʢ7KLɾQ3K~F
7ɘ9ĄQĉyL1ĄPĉyL
7{9ĄQ%ʀ1ĄP%ʀ
ĉɮQJ&ɠP+ʊQJ1ĄP+ʊQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ+DL7K{QJ
7UɃɁQJ9ĄQ&Kʀ%D&Kʀ
+XƓQKĉʠF&KiQK7Ƀ5ɁL

18.8 Page 178

▲back to top
%D7ʤQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&KɪQJ%D&KɪQJ
3KDQ9ĄQ+DL+DL3KDQ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6LrP+DL6LrP
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL&zP
3KDQ9ĄQ7LɶQ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6DQJ%D6DQJ
%D1J{
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+DL+DL%ʊL
3KɘP9ĄQ1Jj%D1Jj
3KɘP9ĄQ1JʄF+DL1JʄF
3KɘP9ĄQ7yF+DL7yF
3KɘP9ĄQ&ʤ1ĄP&ʤ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6iQJ%D6iQJ
7UɞQ7ɜQ6DQK%D6DQK
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ;ɃD%D;ɃD
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ/DL
/r9ĄQ1KkQ%D1KkQ
1ĄP1KɁQ
ĉɮQJ9ĄQ%ɘFK
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ0ʢQJ
9}9ĄQ/LɼX
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7iP7iP&KqR
.LɾW
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ;X\\ɶQ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQĉɃʔQJ7ɃĉɃʔQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&KLrP+DL&KLrP
/r9ĄQ/ɼ6iX/ɼ
9}9ĄQĉRQ%ɚ\\ĉRQ
9}9ĄQ%{QJ%ɚ\\%{QJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&zQ
9}9ĄQ2Q
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Ƀ
ĉɃʚF
;mYLrQ%$1ĉÓ&ĉʉ1*
EDQĀɞXGR{QJ5REHUW%DOLFNĀLɸXKjQK
ĉjR9ĄQ/ɃɁQJ7Ƀ/ɃɁQJ
/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ+XD
+XƓQK4XDQJ/ʚL
1JX\\ɼQ7Ut%ɘFK6iX%ɘFK
+XƓQK4XDQJ7KɃʔQJ7Ƀ7KɃʔQJ
/t9ĄQ7KɚR7iP7KɚR
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQĉLQK%ɚ\\ĉLQK
ĉRjQ9ĄQ7KɜP%D7KɜP
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&Kj
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ0X{Q1ĄP0X{Q
8QJ9ĄQ1DP%D1DP
/r9ĄQ/r+DL/r
1JX\\ɼQ7ɜQ7U~F
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQĉʔL
7UɞQ9ĄQ.ʀ0ɃʔL.ʀ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ0ɘQK
9}9ĄQ&DQJ0ʐW&DQJ
+XƓQK9ĄQ&K{P1ĄP&K{P
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Kɶ%ɚ\\7Kɶ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6DQK
1JX\\ɼQ1JʄF%tFK%D%tFK
ĉjR9ĄQ7Ƀ7ɃĉjR
/r9ĄQ/jL1ĄP/jL
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ5ĄQ+DL5ĄQ
9}9ĄQ+RjQ7Ƀ+RjQ

18.9 Page 179

▲back to top
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+XɸFɚ+Xɸ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ/ɦP%D/ɦP
7UɞQ9ĄQ1ĄP1ĄP4Xq
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1JKL1ĄP1JKL
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7kP1ĄP7kP
+DL+j
+DL4XʖQ
7Ƀ;r
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Ut7Ut$
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Ut7Ut%
0DL9ĄQ7Ut7Ut0DL
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ'ɃɁQJ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ3KRQJ
+XƓQK/RQJ4XɚQ
7UʂQK9ĄQ1ʖ%ɚ\\1ʖÓW1ʖ
ĉʎ9ĄQ7ʠF
+XƓQK9ĄQ&KkX1ĄP&KkX
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&DL1ĄP&DL
+XƓQK1KɤW.t
7UɞQ9ĄQ6
/kP9ĄQ7KDQK
;RiL
0ɃʔL/r
%D+LɸQ
0ɃʔL4XʒL
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Ƀ7Ƀ/z
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ1LɾP%D1LɾP
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ&KɜS
;mYLrQ%$1ĉÉ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ<ɶQ
7UɞQ9ĄQ+ʐ
1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ+ɚL7Ƀ+ɚL
ĉɮQJ9ĄQ7ʠQJ
9}ĉĄQJ.KRD%ɚ\\.KRD
7Ƀ/mL
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ6ɚQK
6iX6ɚQK
ÑQJĉɮQJ1KʨW7KĄQJ
ÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UkP
ÑQJ7UɃɁQJ.K{Q6ɁQ
+DL7UkP
QJɃʔLNɶQJKLɾS{QJ7UɃɁQJ7~1KɁQ
FDLTXɚQFɚKDLOzJʈP7~+LɾS3KiWYj
WʢWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;WUʖĀL

18.10 Page 180

▲back to top
1KʦQJKʄDVŜViQJWɘRQJKɾWKXɤWWʢFKɜWOLɾXJʈP
7URQJGzQJFKɚ\\FʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDPʐWVʈQJɃʔLĀɃʚFĀjRWɘRPʮWKXɤWĀmViQJWiFQKʦQJWiF
SKɠPWUrQFKɜWOLɾXJʈP%LrQ+zD1KʦQJWiFSKɠPPDQJGɜXɜQFʞDFiQKkQĀɘWĀɃʚFQKʦQJJLɚL
WKɃʖQJYjJySSKɞQFKRJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFTXɚQJEiWUrQOŜQKYʨFQJKɾWKXɤWĉjR7ɜQ+ɃQJ0DL9ĄQ
1KɁQ3KɘP&{QJ+RjQJ1JX\\ɼQ4XDQJ+RjQJ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQ1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ.LP+RD¬1KyPWiF
JLɚJLʒLWKLɾXFKkQGXQJYjPʐWVʈWiFSKɠP
1KjĀLrXNKɦF
3KɘP&{QJ+RjQJ
1JXʊQVʈQJ*zĀʊQJJʈP
FʞD3KɘP&{QJ+RjQJ

19 Pages 181-190

▲back to top

19.1 Page 181

▲back to top
&kXFKX\\ɾQÇX/ɘF*zĀʊQJJʈP
FʞD3KɘP&{QJ+RjQJ

19.2 Page 182

▲back to top
1JKɾQKkQ+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQSKʜFFKɶWɃʚQJJʈP
&iKyDORQJWɘLGLWtFK4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ
7iFSKɠPJʈP5ʢQJYX{QJ
+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQ
7iFSKɠPJʈPSKʜFFKɶ4XDQ7KiQK
+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQ
7iFSKɠPJʈP3KʈPDGʂFK
+RjQJ1JʄF+LɶQ

19.3 Page 183

▲back to top
7UDQKJʈPFKkQGXQJ&KʞWʂFK+ʊ&Kt0LQK
FʞD0DL9ĄQ1KɁQ
7UDQKJʈP7KLWɃʒQJ+XƓQK9ĄQ1JKɾ
FʞD0DL9ĄQ1KɁQ
7UDQKJʈP
ĉ{LPɦW
FʞD
0DL9ĄQ1KɁQ

19.4 Page 184

▲back to top
+ʄDVŜĉjR7ɜQ+ɃQJYjWUDQKJʈP
&KkQGXQJ$QKKQJ/ʨFOɃʚQJ9Ź7UDQJQKkQGkQ/r%iɂʒF
7UDQKJʈP0ɰ
FʞDĉjR7ɜQ+ɃQJ
7UDQKJʈP&ɞX*KɸQKKRjQJK{Q
FʞDĉjR7ɜQ+ɃQJ
7UDQKJʈP7ɞPFDR
FʞDĉjR7ɜQ+ɃQJ

19.5 Page 185

▲back to top
7UDQKJʈPĀʐULFKWHUFʞD1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ.LP+RD
7UDQKJʈPĉjQFiYjHPFʞD1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ.LP+RD 7UDQKJʈP(PYjUʢQJFʞD1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ.LP+RD

19.6 Page 186

▲back to top

19.7 Page 187

▲back to top

19.8 Page 188

▲back to top
'ɢQOXɤQ
+LɾQQD\\WUrQĀʂDEjQĉʊQJ1DLFyQKLɸXWKLɶWFKɶWtQQJɃʘQJW{QJLiRPLɶXĀuQKFKD¬VʤGʜQJ
VɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDWURQJWUDQJWUtPʮWKXɤW0ʐWVʈF{QJWUuQKVʤGʜQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPNɶWKʚSYʒLFiF
FKɜWOLɾXNKiFWURQJ[k\\GʨQJYʢDFyYDLWUzWURQJFɜXNLɾQFKXQJFʞDNLɶQWU~FYʢDPDQJWtQKQJKɾWKXɤW
WKɠPPʮ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPWʢFiFF{QJWUuQKQj\\[XɜW[ʠWʢQKLɸXQJXʊQEDQĀɞXWKɃʔQJVʤGʜQJJʈP%LrQ
+zDVDXQj\\ĀɃʚFEʌVXQJWʢFiFVɚQSKɠPJʈPYQJOkQFɤQJʈP&k\\0DL6jL*zQ1KʦQJVɚQSKɠP
JʈPNKiĀDGɘQJĀʊiQKRDYĄQKʄDWLɶWSKĀLrXWɃʚQJWKʔYɤWGʜQJWUDQKWUDQJWUt0ʐWVʈF{QJWUuQK
NLɶQWU~FYʢDFyJLiWUʂOʂFKVʤOLrQTXDQĀɶQVʨNLɾQTXDQWUʄQJFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJYjQJKɾWKXɤWĀɃʚF[ɶS
KɘQJGLWtFKOʂFKVʤYĄQKyD1KjKʐL%uQK7UɃʒF4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3KʈĉjL.ʬQLɾPĉjL&KLɶQVŜWUɤQ
YRQJĀuQK7kQ/kQ7KɜWSKʞFʌPLɶXFKDÑQJPLɶX7ʌVɃQJKɸĀi%ʤX/RQJ&{QJWUuQK9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ
%LrQ¬
0ʐWWURQJQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWURQJWKLɶWFKɶWtQQJɃʘQJGkQJLDQPLɶX
ĀuQKFKDʖĉʊQJ1DLGɼQKɤQWKɜ\\PDQJWtQKELɺXWUɃQJOjQKʦQJWɃʚQJYɤWWURQJWʠOLQK/RQJOkQTX\\
SKʜQJ6ɚQSKɠPEɨQJJʈPĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtWUrQPiLNLɶQWU~FEDRJʊP/ɃʘQJORQJWULɸXQKʨWKDLUʊQJ
FKɞXPɮWWUʔL/ɃʘQJORQJWULɸXQJX\\ɾWKDLUʊQJFKɞXPɮWWUĄQJ/ɃʘQJORQJWULɸXSKiSKDLUʊQJFKɞXKʊ
O{EuQK/ëQJɃKyDORQJFiFKpSKyDUʊQJ¬1KʦQJELɺXWɃʚQJYɤWOLQK´OɃʘQJORQJµĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWUrQ
EʔQyFFDRQKɜWFʞDFKiQKĀLɾQ´OëQJɃµWUrQEʔJyFSKɞQNLɶQWU~FPiL7ɃʚQJOkQEɨQJJʈPĀɃʚFEʈWUt
ĀʈL[ʠQJWUɃʒFVkQFʤDKRɮFFʐWFKtQKF{QJWUuQK0ʐWVʈWiFSKɠPJʈPPDQJWtQKQJKɾWKXɤWĀɃʚFVʤ
GʜQJYʒLQKʦQJFKʠFQĄQJNKiFQKDXJʈPFKʦGDQK[ɃQJF{QJWUuQKFkXĀʈLSKĀLrXĀʊiQWUDQJWUt
7UrQĀʂDEjQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDEDF{QJWUuQKPDQJGɜXɜQVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɮFWUɃQJFʞD%LrQ+zD
JʊP1KjKʐL%uQK7UɃʒFSKɃʔQJ7KDQK%uQK4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3KʈSKɃʔQJ7KDQK%uQKĉjL.ʬ
QLɾPĉjL&KLɶQVŜWUɤQYRQJSKɃʔQJ7UXQJ'ŹQJ¬ĉk\\OjEDGLWtFKOʂFKVʤYĄQKyDĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJGL
WtFKTXʈFJLD1JRjLUDPʐWVʈWiFSKɠPJʈPĀʐFOɤSĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWUDQJWUtPDQJWtQKELɺXWUɃQJWURQJ
SKɘPYLFʞDNLɶQWU~F1Kj7KLɶXQKLWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLWUɃʒFOjGLQKWʀQKWUɃʖQJWKʔL3KiSPʐWVʈVɚQSKɠP
JʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFFKROjWUDQJWUtʖFʌQJFʞDFKʚ%ɶQ7KjQKʖ7KɃYLɾQTXʈFJLDWɘL7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt
0LQKTXɤQ,7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK¬
0ʐWVʈFɁVʖWtQQJɃʘQJĀuQK7kQ/kQSKɃʔQJ+zD%uQK7KɜWSKʞFʌPLɶXFKDÑQJʖ&ODR3Kʈ
SKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDPLɶX7ʌVɃ7KLrQKɤXFʌPLɶXSKɃʔQJ%ʤX/RQJFyQKʦQJSKĀLrXWLɺXWɃʚQJ
WUDQJWUtWUrQPiLGRQKʦQJOzJʈPʖ&k\\0DL&Kʚ/ʒQFʞD6jL*zQWUɃʒFĀk\\WɘRWiFĉʊQJ+zD%ʤX
1JX\\rQ&iFF{QJWUuQKQj\\ĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJGLWtFKOʂFKVʤWURQJFiFĀʚWWUQJWXYɸVDXPʐWVʈWLɺXWɃʚQJ
JʈPĀɃʚFQJKɾQKkQJʈP%LrQ+zDWɘRWiFĀɺKRjQFKʀQKWKD\\WKɶ
1JX\\ɼQ+ʦX/ʐF´0LQKYĄQWUrQFiFTXɞQWKɺWLɺXWɃʚQJJʈP6jL*zQµ1DP%ʐĀɜWYjQJɃʔLWɤS1[EĉɘLKʄFTXʈFJLD7KjQK
SKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKWU

19.9 Page 189

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈGLWtFKWLrXELɺX
'LWtFKQKjKʐL%uQK7UɃʒF
'LWtFK1Kj+ʐL%uQK7UɃʒFQɨPErQSKɚLWUʜFĀɃʔQJWKiQJ7ɃSKɃʔQJ7KDQK%uQKWKjQKSKʈ
%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLWtQKWʢKɃʒQJ%QJELQK%LrQ+QJ'LWtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLDWKHR
TX\\ɶWĀʂQKVʈ4ĉQJj\\ĉk\\OjFɁVʖOjPYLɾFKɃɁQJFKʠFKʐLWɸFʞD[m%uQK7UɃʒFĀɁQ
YʂKjQKFKiQKWLɸQWKkQFʞDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDGRYLrQWʀQKWUɃʖQJ%ROHQQJɃʔL3KiSFKʞWUɃɁQJ[k\\
GʨQJQĄP7URQJF{QJWUuQKQj\\FyQKLɸXPɚQJWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQJʈPFʞDQKLɸXQJɃʔLWKʚQJKɾ
QKkQWjLKRD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKʨFKjQK%LrQ+zD'LWtFKJɦQOLɸQYʒLPʐWVʈVʨNLɾQOLrQTXDQĀɶQSKRQJ
WUjRĀɜXWUDQKFiFKPɘQJWKjQKOɤS7ʀQKʞ\\%LrQ+zDQJj\\

19.10 Page 190

▲back to top
1KʦQJPɚQJKRDYĄQJʈPWUDQJWUtWUrQPiLĀɞXĀDR1KjKʐL%uQK7UɃʒF

20 Pages 191-200

▲back to top

20.1 Page 191

▲back to top
3KĀLrXWUDQJWUtFKɜWOLɾXJʈPWɘLPɮWWLɸQ1KjKʐL%uQK7UɃʒF

20.2 Page 192

▲back to top
'LWtFK4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ
4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ%QJELQK6{QJ3Kʈ
ʖJLDROʐĀɃʔQJWKiQJ7ɃYjĀɃʔQJ&iFKPɘQJ
7KiQJ7iPSKɃʔQJ7KDQK%uQK%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ
1DL'LWtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLD6ʈ4ĉ
QJj\\7URQJEʊQQɃʒFSKtDGɃʒLWUʜĀʘ
EɾOjWiFSKɠPJʈPKuQKQJɃORQJFiKyDUʊQJ
PjX[DQKGʨQJGiQJYʔQQɃʒF*LʦD FiFFRQFiOj
SK ĀLrX JʈPOi Āɸ YʒL KʄD WLɶW VyQJ QɃʒF %ɾ ĀjL
SKtDWUrQWUDQJWUtFiFPɚQJJʈPUʔLJpRKuQKYzQJ
WUzQ7RjQFɚQKYʒLOʈLEʈWUtNLɶQWU~FJLʦDJLDROʐWɘR
WKrPYɲPʮTXDQFʞD NKXYʨF4XɚQJWUɃʔQJErQ
FɘQKFiFNLɶQWU~FF{QJVʖW{QJLiR'LWtFKJɦQYʒL
QKʦQJ Vʨ NLɾQ OʂFK Vʤ WUʄQJ ĀɘL WURQJ &iFK PɘQJ
7KiQJ7iPʖ%LrQ+zD
4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3KʈəQK3KɘP7QJ

20.3 Page 193

▲back to top
3KiFWKɚRP{KuQK&iKyDORQJ
FʞDWKɞ\\/r9ĄQ0ɤXĀɮWWɘL4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ
ĀɘWJLɚL1KɜWFXʐFWKLWKLɶWNɶ
+RDYĄQJʈPSKtDWUrQĀjLSKXQQɃʒF
FʞDGLWtFK4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ
&ʜPWɃʚQJJʈPFRQFiYjFiFKʄDWLɶWPɚQJWUDQJWUtSKĀLrXJʈP

20.4 Page 194

▲back to top
'LWtFKĉjL&KLɶQVŜ
'LWtFKĉjL&KLɶQVŜĉjL.ʬQLɾPWʄDOɘFWUrQYQJĀɜWKuQKWDPJLiFNKXYʨFFKLDJLDROʐ
1JX\\ɼQÉL4XʈFYjĀɃʔQJWKiQJ7ɃSKɃʔQJ7UXQJ'ŹQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL'L
WtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLDWKHRTX\\ɶWĀʂQKVʈ9+4ĉQJj\\ĉk\\OjNKRɚQJ
NK{QJJLDQWKRiQJUʐQJFySKɞQNLɶQWU~FW{QFDRWUrQEɾĀjL&{QJWUuQKĀɃʚFFKtQKTX\\ɸQWKʨFGkQ
3KiS[k\\GʨQJQĄPYʒLWrQJʄL´ĉjL.ʬQLɾPQJɃʔL9LɾWWUɤQYRQJµ
/ʈLNLɶQWU~FFʞDĀjLP{SKʆQJWKHRNLɺX1JʄP{Q+XɶWKʔLQKj1JX\\ɼQ%ɾĀjLKuQKYX{QJ
JLʦDFyELDĀiNKɦFFKʦ+iQ´9ʂTXʈFYRQJNKXµYjGDQKViFKQKʦQJQJɃʔLʖ%LrQ+zDĀmK\\VLQKYu
´PɢXTXʈFµ3KiS+DLWUʜFDREɨQJĀiʈS FKʦJʈPPHQ[DQKFyQʐLGXQJ´'ŹQJVŜWUtWKkQSKzWʌ
TXʈFGDQKELELɺXWUʜYɘQFʌFKɜQOɃXSKɃɁQJ&KLQKKʊQWRjQWLɶWSKkQKɃɁQJTXDQWKXF~F[XkQKRD
WKLrQQLrQWUX\\ɸQĀLɾWWʨµ3KtDWUrQĀjLFyQKʦQJPɚQJWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQKuQKĀDGɘQJJʊPKRDFXʈQ
WKʤNKX{QFKʦ¬3KtDGɃʒLEɾĀjLEʈQJyFFyEʈQWɃʚQJUʊQJYjKDLWɃʚQJOkQEɨQJJʈP'LWtFKĉjL
&KLɶQVŜOjEɨQJFKʠQJYɸWʐLiFFʞDWKʨFGkQ3KiSNKLEɦWOtQKQJɃʔL9LɾWWKDPJLDYjRFKLɶQWUDQK

20.5 Page 195

▲back to top
3KɞQWUrQĉjL&KLɶQVŜ

20.6 Page 196

▲back to top
+jQJFKʦJʈP
KDLErQFʐW
YjELDĀi
JLʦDĀjL

20.7 Page 197

▲back to top
0ɚQJWUDQJWUtKʄDWLɶWKRDYĄQEɨQJJʈPʖĉjL&KLɶQVŜ

20.8 Page 198

▲back to top
7ɃʚQJOkQYjUʊQJGɃʒLEɾĉjL&KLɶQVŜ

20.9 Page 199

▲back to top
'LWtFKĉuQK7kQ/kQ
'LWtFKĀuQK7kQ/kQĀɸQWKʔ7UɞQ7KɃʚQJ;X\\rQWKXʐF.KXSKʈĀɃʔQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7Uʂ
SKɃʔQJ+zD%uQKWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL'LWtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLDWKHRTX\\ɶW
ĀʂQKVʈ4ĉQJj\\1JX\\rQWKʞ\\ĀuQKOjQJ{LPLɶXQKʆʖWKjQK.qQGRGkQOjQJGʨQJ
OrQWʢWKʔL0LQK0ɘQJ6DXKDLOɞQGʔLFKX\\ɺQYjRQĄPYjQJ{LĀuQKʖYʂWUt
KLɾQQD\\.LɶQWU~FĀuQKWKHROʈLFKʦWDP୕JʊPEDJLDQWLɸQĀuQKFKiQKĀLɾQYjKɤXFXQJ7UrQPiL
WLɸQĀuQKĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtTXɞQWKɺWUDQKWɃʚQJJʈPFɚQKVLQKKRɘWQKkQYɤWYɤWWKɺKLɾQYɸQKʦQJ
ĀLɺQWtFKFʞDYĄQKyD7UXQJ+RD%ʔGʄFQyFFKiQKĀLɾQWUDQJWUtĀɸWjL´/ɃʘQJORQJWUDQKFKkXQKɤWµ
´/ëQJɃKyDORQJµĉʠF{QJ7UɞQ7KɃʚQJ;X\\rQWʨ7UɞQ7KɦQJ7jLĀɃʚFWKʔWURQJFKiQKĀLɾQEɨQJ
WɃʚQJQJʊLWUrQQJDLYʒLWɃWKɶX\\QJKLrP3KʈLWKʔFy7ɚEDQYj+ʦXEDQ7KiL*LiP7LɸQ+LɸQ+ɤX
+LɸQ%ɘFK0m¬ÑQJOjQJɃʔLFyF{QJYʒLYQJĀɜWSKɃɁQJ1DPFʞDĀɜWQɃʒFGɃʒLWKʔLFiFFK~D
1JX\\ɼQNKDLNKɠQSKiWWULɺQYQJ&ODR3KʈYjJLʦELrQFɃɁQJ+ɨQJQĄPOɼ.Ɠ\\rQĀɃʚFWʌFKʠF
ORQJWUʄQJYjRQJj\\kPOʂFK

20.10 Page 200

▲back to top
&iFPɚQJSKĀLrXWɃʚQJJʈP
ʖGLWtFKĀuQK7kQ/kQ

21 Pages 201-210

▲back to top

21.1 Page 201

▲back to top
&iFPɚQJSKĀLrXWɃʚQJJʈPʖGLWtFKĀuQK7kQ/kQ

21.2 Page 202

▲back to top
'LWtFK7KɜW3KʞFʌPLɶX
'LWtFK0LɶX4XDQĉɶ7KɜW3KʞFʌPLɶX&KDÑQJWKXʐFɜS1Kʂ+zDSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zD
WKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL'LWtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLDWKHRTX\\ɶWĀʂQK4ĉ
%9+77QJj\\&KDĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJYjRQĄPJɦQEyYʒLVʨWKʂQKVX\\FʞDOʂFKVʤ
QJɃʔL0LQK+ɃɁQJʖYQJĀɜWĉʊQJ1DL&KDWKʔ4XDQ7KiQKĉɶ4XkQYjSKʈLWʨEj7KLrQ+ɤX0ɰ
6DQKPɰĉʐ4XDQÇP¬/ɼKʐL9tD4XDQ7KiQKWɘLGLWtFKĀɃʚFJKLGDQKYjRGDQKPʜFGLVɚQYĄQKyD
SKLYɤWWKɺTXʈFJLD7ʌQJWKɺGLWtFKJʊPEDĀɁQQJX\\rQNLɶQWU~FKʚSWKjQKWKHRNLɺXFKʦ+iQ´QʐL
F{QJQJRɘLTXʈFµĀLɾQWKʔFKtQKKuQKFKʦF{QJEDGm\\QKjEDRTXDQKKuQKFKʦNKɠX&ɜXNLɾQ
WKjQKWʈNLɶQWU~FFŹQJQKɃWɃʚQJYɤWWKʔWʨKɃɁQJiQEɾWKʔKRDYĄQWUDQJWUt¬ĀɃʚFWɘRWiFEɨQJ
QKLɸXFKɜWOLɾXFKʞ\\ɶXEɨQJĀiJʎJʈPĀʊQJ PDQJWtQKNʮWKXɤWFDRPʮWKXɤWWLQKWɶ0ʐWVʈ
PɚQJNLɶQWU~FĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtVɚQSKɠPJʈPQJyLkPGɃɁQJWLɺXĀɘLOɃXO\\QyFWLɸQĀLɾQ WUDQJWUt
FiFEʠFSKĀLrXFʜPWLɺXWɃʚQJJʈPPHQ[DQKJʈP&k\\0DLWɃʚQJ{QJ1KɤWEj1JX\\ɾWGROz
JʈP%ʤX1JX\\rQʖ6jL*zQ*LDĉʂQKVɚQ[XɜW
'LWtFK7KɜWSKʞFʌPLɶX
ʖ&ODR3Kʈ

21.3 Page 203

▲back to top
0ɚQJWUDQJWUtJʈPWUrQQyF&KDÑQJ

21.4 Page 204

▲back to top
0ɚQJWUDQJWUtJʈPWUrQQyF&KDÑQJ
'LɸPPiLYjWɃʚQJ{QJ1KɤWEj1JX\\ɾWʖGLWtFK

21.5 Page 205

▲back to top
'LWtFK0LɶX7ʌVɃ
0LɶX7ʌVɃ&KD%j7KLrQ+ɤX7KLrX+ɤXFʌPLɶXʖ ĀʂDFKʀWʌNKXSKʈĀɃʔQJ+XƓQK9ĄQ1JKɾ
SKɃʔQJ%ʤX/RQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL'LWtFKĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSWʀQKWKHRTX\\ɶWĀʂQKVʈ4ĉ
8%1'QJj\\1ĄPNKʖLGʨQJPLɶXFKɃD[iFĀʂQKĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJVʒPYʒLVʨWʜFɃFʞDQJɃʔL+RDEDQJ
+ɰWɘLĀʂDEjQ%ʤX/RQJWʢWKɶNʬ;9,,%DQĀɞXQKʦQJQJɃʔL+ɰOjPQJKɸĀiGʨQJPLɶXWKʔWʌFʞDQJKɸOj1JŹ
ĉLQK/ʎ%DQ4XʈF7UuQrQFyWrQJʄL0LɶX7ʌVɃ6DXQj\\SKʈLWKʔ%j7KLrQKɤX4XDQ7KiQKĀɶTXkQ7ʌQJWKɺ
NLɶQWU~FKuQKFKʦ´NKɠXµKRɮFFKʦ´TXʈFµQJX\\rQOLɾX[k\\GʨQJFKʞ\\ɶXEɨQJĀiPiLOʚSQJyL7UrQQyFGLWtFKFy
TXɞQWKɺWUDQKWɃʚQJQJɃʔLYɤW¬EɨQJJʈPPHQ[DQKWKɺKLɾQOɼKʐLWXʊQJWtFKFʞD7UXQJ+RDKiWWXʊQJP~D
KiWFXQJĀuQKWɤSY}ĀiFɞXWLrQĀʊQJQJʄFQʦSKĀLrXPDLODQWU~FF~F%ʔPiLErQWUiLFyWɃʚQJ{QJ1KɤW
ErQSKɚLFyWɃʚQJEj1JX\\ɾW +ɨQJQĄPWɘLPLɶXWʌFKʠFQKLɸXOɼWKHRkPOʂFK9tD7KLrQKɤXWKiQKPɢX
WKiQJ%D9tD7ʌVɃWKiQJ6iX9tD4XDQ7KiQKWKiQJ6iX%DQĄPPʐWOɞQPLɶXWʌFKʠFOɼKʐL&ɞXDQNpR
GjLWURQJFiFQJj\\WKiQJkPOʂFKĉk\\OjOɼKʐLOʒQQKLɸXQJKLWKʠFYʒLĀRjQUɃʒFWKXK~WQKLɸX
QJɃʔLWKDPGʨ

21.6 Page 206

▲back to top
7ɃʚQJJʈPʖGLWtFKPLɶX7ʌVɃ

21.7 Page 207

▲back to top
'LWtFK9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ
'LWtFK9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQWʄDOɘFWUrQNKXĀɜWUʐQJWKXʐFSKɃʔQJ%ʤX/RQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDWʀQK
ĉʊQJ1DL7URQJOʂFKVʤNKDLNKɠQ1DP%ʐ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQĀɃʚFFK~D1JX\\ɼQ[k\\GʨQJNKiVʒPYjRQĄP
YʒLWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ1KRKʄF%DQĀɞXFK~D1JX\\ɼQĀɶQGkQJOɼYjRPD[XkQYjPDWKXKɨQJQĄP7ʢQĄP
YXDQKj1JX\\ɼQʞ\\QKLɾPTXDQ7ʌQJWUɜQWKjQK*LDèʂQKTXDQWʌQJWUɜQ%LrQ+zDYjTXDQĀʈFKʄFĀɶQ
KjQKOɼ7UɚLTXDQKLɸXWKʔLNƓ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQEʂWjQSKiQɮQJQɸ.ʬQLɾPVʨNLɾQQĄPWKjQKOɤSYQJĀɜW
%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLNKʖLGʨQJW{QWɘRF{QJWUuQKYĄQPLɶX1Jj\\F{QJ
WUuQK9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJFɜSTXʈFJLDWKHRTX\\ɶWĀʂQKVʈ4ĉ%9+77'/ĉʈLWɃʚQJWKʔWɘL
9ĄQPLɶXJʊPFy.KʌQJ7ʤYjWURQJFKiQKĀLɾQFy&KʞWʂFK+ʊ&Kt0LQKYjQKʦQJGDQKQKkQYĄQKyD&KX9ĄQ
$Q1JX\\ɼQ7UmL1JX\\ɼQ%ʀQK.KLrP/r4Xëè{Q1JX\\ɼQ'X9}7UɃʔQJ7RɚQ1JX\\ɼQèuQK&KLɺX7UʂQK+RjL
èʠF1J{1KkQ7ʂQK/r4XDQJèʂQK%L+ʦX1JKŜDèɮQJèʠF7KXɤW7ʌQJWKɺNLɶQWU~F9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQJʊP
QKLɸXKɘQJPʜF1KjELD.KXr9ĄQFiFWKLrQWʀQK&KiQKĀLɾQ7KɃYɤWNKʈ9ĄQYɤWNKʈĉɮFELɾWWURQJTXiWUuQK
W{QWɘR1KjWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFJLʦQKʦQJPɚQJNLɶQWU~FQJKɾWKXɤWĀɺWiL
WɘRWKjQK9ĄQYɤWNKʈ%rQKFɘQKĀyQKLɸXORɘLKuQKJʈPQJKɾWKXɤW%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWUDQJWUtWURQJWʌQJ
WKɺNLɶQWU~F6DXQj\\FɚQKTXDQFKXQJTXDQKFʞD9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQĀɃʚFW{QWɘREʖLKʊQɃʒFYjF{QJWUuQK
9ɃʔQWɃʚQJGDQKQKkQYjYɃʔQWɃʚQJQJKɾWKXɤW

21.8 Page 208

▲back to top
3KĀLrXKRDYĄQKʄDWLɶWWUrQF{QJWUuQK9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ

21.9 Page 209

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈKRDYĄQJʈP
WURQJF{QJWUuQK
9ĄQYɤWNKʈʖ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ
ĀɃʚFFKX\\ɺQWʢ
1KjWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃQJEj\\
FʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤW
EɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFĀk\\

21.10 Page 210

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈKRDYĄQJʈPWURQJF{QJWUuQK
9ĄQYɤWNKʈʖ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ
ĀɃʚFFKX\\ɺQWʢ1KjWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃQJEj\\FʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤW
EɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFĀk\\

22 Pages 211-220

▲back to top

22.1 Page 211

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈKRDYĄQJʈP
WURQJF{QJWUuQK
9ĄQYɤWNKʈ
ʖ9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ
ĀɃʚFFKX\\ɺQWʢ
1KjWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃQJEj\\
FʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤW
EɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFĀk\\

22.2 Page 212

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈWɃʚQJJʈPWURQJFiFQJ{LFKDʖ%LrQ+zD
1KLɸXQJ{LFKDʖ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJNKiVʒPĀiSʠQJFKRQKXFɞXYɸWLQKWKɞQFʞDFɃGkQ
ĀʂDSKɃɁQJ7URQJFiFQJ{LFKDFyPʐWVʈWɃʚQJ3KɤWĀɃʚFFiFQJKɾQKkQJʈPWɘRWiF+LɾQQD\\FQJ
YʒLFiFWɃʚQJWKʔEɨQJQKLɸXFKɜWOLɾXQKʦQJWɃʚQJJʈPQj\\SKɚQiQKJLiWUʂQJKɾWKXɤWWjLKRDNKpR
OpRFʞDFiFQJKɾQKkQJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD&iFWɃʚQJJʈPĀɃʚFWɘRWiFWʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;ĀDGɘQJYɸKuQK
WKʠFFʞD3KɤWĀLɾQWURQJFKD
7ɃʚQJ1JʄF+RjQJ
7ɃʚQJ3KɤW'L/ɮF
7ɃʚQJ3KɤW$'Lĉj
7ɃʚQJ3KɤWĉɚQ6DQK 7ɃʚQJ3KɤWĉʂDWɘQJ 7ɃʚQJ3KɤW4XDQÇP 7ɃʚQJ%ʊĉɸĉɘW0D
7ɃʚQJ&KXɠQĉɸ
7ɃʚQJ/D+iQ
7ɃʚQJ/D+iQ
7ɃʚQJ/D+iQ

22.3 Page 213

▲back to top
*ʈPWUDQJWUt&Kʚ%ɶQ7KjQK
&Kʚ%ɶQ7KjQKWKXʐFĀʂDEjQSKɃʔQJ%ɶQ7KjQKTXɤQ7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK&Kʚ%ɶQ7KjQKEDQĀɞX
ĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJYjRWKɶNʬ;9,,JɞQV{QJ%ɶQ1JKp9jRWKɶNʬ;,;YQJĀɜWQj\\WKXʐF3KiSFKʚĀɃʚF[k\\GʨQJOɘL
YjPʖUʐQJWɘLĀLɺPKLɾQQD\\7ʢQĄPOʈLNLɶQWU~FKLɾQĀɘLFʞDFKʚĀɃʚFKRjQWKjQKYjEɚRWʊQFKRĀɶQ
K{PQD\\GĀmWUɚLTXDQKʦQJOɞQW{QWɘR7UɚLTXDWKĄQJWUɞPFʞDOʂFKVʤNKXFKʚWUʖWKjQKELɺXWɃʚQJFKRVʨV{L
ĀʐQJYɸWKɃɁQJPɘLGXOʂFK6jL*zQ&Kʚ%ɶQ7KjQKFyFʌQJFKtQKYjFʌQJSKʜ0ʎLFʌQJFKtQKQɨPWUrQ
PʐWFRQSKʈNKiFQKDXYjGɢQYjRNKXEX{QEiQKjQJKyD
0ɮWWLɸQFKʚ%ɶQ7KjQKWUDQJWUtSKĀLrXJʈP
1KʦQJSKĀLrXJʈPWUDQJWUtʖFKʚ%ɶQ7KjQK7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKGRQJKɾQKkQ/r9ĄQ0ɤX
WKLɶWNɶPɢXYjĀɃʚFPʐWVʈQJKɾQKkQWKʚFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾJʈP%LrQ+zD1JX\\ɼQ7Ut'ɘQJ9}
1JʄF+ɚR3KɘP9ĄQ1Jj6iX6ɚQK7Ƀ1J{+DL6iQJFK~7KɘFKDQK7yF¬WKʨFKLɾQ&iFEʠFSK
ĀLrXJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtWUrQFʤDFKtQKFKʞĀɸOjQKʦQJVɚQYɤWWLrXELɺXJʊPJLDV~FJLDFɞP
WKʞ\\KɚLVɚQ%zKHRYʂWFiFKpSFiWUrFiĀXʈLQɚLFKXʈL+DLPjXPHQFKʞĀɘRFʞDSKĀLrXPHQ
WUɦQJWDYjPHQ[DQKĀʊQJQʌLWLɶQJ
7iFJLɚ/r9ĄQ0ɤXOjQKjĀLrXNKɦF[XɜWVɦFWKLɶWNɶQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPJʈPFKRFiFF{QJWUuQKNLɶQ
WU~FĉʠFPɰ0DULD1KjWKʔ%LrQ+zD1DSROpRQ[HPELQKWKɃ3KiS3KɤW7KtFK&D
&KD;i/ʚL%yQJ[ɶWj%ɚRWjQJ0ʮWKXɤW7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKĉɘLWKɞQ3KDQ7KDQK*LɚQ
9ŜQK/RQJ7ɃʚQJELɺXWUɃQJWjLQJX\\rQYjNLQKWɶ%LrQ+zD$QKKQJ1JX\\ɼQ7UXQJ7UʨF
ĀɮWWUɃʒFFKʚ5ɘFK*LiĉjLSKXQQɃʒF&iKyDORQJ4XɚQJWUɃʔQJ6{QJ3Kʈ²%LrQ
+zD+QJ9ɃɁQJGʨQJQɃʒF.KiFKVɘQ&RQWLQHQWDO²7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK¬7KHR1JX\\ɼQ
0LQK$QK

22.4 Page 214

▲back to top
1KjĀLrXNKɦF/r9ĄQ0ɤX +DLQJKɾQKkQ1JX\\ɼQ7Ut'ɘQJErQWUiL{QJ9}1JʄF+ɚR

22.5 Page 215

▲back to top
0ʐWVʈSKĀLrXWUDQJWUtWUrQFiFFʌQJFKʚ%ɶQ7KjQK
1JXʊQɚQK1JX\\ɼQĉuQK1JX\\ɼQ0LQK$QK0DL.KDQK

22.6 Page 216

▲back to top

22.7 Page 217

▲back to top

22.8 Page 218

▲back to top
7ʌQJTXDQYɸFiFF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFʠXYɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
&KRĀɶQQD\\FyQKLɸXF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFʠXYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDWʢFiFOŜQKYʨFOʂFKVʤNLQKWɶGLVɚQ
YĄQKyDPʮWKXɤWQJKɾWKXɤWYĄQKyD¬&iFF{QJWUuQKĀɸXNKɪQJĀʂQKYʂWKɶFʞDQJjQKQJKɸWKʞF{QJ
VɚQSKɠPKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶ¬FQJQKʦQJJLiWUʂNKiFĀɃʚFWɘRQrQWURQJTXiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKSKiWWULɺQ
YjGX\\WUuWURQJĀʔLVʈQJFɃGkQJɦQYʒLYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL1JKɸOjPJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ
1DLĀmĀɃʚFĀʂQKGDQKWKɃɁQJKLɾXWʢOkXĀʔLWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\SKiWWULɺQFʞDFɃGkQJʈPWLɸQVɁVʤFʞD
FɃGkQFʌQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀDGɘQJFʞDQJɃʔL9LɾW+RDĉLɸXĀɮFELɾWP{LWUɃʔQJWʨQKLrQYj
QJXʊQWjLQJX\\rQFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD[ɃDEDRJʊPFɚPʐWVʈĀʂDSKɤQWKXʐFFiFWʀQKOkQFɤQKLɾQQD\\
FʞDĉʊQJ1DLWKXɤQOʚLWURQJYLɾFSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈP&K~QJW{LJLʒLWKLɾXQKʦQJWɃOLɾXOLrQTXDQ
QJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDTXDFiFQJXʊQWɃOLɾXĀɃʚFWLɶSFɤQ
-&%DXUDFWURQJWiFSKɠP´1DP.ƓYjFɃGkQFiFWʀQKPLɸQĉ{QJµNKLĀɸFɤSWK{QJWLQOLrQTXDQ
KɘWʖ1DP.ƓQKʦQJWKɤSQLrQJɞQFXʈLWKɶNʬ;,;QKɦFĀɶQQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDYʒLQKʦQJĀʂDĀLɺP
7kQ9ɘQ7kQ/ɤSYj%uQKĉLɸQ%ɘFK.K{L0ʐWĀLɺPWKXɤQOʚLĀʈLYʒLFiFĀʂDEjQOjPJʈPOjQJXʊQĀɜWVpW
NKDLWKiFʖWURQJNKXYʨF7URQJĀLɺPQj\\7kQ/ɤSFʞDWʌQJ&KiQK0ʮ+ɘQD\\WKXʐFKX\\ɾQ7kQ8\\rQ
WʀQK%uQK'ɃɁQJ7kQ9ɘQFʞDWʌQJ&KiQK0ʮ7KɃʚQJQD\\WKXʐFSKɃʔQJ7kQ9ɘQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD
%uQKĉLɾQ%ɘFK.K{LFʞDWʌQJ3KɃʒF9ŜQK7UXQJQD\\WKXʐFSKɃʔQJ%ʤX/RQJWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDʕ
7kQ9ɘQFyQKʦQJOzQXQJYjVɚQ[XɜWYʒLTX\\P{OʒQFʞDQJɃʔL+RDOjPUDQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʊPFKXP
YɘLEuQKOʄĀŜDEiWɜPWUjʕ%uQKĉLɾQ%ɘFK.K{LFyFiFOzFʞDQJɃʔL$Q1DP9LɾWVɚQ[XɜWQJyLQJyL
ʈQJEuQKKRDʈQJQKʌEuQKĀʨQJWUɞXFKXPYɘL¬9ɸĀʊJʈPĀɸFɤSYɸVɚQSKɠPSKʌELɶQQKɜWOjQʊL
QLrXYjFjUjQJEɶSOz3KɃɁQJSKiSOjPWKʞF{QJOzQXQJĀɁQJLɚQ
7iFJLɚ/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ/ʨXWURQJViFK%LrQ+zDVʤOɃʚFQKɤQ[pW0ʮSKɠPFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ
+zDĀɃʚFFiFQKjQJRɘLJLDRTXʈFWɶOɃXëYjFiFPʮWKXɤWJLDÇXÉɃDWKtFKQKɜWOjĀʊJʈP'ɞXFyPjX
VɦFQKɃQJYɢQJLɚQGʂĀɁQVɁNK{QJOzHORɰWFKyDPɦWWUɞPWŜQKQKXPuFyYɲĀɰSNtQĀiRGʂXGjQJYŜQK
YLɼQWKXɞQWXëÉĉ{QJGXQJKRjNLPFʌ1KʔYɤ\\PjNKLĀɮWPʐWĀʊJʈP%LrQ+zDYjRWURQJSKzQJWzD
QKjEɜWNuʖĀʂDĀLɺPQjRFŹQJĀɰSFjQJQKuQFjQJWKɜ\\PʮSKɠPKX\\KRjQJFĄQSKzQJOʐQJOɘFQJKŜD
OjQyNK{QJNpQFKʄQPʐWQɁLULrQJELɾWQjRĀɺEjLWUtQyʖFKʎQjRQyFŹQJYɢQĀɰSPʐWFiFKWKXƓPʂ
'RĀyPjNKiFKKjQJQJj\\FjQJTXtWUʄQJPʮSKɠP7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+Rj
-&%DXUDF1DP.ƓYjFɃGkQFiFWʀQKPLɸQĉ{QJ+XƓQK1JʄF/LQKGʂFK1[E7ʌQJKʚS7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKWU
/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ/ʨX%LrQ+zDVʤOɃʚFWiFJLɚ[XɜWEɚQWU7URQJYĄQEɚQWiFJLɚGQJPʮSKɠPKjPQJKŜDVɚQSKɠPĀɰS

22.9 Page 219

▲back to top
7iFJLɚ9ɃɁQJ+ʊQJ6ɺQWURQJViFK.KɚRYɸĀʊVʠFʌ7UXQJ+RDFyQKɤQ[pW´+LɾQQD\\WURQJ[ʠFy
PʐWWUɃʔQJGɘ\\QJKɸOjPĀʊJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDYjNɺOX{Qʖĉj/ɘWʖ%uQK'ɃɁQJYjʖ/iL7KLrX7Kʂ1JKq
Yj%LrQ+zDFyWUrQEʈQFKʜFOzVɚQ[XɜWĀʊJʈPĀʊVjQKFyOz7KjQK/ɼ%uQK'ɃɁQJWʢQJJʤLĀʊFKɶ
WɘRUDEiQQJRɘLTXʈFQKɃQJQyLYɸSKɠPWKuĀʊJʈPĀʊVjQKQJj\\QD\\FzQWKXDĀʊWKʔL3KiSWKXʐF
FʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDGR7k\\ĀLɸXNKLɺQNK{QJELɶWYuWUɃʔQJNKyPjQJKɸKD\\KD\\OjYu[ɃDNLD
YɤWOLɾXGʊLGjRWKʚWKɞ\\FʈJɦQJFzQQD\\YuFKLɶQWUDQKNK{QJĀʞYɤWOLɾXWKrPWUɚF{QJWKʚtWµ
1ĄPQKyPWiFJLɚ/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ+\\'LɾSĉuQK+RDF{QJEʈWUrQWɘSFKt'kQWʐFKʄFYɸ1JjQK
7LɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSJʈPWɘL7kQ9ɘQ%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFQĄP&iFWiFJLɚĀmNKɚRViWGʨDWUrQQJXʊQ
FXQJFɜSFʞDFiFFKʞOzJʈPNKiLTXiWYɸVʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJjQKQJKɸWKʞF{QJQj\\ĉk\\OjQJXʊQWjL
OLɾXNKiTXDQWUʄQJQKɤQGLɾQYɸOʂFKVʤFʞDOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJQj\\QKʦQJOzJʈPĀɞXWLrQFiFFKʞOz
WKjQKOɤSWrQFʞDFiFOzJʈPYjTXiWUuQKSKiWWULɺQ+ʚSWiF[mJʈPGR7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWKjQK
OɤSYjNʮWKXɤWVɚQ[XɜWJʈP
1ĄPQKjQJKLrQFʠX+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJFKʞELrQPʐWVʈViFKQJKLrQFʠXYɸQJKɸJʈPʖ
1DP%ʐFʜWKɺ´7ɃʚQJJʈP%LrQ+zD²*LDĉʂQKµYʒL1JX\\ɼQĉɘL3K~F+XƓQK7ʒL3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ
7X\\ɶW+ʊQJĀɃʚF1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DLSKiWKjQKĀɸFɤSOʂFKVʤKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQGzQJVɚQ
SKɠPFʞDFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDWURQJEʈLFɚQKĉʊQJ1DL*LDĉʂQK6ɚQSKɠPWɃʚQJ
JʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFJLʒLWKLɾXWʢSKkQWtFKQJKɾWKXɤWĀʊWɃʚQJKʄFYjWɤSKjQKKuQKɚQKPLQKKʄDĀD
VɦFĉk\\OjWɃOLɾXFKX\\rQNKɚRYɸWɃʚQJJʈPKLɾQWʊQWURQJFɁVʖWtQQJɃʘQJW{QJLiRWUrQYQJĀɜW
ĉʊQJ1DL
1ĄP8ʬEDQQKkQGkQWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLSKiWKjQKEʐĀʂDFKtFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DL
WɤS7ɤS9YʒLFKʞĀɸ.LQKWɶĀɸFɤS7LɺX²WKʞF{QJQJKLɾSĉʊQJ1DLJLʒLWKLɾXYɸQJKɸJʈP/ʂFKVʤ
FʞDQJKɸJʈPʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀɃʚFNKiLOɃʚFYjSKɚQiQKNKXOzJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL9LɾW+RD&KĄPGʄFWKHR
UɘFK/z*ʈPʖ&ODR3Kʈ6ʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈPWURQJQKʦQJJLDLĀRɘQWKXɤQOʚLYjNKyNKĄQYj
PʐWVʈFKʞOzJʈPGLFKX\\ɺQĀɶQFiFĀʂDSKɃɁQJNKiF6ɚQSKɠPĀDGɘQJFʞDJʈPĉʊQJ1DLĀɃʚFJLʒL
WKLɾXYjĀiQKJLi´*ʈP%LrQ+zDFyVʨNɶWKʚSKjLKzDJLʦDĉ{QJYj7k\\JLʦDFŹYjPʒLQKʦQJEjQWD\\
FʞDFiFQJKɾQKkQWɘRQrQEɚQVɦFULrQJELɾWFʞDJʈPĀʂDSKɃɁQJYʒLYɲĀɰSĀʐFĀiRYɸKuQKGiQJPjX
PHQYjQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtµYjĀɮFELɾWOjNKɪQJĀʂQK´7ʢPjXPHQ[DQKOʜFWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJYʒLNʮWKXɤW
SKDFKɶWLQK[ɚRFʐQJYʒLQJKɾWKXɤWĀʈWOzVʤGʜQJQKLɾWĀʐFDRWKɜSNKiFQKDXĀɺOjPQrQPjXPHQ
[DQKĀʐFĀiRµ
9ɃɁQJ+ʊQJ6ɺQ.KɚRYɸĀʊVʠFʌ7UXQJ+RDWiFJLɚWʨ[XɜWEɚQWU

22.10 Page 220

▲back to top
1ĄPQKyPWiFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJELrQVRɘQF{QJWUuQK
*ʈP%LrQ+zDYj1Kj[XɜWEɚQ7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLSKiWKjQKĉk\\OjF{QJWUuQKFXQJFɜSQJXʊQWɃOLɾX
SKRQJSK~YɸQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDJʈPWLɸQVɁVʤWUrQYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLJLʒLWKLɾXFiFOjQJ
JʈPFʌʖ%LrQ+zDYjQKɤQGLɾQYɸQKʦQJQJXʊQɚQKKɃʖQJĀɶQJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD/ʂFKVʤWKjQKOɤS
WUɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zD1KʦQJFiQKkQQJKɾQKkQFyĀyQJJySTXDQWUʄQJWURQJSKiWWULɺQWUɃʔQJYj
QJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD4X\\WUuQKNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈP%LrQ+zD
6iFK/jQJQJKɸYjSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKGR9}9ĄQ6HQ1J{7KDQK/RDQ+XƓQK4XʈF7KɦQJĀʊQJFKʞ
ELrQĀɃʚF1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉɘLKʄFTXʈFJLD7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQKSKiWKjQKWUrQFɁVʖNʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR
TXʈFWɶ7UɃʔQJĉɘLKʄF.KRDKʄF[mKʐL 1KkQYĄQ²ĉɘLKʄFTXʈFJLD7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK7UɃʔQJ
ĀɘLKʄF6LOSDUNRQ²7KiL/DQ7UɃʔQJĉɘLKʄF9ĄQKyD7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK6ʖ9ĄQKyD7KɺWKDRYj'X
OʂFK%uQK'ɃɁQJSKʈLKʚSWʌFKʠF1ʐLGXQJNKiĀDGɘQJĀɃʚFQKLɸXQKjQJKLrQFʠXF{QJEʈĀɃʚF[ɶS
WKHRFKʞĀɸ/jQJQJKɸYjJLɚLSKiS3KiWWULɺQGXOʂFKOjQJQJKɸ3KiWWULɺQGXOʂFKOjQJQJKɸWʢNLQK
QJKLɾPTXʈFWɶ1ʐLGXQJFiFEjLYLɶWYɸOjQJQJKɸʖ1DP%ʐĀɃʚFJLʒLWKLɾXFKXQJWKHRWʢQJĀʂDSKɃɁQJ
KD\\NKXYʨFKRɮFFʜWKɺWʢQJOjQJQJKɸ1JKɸWKʞF{QJYjOjQJQJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ1DP%ʐĀɃʚFĀɸFɤS
WURQJViFKTXDQKLɸXFiFKWLɶSFɤQĀɃʚFPLrXWKXɤWĀiQKJLiSKkQWtFKYjJʚLPʖQKʦQJJLɚLSKiSEɚR
WʊQSKiWWULɺQWURQJĀyFySKɚQiQKFiFOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJĉʊQJ1DL7iFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾWFyEjL
´%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQFiFOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJʖĉʊQJ1DLµĀmQrXWKʨFWUɘQJFʞDPʐWVʈOjQJ
QJKɸĀɸFɤSOjQJJʈP%LrQ+RD%ʤX+zD+yD$Q7kQ9ɘQ1KʦQJJLiWUʂFʞDOjQJQJKɸĀɃʚFQKɤQGLɾQ
FQJYʒLKLɾXTXɚNLQKWɶFʞDQyĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXFKRQJɃʔLGkQ1DP%ʐFŹQJQKɃĀHPOɘLKLɾXTXɚNLQKWɶ
NKLVɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDFiFFɁVʖJʈP[XɜWNKɠXUDQɃʒFQJRjL7iFJLɚFŹQJJʚLPʖQKʦQJJLɚLSKiSEɚR
WʊQYjSKiWWULɺQOjQJQJKɸJʈPWURQJTX\\KRɘFKSKiWWULɺQFʞDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL%ɚRĀɚPP{LWUɃʔQJFʞD
OjQJQJKɸKLɾQĀɘLKyDQKʦQJNKkXiSGʜQJNKRDKʄFNʮWKXɤW[k\\GʨQJWX\\ɶQGXOʂFKFiFGLVɚQYʒLOjQJ
QJKɸJʈPĀDGɘQJVɚQSKɠPYjWĄQJFɃʔQJTXɚQJEiOjQJQJKɸ
1ĄP+ʐL0ʮWKXɤW7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWʌ
FKʠFKʐLWKɚRYɸ*ʈPĉʊQJ1DLYjFiFYQJSKʜFɤQ7ʢWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀɶQKLɾQWɘL.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚRFy
WKDPOXɤQNKRDKʄFQKuQʖJyFĀʐQJKLrQFʠXYɸJʈPĉʊQJ1DLYjFiFYQJSKʜFɤQWURQJĀyFyPʐWVʈ
WKDPOXɤQFXQJFɜSWɃOLɾXOʂFKVʤYjEɚQVɦFFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\FKXQJFʞDNKX
YʨFĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ0ʐWVʈEjLFKX\\rQVkXYɸQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtWɘRKuQKPjXPHQ[DQKĀʊQJWUʌE{QJ
WLrXELɺXFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD1KɤQGLɾQYjSKiWKX\\PDQJWtQKʠQJGʜQJFŹQJQKɃSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈP
FŹQJĀɃʚFĀɸFɤSWUrQFɁVʖQKʦQJĀɸ[XɜWYɸJLɚLSKiSYjTXDQWkPFKtQKViFKWʢFɜSTXɚQOëĀʂDSKɃɁQJ

23 Pages 221-230

▲back to top

23.1 Page 221

▲back to top
1ĄPFiFFɁTXDQʖĉʊQJ1DL6ʖ&{QJWKɃɁQJ8ʬEDQQKkQGkQ7KjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD/LrQ
KLɾSFiFKʐL.KRDKʄFNʮWKXɤWWʌFKʠFKʐLWKɚR´%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUrQĀʂD
EjQ%LrQ+zDµ&iFWKDPOXɤQWɤSWUXQJJLʒLWKLɾXYɸQJKɸJʈPOjQJJʈPʖĉʊQJ1DLYɸYDLWUzFʞD
WUɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtTXiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKYjĀjRWɘRFQJYDLWUzYjVʨĀyQJJySFʞDPʐWVʈFi
QKkQWURQJSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈP7tQKʠQJGʜQJWURQJQJKLrQFʠXEɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQFʞDVɚQSKɠP
JʈPĀɸFɤSF{QJQJKLɾSYjFKX\\rQP{QKyDWɘRKuQKVɚQSKɠPJʈPTX\\KRɘFKYjSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ
JʈPWURQJSKiWWULɺQĀ{WKʂ%LrQ+zDĀɸ[XɜWWKjQKOɤS7UXQJWkPQJKLrQFʠXYjʠQJGʜQJ1KjEɚR
WjQJJʈPʖNKXYʨF&ODR3KʈNKXOjQJQJKɸJʈPVʠ7kQ+ɘQK
1ĄP8ʬEDQQKkQGkQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDSKʈLKʚSYʒL9LɾQ1JKLrQFʠXSKiWWULɺQ.LQKWɶ
YjGXOʂFKWʌFKʠFKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQSKiWWULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLNɶWKʚSNKDLWKiFSKiWWULɺQGX
OʂFKWUrQĀʂDEjQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚRĀɃʚF1Kj[XɜWEɚQ.KRDKʄF[mKʐLLQViFKSKiW
KjQK1ʐLGXQJFiFEjLYLɶWWɤSWUXQJFiFFKʞĀɸ/ʂFKVʤSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD&iFJLiWUʂ
ĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD.LQKWɶGLVɚQJɦQOLɸQYʒLYĄQKyDVLQKNɶWURQJWKʨFKjQKWɘRWiFJʈP
%LrQ+zDĉʊQJViQJWɘRFiFVɚQSKɠPGXOʂFKJɦQYʒLKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zD&KtQKViFKYjWKʨF
WLɼQWULɺQNKDLFiFQKLɾPYʜSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKGLVɚQWUrQĀʂDEjQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDYjĉʊQJ1DL&KLɶQ
OɃʚFYjĀʂQKKɃʒQJOLrQNɶWSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFK%LrQ+zDWURQJEʈLFɚQKPʒL1ʐLGXQJF{QJWUuQKNK{QJ
FKʀQKɤQGLɾQĀɃʚFFiFJLiWUʂĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDQJKɸYjVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDPjFzQOjQKʦQJĀɸ[XɜW
SKiWWULɺQQJKɸWURQJEʈLFɚQKPʒLNKDLWKiFWURQJSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKWʢWKDPFKLɶXNLQKQJKLɾPFʞDNKX
YʨFYjTXʈFWɶ7URQJĀyPʐWJʚLPʖOëWK~YjWKLɶWWKʨFWURQJTX\\KRɘFKSKiWWULɺQFʞD%LrQ+zDFɞQ
[k\\GʨQJ%ɚRWjQJJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɺEɚRWʊQYjSKiWKX\\ĀɃʚFJLiWUʂFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJĀɃʚFĀʂQKGDQK
NKiVʒPFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJ
1JRjLFiFF{QJWUuQKWUrQFzQFyQKLɸXEjLFʞDFiFWiFJLɚYLɶWYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDWUrQFiFSKɃɁQJ
WLɾQWUX\\ɸQWK{QJʖQKLɸXJyFĀʐWLɶSFɤQĀDGɘQJYjSKRQJSK~ĀɃDUDQKʦQJQKɤQ[pWĀiQKJLiYj
QKɤQGLɾQQKʦQJJLiWUʂFʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJĀmWʢQJYDQJGDQKʖYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDQyLULrQJĉʊQJ1DL
QyLFKXQJ
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJyFQKuQĀDGLɾQ
7ʢJyFĀʐWLɶSFɤQFiFQKjQJKLrQFʠXĀmĀɃDUDQKʦQJQKɤQĀʂQKSKRQJSK~YɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
&K~QJW{LOɃʚFWUtFKQKʦQJQKɤQ[pWPDQJWtQKFKɜWFɁEɚQYjFKX\\rQVkXYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDĀmĀɃʚF
F{QJEʈ[XɜWEɚQ

23.2 Page 222

▲back to top
7ʢJyFĀʐYɸOʂFKVʤWiFJLɚ3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ FKRUɨQJ7rQJʄL%LrQ+zDFŹQJ[XɜWKLɾQNKiVʒP
ĀɮFELɾWĀɃʚFĀʂQKYʂWKʔLJLDQYʒLĀɁQYʂKjQKFKtQKFɜSWUɜQWULɸXYXD*LD/RQJ%LrQ+zD3KLrQ$QĉʂQK
7ɃʔQJ9ŜQK7KDQK+j7LrQFɜSWʀQKWULɸXYXD0LQK0ɘQJQĄPNKLFɚLFiFKKjQKFKtQKWUrQFɚ
QɃʒFYjSKkQFKLDFiFWʀQKWUɜQʖ1DP.Ɠ%LrQ+zD3KLrQ$QĉʂQK7ɃʔQJ9ŜQK/RQJ$Q*LDQJWUɜQ+j
7LrQYjVDXĀyWKjQKOʜFWʀQK1DP.Ɠ%LrQ+zD*LDĉʂQKĉʂQK7ɃʔQJ9ŜQK/RQJ$Q*LDQJ+j7LrQ7rQ
JʄL%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFGQJYʒLFiFFɜSKjQKFKtQKTXDFiFWKɺFKɶTXɚQOëYjQJj\\QD\\OjWKjQKSKʈWUʨF
WKXʐFWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL7UrQĀʂDEjQ%LrQ+zDSKiWKLɾQYjKuQKWKjQKQJKɸJʈPFʞDFiFOʒSFɃGkQĀɶQĀk\\
VLQKVʈQJQJɃʔL9LɾWQJɃʔL+RD7KɶQKɃQJWrQJʄLJʈP%LrQ+zDFyWKɺĀɃʚFĀʂQKGDQKWʢPʈFNKʖL
ĀLɺPYʒLVʨ[XɜWKLɾQFʞD7UɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDYjRQĄPĀɺWʢĀyQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPFʞD
WUɃʔQJQj\\WɘRQrQVɚQSKɠPĀʐFĀiRĀɺOɘLGɜXɜQYjNKɪQJĀʂQK´WKɃɁQJKLɾXµWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF
TXDQKʦQJĀʚWWULɺQOmP7URQJOʂFKVʤFʞDWUɃʔQJĀmĀjRWɘRQKLɸXQJɃʔLWUʖWKjQKQJKɾQKkQFyĀyQJ
JySTXDQWUʄQJFKRSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLYjPDQJWɞPYyFNKXYʨF+ʚSWiF[m0ʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚF7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%ɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDWKjQKOɤSQĄPYjWʊQWɘLFKRĀɶQQĄP
GWUɚLTXDQKʦQJWKĄQJWUɞPQKɃQJĀɺOɘLGɜXɜQTXDQWUʄQJWURQJSKiWWULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zD0ʐWVʈWɃ
OLɾXFKRELɶWVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDWUɃʒFQĄPWKDPJLDYjĀɺOɘLGɜXɜQWURQJFiFĀʚWWULɺQOmP
WURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF6ɚQSKɠPJʈPYʒLQKʦQJQpWĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDQKjWUɃʔQJĀɃʚFWɮQJWKɃʖQJQKLɸX
KX\\FKɃɁQJEɨQJNKHQWKDPJLDFiFFXʐFWULɺQOmPWURQJQɃʒFYjTXʈFWɶ3DULV3KiS
%DWDYLD,QGRQHVLD1D\\RJD1KɤW6DLQW'HQLVĀɚR5pXQLRQWKXʐF3KiS+j1ʐL9LɾW
1DPĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJ%ĄQJ&ʈF7KiL/DQ6jL*zQ9LɾW1DP3KQRP3HQK&DPSXFKLD
0DQLOD3KLOLSSLQ1HZ<RUN+RD.ƓQĄP
7URQJF{QJWUuQK9ĄQKyDYĄQYɤWĉʊQJ1DLWiFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾWĀɃDUDQKʦQJQKɤQ[pW
QKɃVDX´7URQJVɚQSKɠPYĄQKyDYɤWFKɜWFʞDĉʊQJ1DLĀiQJNɺQKɜWYɢQOjJʈP%LrQ+zD*ʄLOjJʈP
%LrQ+zDYuQyĀɃʚFWɤSWUXQJWɘLFiFOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJʖFKXQJTXDQKWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zD+ɁQ
QĄPKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQOʂFKVʤJʈP%LrQ+zDĀmWUɚLTXDQKʦQJEɃʒFWLɶQJLDROɃXKʐLQKɤSĀɺKuQK
WKjQKQrQORɘLVɚQSKɠPĀɮFWUɃQJWLrXELɺXFKRYĄQKyDYɤWFKɜWʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJµ´6ʨUDĀʔLFʞDJʈPPʮ
QJKɾ%LrQ+zDOjPʐWEɃʒFQJRɮWTXDQWUʄQJWURQJWɃGX\\FʞDQJKɾQKkQJʈPĀʂDSKɃɁQJNKLQJKLrQ
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JKɸJʈPYjOjQJQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DL²PʐWJyFQKuQ.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQ
YjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWU
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLQĄPWUɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD²7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUt
ĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DLWU
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾW9ĄQKyDYĄQYɤWĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DLQĄPWUWU

23.3 Page 223

▲back to top
FʠXYɸFKʠFQĄQJFʞDJʈPQJRjLJLiWUʂVʤGʜQJFzQPDQJJLiWUʂWKɠPPʮWUDQJWUtOjPĀɰSNK{QJJLDQ
QʐLQJRɘLWKɜWWUɃQJEj\\&yWKɺQyLWʢNLQKQJKLɾPOjPJʈPFʌWUX\\ɸQFʞDWKʚJʈP%LrQ+zDTXDTXi
WUuQKJLDROɃXWLɶS[~FYʒLNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈPSKɃɁQJ7k\\YjFiFGkQWʐFNKiFʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJĀmKuQKWKjQK
QrQORɘLKuQKJʈPPʮQJKɾĀʐFĀiRʖ1DP%ʐJySPɮWYjROjQJJʈP9LɾW1DPYjRĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;µ
.KLQJKLrQFʠXYɸYQJJʈPĉ{QJ1DP%ʐWiFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ+ɤXĀɸFɜSĀɶQQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈFy
ɚQKKɃʖQJĀɶQJʈP%LrQ+zD7ʢFXʈLWKɶNʬ;,;FiFQJKɾQKkQJʈP&k\\0DLNɺFɚQKʦQJFKʞOzOɞQ
OɃʚWFKX\\ɺQYɸYQJ%LrQ+zD/iL7KLrX0ʐWVʈQJKɾQKkQOmROX\\ɾQĀmFyPɮWʖ7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ
+zDWKjQKOɤSYjRQĄP'ɞQGɞQJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖQrQQʌLWLɶQJĉɮFWUɃQJFʞDORɘLJʈPQj\\OjNɶW
KʚSJʈP7UXQJ4XʈFJʈP9LɾW1DPYjJʈP/LPRJHFʞD3KiSYʒLVʨWKDPJLDFʞDEj%DOLNFQJPʐWVʈ
QJKɾQKkQWʢPLɸQ%ɦFYjR*ʈP%LrQ+zDWKLrQYɸWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQGj\\ĀɮFEDRTXDQKVɚQSKɠPEɨQJ
SKɃɁQJSKiSYɴQpWFKuPKRɮFOɜ\\QpWFKuPNɶWKʚSYʒLWUʌWKʞQJĀɺWɘRKRDYĄQVDXĀyW{PHQNK{QJ
FyVʨSKkQELɾWJLʦDPHQYjPjXYH6ɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDNKiĀDGɘQJEDRJʊPEuQKKŹOʄFKyH
FKɤXĀ{QĀ{QYRLĀqQOʊQJĀŜDWUDQJWUtWɃʚQJYRLWɃʚQJOkQWɃʚQJQJɃʔL¬/RɘLFKyHPHQĀHQKRɮF
PHQQkXKRDYĄQNKɦFFKuPVɚQ[XɜWʖ%LrQ+zDFzQFXQJFɜSFKRFiFGkQWʐF7k\\1JX\\rQĀɺĀʨQJUɃʚX
FɞQ.LɺXGiQJTXDLFKyHPjXPHQYjKRDYĄQKuQKUʊQJKuQKOiĀɸ¬WKɺKLɾQWUrQORɘLFKyH%LrQ+zDVʤ
GʜQJʖ7k\\1JX\\rQNKiJɞQJŹLYʒLORɘLFKyHĀɃʚFVɚQ[XɜWʖ*z6jQK%uQKĉʂQKWUɃʒFĀy
.KLQJKLrQFʠX1JKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtPLɸQĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ1JX\\ɼQ;XkQ7LrQĀɸFɤSĀɶQJʈP%LrQ
+zDFQJYʒLFiFQJKɸWKʞF{QJNKiFOjPQrQGLɾQPɘRFKXQJFKRQJKɾWKXɤWFʞDNKXYʨFQj\\ĉʈLYʒL
QKʦQJOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJOjPJʈP´ĉʈLYʒLVɚQSKɠPJʈPErQFɘQKF{QJĀRɘQWɘRKuQKGiQJFɜXWU~F
FKXQJKɶWVʠFTXDQWUʄQJQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈPVɴOjPWĄQJJLiWUʂWKɠPPʮFʞDVɚQSKɠPWKɺKLɾQ
EɚQVɦFYjTXDQQLɾPYɸFXʐFVʈQJFʞDPʐWGkQWʐFKD\\PʐWYQJPLɸQ.KLQKuQYjRFiFKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUt
KD\\PjXVɦFFʞDVɚQSKɠPQJɃʔL[HPFyWKɺSKiQĀRiQKRɮFNKɪQJĀʂQKQyĀɃʚFVɚQ[XɜWʖĀkXYjR
WKʔLĀLɺPQjR0HQPjXYjKʄDWLɶWWUDQJWUtOjKDL\\ɶXWʈOX{QKzDTX\\ɾQĀɺOjPQrQFiLĀɰSYɸKuQKWKʠF
WUDQJWUtFʞDJʈPĉ{QJ1DP%ʐVRQJVʨViQJWɘRFʞDQJKɾQKkQWKɺKLɾQWUrQVɚQSKɠPPʒLOj\\ɶXWʈ
TX\\ɶWĀʂQK7ʢQJĀʊiQWUDQJWUtWUrQVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀzLKʆLQJɃʔLViQJWiFSKɚLFyPʐWWUuQKĀʐDPKLɺX
YɸPʮWKXɤWYjĀʈLWɃʚQJNKiFKKjQJPʜFWLrXFʞDVɚQSKɠP*ʈPĉ{QJ1DP%ʐWʢ[ɃDĀɶQQD\\ĀmFy
QKʦQJSKRQJFiFKWUDQJWUtUɜWĀʐFĀiRWUrQWʢQJWKɺORɘLVɚQSKɠP0ʎLGzQJJʈPWʢJʈP&k\\0DLFʞD
QJɃʔL+RDĀɶQJʈP%LrQ+zDYjJʈP%uQK'ɃɁQJĀɸXFyQKʦQJSKRQJFiFKWKɺKLɾQYjJLiWUʂQJKɾ
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ+ɤX9QJJʈPĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ

23.4 Page 224

▲back to top
WKXɤWĀʐFĀiRULrQJ0ɮWNKiFYuFyYʂWUtJɞQQKDXQrQVʨOLrQKɾJLDRWKRDOɢQQKDXJLʦDFiFGzQJJʈP
OjĀLɸXNK{QJWKɺWUiQKNKʆL&KtQKVʨJLDRWKRDQj\\ĀmEʌVXQJFKRQKDXĀɺWɘRUDQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈP
ĉ{QJ1DP%ʐFyQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtSKRQJSK~ĀDGɘQJĀʐFĀiRWK{QJTXDWLɶSELɶQYQJPLɸQ
ĉ{QJ²7k\\µ7iFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ;XkQ7LrQFŹQJQKɤQĀʂQK\\ɶXWʈOjPQrQVʨĀʐFĀiRFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD
´+DL\\ɶXWʈTXDQWUʄQJWɘRQrQYɲĀɰSĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDOjQJXʊQQJX\\rQOLɾXVɬQFyʖĀʂD
SKɃɁQJYʒLFDROjQKYjĀɜWVpWPjXFKɜWOɃʚQJFDRFʐQJYʒLWUuQKĀʐFʞDĀʐLQJŹQJKɾQKkQWKʚJʈPFy
WɃGX\\ViQJWɘRWD\\QJKɸKRjQKɚR&yWKɺQyLWjLQJKɾFʞDWKʚJʈP%LrQ+zDFKtQKOjʖFKʎKʄĀmWLɶS
WKXKzDQKɤSĀɃʚFQKʦQJQpWWLQKKRDĀɺWɘRUDPʐWGzQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPPDQJQpWĀɮFWUɃQJNK{QJOɢQ
YʒLGzQJVɚQSKɠPNKiFWURQJQɃʒFYjWUrQWKɶJLʒL*ʈP%LrQ+zDWKXQKɤQĀɃʚFQKʦQJWKjQKWʨXWUrQ
FyVʨJySF{QJUɜWOʒQFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDQD\\Oj7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ
1DLQɁLNKʖLĀɞXFʞDQKʦQJQJKLrQFʠXViQJWɘRUDORɘLPHQPɢXPmYjĀjRWɘRUDQKʦQJWKʚJʈPOjQK
QJKɸ&KtQKWʢVʨNɶWKʚSKjLKzDJLʦDĉ{QJYj7k\\JLʦDFŹYjPʒLQKʦQJEjQWD\\ĀLrXOX\\ɾQFʞDFiF
QJKɾQKkQĀmWɘRQrQEɚQVɦFULrQJELɾWFʞDJʈPĀʂDSKɃɁQJYʒLYɲĀɰSĀʐFĀiRYɸKuQKGiQJPjXPHQ
YjQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtµ
1JKLrQFʠXYɸVʨKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDWiFJLɚ7UɞQĉuQK4Xɚ
VDXNKLSKkQWtFKSKRQJFiFKTXDWʢQJJLDLĀRɘQĀɃDUDQKɤQĀʂQK9QJĀɜW%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJĀɮF
WUɃQJYĄQKyDULrQJPDQJQɮQJGɜXɜQFʞDQKʦQJFRQQJɃʔLFQJĀɶQNKDLSKiYj[k\\GʨQJPʐWFXʐF
VʈQJPʒL7URQJ[mKʐLWKXQKʆɜ\\QJɃʔL9LɾWQJɃʔL+RDYjQJɃʔLEɚQĀʂDFŹQJViWFiQKErQQKDXWɘR
UDQKʦQJPʈLOLrQKɾJLDRWKRDJLʦDFiLFKXQJYjULrQJFʞDQɸQYĄQKyDPʎLWʐFQJɃʔL&KtQKWʢNK{QJ
JLDQSKDWUʐQĀyĀmVLQKUDQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDWKɤWĀɮFVɦFPDQJĀɮFWUɃQJFʞDYQJ
PLɸQ0ʎLVɚQSKɠPFʞDQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɸXWʌQJKʚSFiF\\ɶXWʈYɸYɲĀɰSYjVʨViQJ
WɘRQKɃQKʦQJWiFSKɠPPʮWKXɤWʠQJGʜQJ1JX\\rQQKkQGɢQĀɶQQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zD
FyQKʦQJĀɮFĀLɺPQJKɾWKXɤWYʢDPDQJWtQKWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFKXQJFʞDJʈP9LɾW1DPĀʊQJWKʔLOɘLFy
FiFĀɮFWUɃQJULrQJFʞDYQJPLɸQEʖLVʨKuQKWKjQKFʞDQyFyQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈɚQKKɃʖQJOj.ɶWKʢDQJKɾ
WKXɤWWUDQJWUtWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\FʞDQJKɾWKXɤWJʈP9LɾW1DP6ʨNɶWKʢDĀyWKɺKLɾQTXD
PʐWVʈKRDYĄQWUDQJWUtPjXPHQYjWKʞSKiSWKɺKLɾQWUrQVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zD1KʦQJĀɮFWUɃQJ
YɸWɃGX\\ViQJWiFYjFKɜWOLɾXWURQJP{LWUɃʔQJFXʐFVʈQJ[XQJTXDQKĀmWɘRFKRQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUt
1JX\\ɼQ;XkQ7LrQ1JKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtPLɸQĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ7ɘSFKt9ĄQKyDQJKɾWKXɤWVʈ
1JX\\ɼQ;XkQ7LrQ*ʈP%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLWKʔLKRjQJNLPWKʨFWUɘQJYjJLɚLSKiSSKiWWULɺQ.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR*ʈP
ĉʊQJ1DLYjFiFYQJSKʜFɤQWʢWUX\\ɸQWKyQJĀɶQKLɾQĀɘL+ʐL0ʮWKXɤW73+ʊ&Kt0LQK7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUt
ĉʊQJ1DLWʌFKʠFWU

23.5 Page 225

▲back to top
JʈP%LrQ+zDFyFiFĀɮFĀLɺPULrQJNKiFELɾWYʒLFiFGzQJJʈPNKiFĉLɸXQj\\ĀmĀyQJJySYjRVʨSKRQJ
SK~WURQJWʌQJWKɺJʈP9LɾW1DPWURQJWKɶNʬ;;6ʨJLDRWKRDYʒLFiFGzQJJʈPWURQJNKXYʨFĉ{QJ1DP
%ʐOjJʈPYjJʈP%uQK'ɃɁQJĀmɚQKKɃʖQJNK{QJQKʆĀɶQQJKɾWKXɤWJʈP%LrQ+zD7X\\QKLrQQKkQWʈ
TXDQ WUʄQJ ĀɶQ SKRQJ FiFK Yj WUuQK Āʐ FʞD QJKɾ WKXɤW WUDQJ WUt JʈP %LrQ +zD Oj NLɶQ WKʠF Pʮ WKXɤW
SKɃɁQJ7k\\
7iFJLɚĉRjQ0LQK1JʄFSKkQWtFKQJKɾWKXɤWJʈP%LrQ+zDWUrQFɁVʖVɚQSKɠPTXDFiFF{QJĀRɘQ
FKɶWiFÑQJĀɃDUDQKɤQ[pWWUrQJyFĀʐWɘRKuQKYjWUDQJWUt7KʠQKɜWYɸWɘRKuQK0ʎLF{QJĀRɘQWKʨF
KLɾQVɚQSKɠPJʈPWʢĀɞXFKRĀɶQNKLĀɃDYjROzQXQJOjPQJX\\rQOLɾXĀɜWWɘRGiQJWUrQEjQ[RD\\WUDQJ
WUtYɴFKuPĀɦSQʌLKRɮFWUʌWKʞQJUʊLSKʞPHQPjXĀɃʚFWKʨFKLɾQNʮWKXɤWNKiFQKDXFKRWʢQJORɘLVɚQ
SKɠP7ɘRKuQKPʐWEuQKKRDFyWKɺiSGʜQJNʮWKXɤW[RD\\EɨQJWD\\KRɮFUyWNKX{QWɘRPʐWFiLĀ{QWUzQ
KuQKYRLWKuFyWKɺNɶWKʚSJLʦD[RD\\EɨQJWD\\YjĀɦSWUʨFWLɶSQKʦQJPɚQJSKĀLrXQʌLOrQWUrQ¬&iFNʮ
WKXɤWWɘRGiQJNʮWKXɤWNKɦFFKɜPPHQĀʐOʤDQXQJĀmOjPQrQVʨKɜSGɢQNƓOɘYjĀʐFĀiRFKRJʈP%LrQ
+zD*ʈP%LrQ+zDUɜWĀDGɘQJNLɺXGiQJYʒLQKLɸXFKʞQJORɘLNKiFQKDX1JɃʔLViQJWɘRSKɚLQɦPYʦQJ
ĀɮFĀLɺPFKɜWOLɾXĀɺNɶWKʚSĀɃʔQJQpWYjPɚQJNKʈLWURQJQJKɾWKXɤWWɘRKuQKNK{QJJLDQEDFKLɸXQKɨP
WɘRUDQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPʠQJGʜQJWʈWWLɶSFɤQWKHR[XKɃʒQJYjTXDQQLɾPWKɠPPʮFʞDWKʔLĀɘL&iF\\ɶXWʈ
FKɜWOLɾXQJKɾWKXɤWFKɶWiFNʮWKXɤWYjSKRQJFiFKWKɺKLɾQQJKɾWKXɤWWɘRGiQJVɚQSKɠPĀmOjPQrQ
ĀɮFĀLɺPULrQJFʞDPʐWGzQJJʈPQʌLWLɶQJ7KʠKDLYɸWUDQJWUt1KʦQJWKʞSKiSiSGʜQJYjRWUDQJWUt
JʈP%LrQ+zDJʊP&KɘPNKɦFFKɘPOʐQJWUDQJWUtQpWFKuPYɴQpWFKuPNɶWKʚSYʒLFKɘPOʐQJUʊLW{
PHQ0{WtSWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɸXJɦQYʒLëQJKŜDYjELɺXWɃʚQJFʞDFiFP{WLSWLrXELɺXWʢKRDOiFk\\
FʆĀɶQPʐWVʈFRQYɤWĀɃʚFOɃXWUX\\ɸQWURQJGkQJLDQ9ɸFɁEɚQKRDYĄQWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDUɜW
SKRQJSK~WʢKRDYĄQWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFʞDGkQWʐFĀɶQQKʦQJKʄDWLɶWULrQJFʞDYQJPLɸQYjQKLɸXP{WtS
KLɾQĀɘLNKiF6ʨĀDGɘQJFʞDKRDYĄQWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFQJYʒLP{WtSKLɾQĀɘLĀmĀɃDJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖQrQ
JɞQJŹLYʒLQJɃʔLWKɃʖQJQJRɘQWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF6ʨNɶWKʚSKjLKzDFʞDQKLɸXPjXPHQPjPʎLĀʊiQ
WUDQJWUtKLɾQGLɾQQKɃPʐWWiFSKɠPKʐLKʄDYʒLĀɞ\\ĀʞFiF\\ɶXWʈYɸEʈFʜFĀɃʔQJQpWPɚQJNKʈLSKʈL
PjXNK{QJJLDQWKʔLJLDQĀɃʚFFKɦWOʄFVɦS[ɶSWKHRFiFTX\\WɦFFʞDQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUt*ʈP%LrQ+zDOj
VʨNɶWKʚSFʞDQKLɸXPjXPHQFQJYʒLĀʐGj\\PʆQJFʞDPHQNKLFyiQKViQJWiFĀʐQJYjRVɴKuQKWKjQK
QKʦQJVɦFĀʐĀɤPQKɘWViQJWʈLNKiFQKDXWɘRQrQWtQKWUDQJWUt
7UɞQĉuQK4Xɚ6ʨKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQFʞDQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zD.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQ
JʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWU
ĉRjQ0LQK1JʄFĉɮFĀLɺPQJKɾWKXɤW*ʈP%LrQ+zD.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR0ʮWKXɤWĉ{QJ1DP%ʐSKiWWULɺQYjKʐLQKɤS
1Kj[XɜWEɚQ7jLFKtQKWU

23.6 Page 226

▲back to top
7iFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ7LɶQ0ɘQKFKRUɨQJWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDOj\\ɶXWʈFŹQJWɘRQrQĀɮFWUɃQJ
NKLVRViQKYʒLQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPWʢFiFQɁLNKiF*ʈP%LrQ+zDJk\\ĀɃʚFɜQWɃʚQJULrQJELɾWGɼ
QKɤQELɶWFKʞ\\ɶXSKRQJFiFKWUDQJWUtĉyOjPʈLTXDQKɾJLʦDWKʞSKiSWUDQJWUtPjXVɦFWjLKRDYĄQ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDYɸFɁEɚQĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQYʒLWKʞYɴFKuPKRɮFQpWFKuPYʒLNɶWKʚSYʒL
FKɘPWKʞQJW{PHQPjXOʤDWUXQJPjXĀɃʚFQXQJʖQKLɾWĀʐWUXQJEuQK࢙&ĀɶQ࢙&FyPjX
NKiWɃɁLViQJYjGɼEɦWPɦW&iFKRDYĄQĀɃʚFWɘREɨQJFiFQpWYɴJLʈQJYʒLQpWYɴWUrQJʈPQXQJWUX\\ɸQ
WKʈQJ1KɃQJFyORɘLQpWQKʄQOjQKʦQJQpWOLrQWʜFFyĀʐXʈQOɃʚQNKiSKRQJSK~WɘRQrQQKʦQJKʄD
WLɶWNKiFQKDX1ɶXQpWKRDYĄQWUrQJʈPĀɜWQXQJ9ŜQK/RQJĀɃʚFOjPEɨQJFiFQpWFKuPkPEɚQWKu
WUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDSKɞQJLʦDFKuPPʒLOjKRDYĄQFyKuQKĀɞ\\ĀʞĀɃʚFFRLQKɃOjGɃɁQJEɚQ&iFKuQK
WKʠFWUDQJWUtWUrQĀɃʚFEɦWĀɞXEɨQJFiFQpWYɴYLɸQKʄDWLɶWUʊLVDXĀyĀɃʚFW{PHQPjXKRɮFFKɘP
OʄQJ3KɞQQɸQFʞDFiFQpWYɴQj\\QKɃOjQKʦQJĀɃʔQJEDRĀɺNKLW{PHQPjXĀɃʚFQKʆYjJʄQWʆU}Vʨ
WLQKWɶYjWĄQJFɃʔQJYLɾFVʤGʜQJPjXWUrQFiFPɚQJWUDQJWUtQKʆ¬&iFPɚQJKRDYĄQWUDQJWUtĀɃʚFWɘR
WʢQpWWɘRVʨĀʈLOɤSYʒLSKɞQPɚQJĀɺWUɁQĀmNɶWKʚSUɜWWʈWYʒLQKDXOjPWĄQJKLɾXTXɚWUDQJWUtĀɮF
ELɾWĀʈLYʒLFiFVɚQSKɠPOʒQ9ʒLFiFVɚQSKɠPQKʆĀ{LNKLĀɃʚFWUDQJWUtEɨQJQpWWɘRKRDYĄQSKʞNKɦS
WKkQVɚQSKɠP7UrQWKʨFWɶJʈP%LrQ+zDFKʀVʤGʜQJQpWYjPHQPjXĀmFKRUDQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPFyWtQK
QJKɾWKXɤWFDR+uQKWKʠFWUDQJWUtWK{QJGʜQJWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFVʤGʜQJWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDOjFiFK
FKɘPNKɦFWKʞQJQKʦQJKRDYĄQKʄDWLɶWWUrQVɚQSKɠP.ʮWKXɤWYjWjLQĄQJFʞDQJɃʔLQJKɾQKkQ%LrQ
+zDWURQJTXiWUuQKYɴPHQFŹQJĀmWɘRUDKuQKWKʠFWUDQJWUtULrQJELɾWFKRJʈP%LrQ+zD9ʒLJʈP%iW
7UjQJWKuVɚQSKɠPPʐFWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFYɴPjXUʊLWUiQJPHQKD\\QK~QJPHQWɘRKRDYĄQGɃʒLPHQ
1KɃQJYʒLJʈP%LrQ+zDQJɃʔLQJKɾQKkQOɘL[ʤOëNʮWKXɤWWURQJTXiWUuQKW{PHQPjXĀɺWɘRKLɾXTXɚ
WUDQJWUt.KLW{PHQQJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺW{Gj\\KD\\PʆQJĀɺNKLQXQJWKjQKVɚQSKɠPPHQVɴWɘRĀɃʚFĀʐ
WURQJYjĀʐVkXNKiFQKDX¬0HQPjXPʐWĀɮFWUɃQJJL~SFKRJʈP%LrQ+zDQʌLWLɶQJʖ9LɾW1DPYj
WUrQWKɶJLʒLOjPHQĀɃʚFQJKLrQFʠXWʢ7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWʢQKʦQJWKɤS
QLrQĀɞXFʞDWKɶNʬ;;&ɞQSKɚLQyLWKrPOjKRɘWĀʐQJJLɚQJGɘ\\YjQJKLrQFʠXYɸJʈPFʞDWUɃʔQJQj\\
FyWiFĀʐQJUɜWOʒQYjWtFKFʨFYɸPʄLSKɃɁQJGLɾQĀʈLYʒLJʈPWKʞF{QJPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD7URQJQKʦQJ
PjXPHQFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDORɘLPHQ[DQKĀʊQJOjĀɮFWUɃQJYjQʌLWLɶQJQKɜW
1JRjLQKʦQJĀɮFWUɃQJYɸQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtPʐWVʈWiFJLɚQKuQQKɤQʖJʈP%LrQ+zDFyĀLɺP
QʌLEɤWOjPjXPHQ7iFJLɚ7UɃɁQJ7Kʂ4X\\rQFKRUɨQJ1JRjLĀɮFWUɃQJYɸYɸNLɺXGiQJEʈFʜFKRDYĄQ
1JX\\ɼQ7LɶQ0ɘQK+RɘWĀʐQJWKLɶWNɶJʈPPʮQJKɾʖWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR*ʈPĉʊQJ1DLYj
FiFYQJSKʜFɤQWʢWUX\\ɸQWKyQJĀɶQKLɾQĀɘL+ʐL0ʮWKXɤW73+&07UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWʌFKʠFWU

23.7 Page 227

▲back to top
WUDQJWUtYjWKʞSKiSJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLFzQFyĀɮFWUɃQJWKʠEDYɸPjXPHQĉyOj
\\ɶXWʈUɜWTXDQWKɺKLɾQWUuQKĀʐSKiWWULɺQFʞDJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zDQyLULrQJYjJʈP9LɾWQyL
FKXQJ7URQJFiFORɘLJʈPĀɃʚFFKLDOjPKDLORɘL6ɚQSKɠPĀɜWQXQJNK{QJSKʞPHQYjJʈPVjQKQkX
FKʞ\\ɶXOjPHQPjXGDOɃɁQYʒLPHQĀHQĀɶQJʈPVjQK[ʈSWKuĀmFyVʨĀDGɘQJYɸPjXVɦFFʞDPHQ
7\\YjRĀʐOʤDPjQJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺFKɶUDQKLɸXPjXFKRSKKʚSYʒLWtQKFKɜWWUDQJWUtFKRWʢQJVɚQ
SKɠP9uPjXPHQWɘRQrQVɦFĀʐĀɤPQKɘWFKRFiFĀʊiQWUDQJWUtFŹQJQKɃWRjQEʐFiFVɚQSKɠPPDQJ
PʐWVɦFWKiLJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLGɢQOɘLFʞD7UɞQĉuQK4XɚWURQJOXɤQiQ1JKɾWKXɤW
WUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLJLDLĀRɘQWʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;ĀɶQQĄPĉʊQJWKʔLWiFJLɚĀɃDUD
QKɤQ[pW0HQFʞDJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLFyWKɺFKLDOjP[XKɃʒQJNKiFQKDXYɸQKLɾW
ĀʐFKɚ\\YjKɾPjXVɦFQKɃ0ʐWOjGzQJPHQFDRĀʐFKRUDQKʦQJPjXVɦFWUɞPYjTXë+DLOjGzQJPHQ
WUXQJĀʐFKX\\rQVʤGʜQJQKʦQJVɦFPjXWɃɁLViQJUʨFUʘKɁQYʒLFiFPjXQyQJQKɃYjQJKʊQJFDP
Āʆ[DQKODP9LɾFWɘRUDQKLɸXPjXPHQSKRQJSK~ĀmJL~SQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈP%LrQ+zDWUX\\ɸQ
WKʈQJʖĉʊQJ1DLQJj\\FjQJNKɪQJĀʂQKWtQKĀɮFWUɃQJYQJPLɸQYjPDQJPʐWĀʂQKGDQKYʒLVʨQʌL
WLɶQJYɸWKɃɁQJKLɾXJʈPKɁQQĄPTXD
1KɤQGLɾQVʨĀʐFĀiRYjĀDGɘQJFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD{QJ+ʊ1DPĀLɺPOɘLQKʦQJGɜXPʈFYɸOLrQ
TXDQĀɶQFKɜWOLɾXPHQFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDQKɜQPɘQKĀɶQVʨĀyQJJySFʞDYʚFKʊQJ{QJEj5REHUW
%DOLFN+LɾXWUɃʖQJEj0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQ7UɃʖQJ%DQJʈPFʞD7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾ%ɚQ[ʠ%LrQ+zDĉk\\Oj
QKʦQJQJɃʔLFyF{QJKRɘFKĀʂQKFiFKWkQYɸPɮWWKɠPPʮYjĀmOjPWKD\\ĀʌLYɸFKɜWFʞDGzQJJʈP%LrQ
+zDSKiWWULɺQWɤSWUXQJYjRFiFGzQJVɚQSKɠPJʈPYʒLOʈLWUDQJWUtQKLɸXPjXVɦFKRDYĄQFKɘPNKɦF
PDQJWtQKĀɮFVɦFVʤGʜQJQKʦQJPjXPHQOɘVRYʒLFiFPjXPHQFʞDFiFGzQJJʈPĀɃɁQJWKʔLĉDVʈ
QKʦQJPHQQj\\ĀɃʚFFKɶWɘRWʢQJX\\rQOLɾXWʨQKLrQQKɃWURUɁPWURWUɜXWKʞ\\WLQKFiFPɚQKWKʞ\\WLQK
YʜQFiWĉj1ɬQJ1KʦQJORɘLPHQĀɃʚFEj0DUHWWH%UDOOLRQFQJFiFFʐQJVʨQJɃʔL9LɾWWɘRUDWKʔLEɜ\\
JLʔOjPHQWDPHQOjPWʢWURPHQPjX[DQKĀʊQJPHQĀiĀʆPHQOjPWʢĀiRQJYQJ%LrQ+zD
&KtQKVʨNɶWKʚSFʞDFiFTXDQQLɾPYjNʮWKXɤWFʞDFɚSKɃɁQJĉ{QJYjSKɃɁQJ7k\\ĀmWiFĀʐQJUɜW
QKLɸXĀɶQ\\ɶXWʈWKɠPPʮFʞDGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zD¬ĉɮFWUɃQJQʌLEɤWFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDOjNɶWKʚSPHQ
WURYjFKɜWWɘRPjXWʢKʚSNLPĀʊQJPjXPHQĀiĀʆJʈPĀɜWĀHQ&iFPHQPjXWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFĀLɸXFKɶ
WʢFKɜWOLɾXFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJ&iFORɘLPHQOʤDWUXQJWKɃʔQJGQJFiFFKɜWFKɚ\\OjWUɃʔQJWKɘFKĀiYʒL
WKʞ\\WLQKQJKLɶQ{[tWFKu{[LWNɴPWURWUɜX0ʎLFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈPOzJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDĀɸXJLʦQKʦQJEt
7UɃɁQJ7Kʂ4X\\rQ´1JKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\FʞDJʈP1DP%ʐ.ʬ\\ɶX
KʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWU

23.8 Page 228

▲back to top
TX\\ɶWULrQJYɸNʮWKXɤWSKDFKɶPHQJʈPĉLɸXQj\\NK{QJFKʀOjPFKRJʈP%LrQ+zDFyJLiWUʂVʤGʜQJ
FDRPjFzQFyJLiWUʂViQJWɘROʒQĉLɸXNKiFELɾWWURQJFiFKSKDFKɶPHQĀɺWKjQKQKʦQJEjLPHQĀʐFOɘ
OjWʬOɾFiFWKjQKSKɞQQJX\\rQOLɾX9ʒLSKɃɁQJSKiSWKʞF{QJYjQJX\\rQOLɾXQJɃʔLWKʚQJKLɶQPHQ
WURQJNKRɚQJWLɶQJFKRPʂQQKʆĉk\\OjPHQJʈFNKLSKDFKɶQJɃʔLWKʚWKɃʔQJWKrPFiF{[tWNLP
ORɘLĀɺWɘRĀDVɦFPjX7KʔLJLDQĀɞXGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zDɃDFiFPjXWUɦQJViQJVʤGʜQJKɾPHQQKɰ
OʤDYʒLFKɜWOjPFKɚ\\FKtQKOj{[tWFKu7X\\QKLrQĀk\\OjFKɜWĀʐFKɘLFKRVʠFNKʆHQrQVDXQj\\FKʀVʤGʜQJ
FKRJʈPNLɶQWU~FYjPʮWKXɤW%rQFɘQKKɾPHQĀʂDSKɃɁQJQJj\\QD\\ĀmFyUɜWQKLɸXKyDFKɜWYjPHQ
PjXĀɃʚFQKɤSWʢQJRjLYjRĀmOjPĀDGɘQJWKrPVɦFPjXWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDĉɮFELɾWVɚQSKɠPJʈP
PHQ[DQKWUʌĀʊQJPHQ[DQKWUʌE{QJFʞDGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zDUɜWĀɃʚFWKʂWUɃʔQJɃDFKXʐQJĉɮF
ĀLɺPFʞDORɘLPHQQj\\OjNKLQXQJʖQKLɾWĀʐFDRFiF{[tWĀʊQJNɶWKʚSYʒLFiFWKjQKSKɞQKyDOëFʞDĀɜW
WɘRWKjQKFiFĀʈPORDQJWUzQQKʆĀDGɘQJFyiQKNLPPjXĀʊQJYjQJ'RFiFKOjPPDQJWtQKWKʞF{QJ
FDRFiFĀʈPORDQJQj\\KuQKWKjQKPʐWFiFKNKiFKʞĀʐQJĀʊQJWKʔLFŹQJPDQJWtQKQJɢXKʠQJGR
WɃɁQJWiFYʒLQKLɾWĀʐFDR&iFĀʈPORDQJO~FWKuWʢQJPɚQJQKʆOLWLO~FWKuWʢQJPɚQJORDQJWRUʐQJ
O~FWKuĀʐFOɤSWʢQJPɚQJO~FWKuĀDQ[HQQKDXPʐWFiFKWʨQKLrQ1KʦQJQĄPJɞQĀk\\[XɜWKLɾQWKrP
GzQJPHQQkXWUʌE{QJ+uQKWKʠFWKɠPPʮFŹQJJLʈQJQKɃPHQ[DQKWUʌĀʊQJ[RQJFKʀNKiFOjWRjQEʐ
EɸPɮWPHQOjW{QJPjXQkXYjQJNɶWKʚS
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJLiWUʂQKkQYĄQ
7ɤSTXiQʠQJ[ʤ
1JKɸJʈPYʒLFiFF{QJĀRɘQODRĀʐQJNKiYɜWYɚVRYʒLFiFQJKɸNKiFYjĀzLKʆLQJɃʔLWKʚFyWD\\
QJKɸFDRNʮWKXɤWWʈWNLQKQJKLɾPOkXQĄPPʒLFKRUDQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPKRjQKɚR'RWtQKFKɜWWʀPʀNLrQ
WUuʖWɜWFɚFiFNKkXWKʨFKLɾQFKɶWiFJʈPQrQQJKɸJʈPNK{QJFKʀTX\\WʜQDPJLʒLPjFzQFyFɚQʦJLʒL
UɜWĀ{QJĀɚR1JɃʔLOjPQJKɸJʈPNK{QJSKkQELɾWJLʒLWtQKQKɃQJĀzLKʆLFyOzQJ\\rXQJKɸĀ{LEjQ
WD\\NKpROpRNKʈLyFViQJWɘRWLQKWɶWURQJWKɠPPʮĀɺ´WKʌLKʊQµYjRVɚQSKɠP7URQJWKʚOjPJʈP
QKʦQJQJɃʔLJLʆLQJKɸĀɃʚFFKʞOz[HPWUʄQJYjWUɚF{QJKɤXKŜĉʈLYʒLQKʦQJFKʞJʈPQJɃʔL+RD
QJɃʔLWKʚ[RD\\OXKŹYjWKʚOzEXʌLĀɞXĀɃʚFWUɚF{QJFDRKɁQVRYʒLFiFWKʚNKiF+ʄWKɃʔQJĀɃʚFFKʞ
FKRʖOɘLFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWYuĀʐWLQFɤ\\FDRYjɃXĀmLĀɺJLʦQJKɾQKkQ1KʦQJWKʚJʈPʖ7kQ9ɘQ[ɃDUɜWWkP
KX\\ɶWYʒLQJKɸWXkQSKʜFFKʞWX\\ɾWĀʈL+ʄOjPYLɾFNK{QJNɺWKʔLJLDQĀɮFELɾWYjRQKʦQJJLDLĀRɘQ
+ʊ1DP1kQJFDRJLiWUʂWKɠPPʮJʈP%LrQ+zDJySSKɞQSKiWWULɺQF{QJQJKLɾSYĄQKyDʖ9LɾW1DPKLɾQQD\\.ʬ\\ɶX
KʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWU

23.9 Page 229

▲back to top
´FDRĀLɺPµNKLFKʞFɞQFyVɚQSKɠPĀɺJLDRFKRNKiFK+ʄNK{QJTXɚQĀɶQVʒPKD\\YɸWUɼPLɼQOjOjP
KɶWVʠFPuQKWURQJF{QJYLɾFĀɃʚFJLDRĀɺFyVɚQSKɠPJLDRFKRNKiFKKjQJĉʊQJWKʔLQJɃʔLWKʚFŹQJ
QKɤQWKʠFĀɃʚFKLɾXTXɚFʞDF{QJYLɾFNKLOjPUDVɚQSKɠPQKLɸXWKuVɴĀɃʚFWUɚF{QJWɃɁQJ[ʠQJ
1JɃʔLWKʚQjROjPQKLɸXVɚQSKɠPFKɜWOɃʚQJWKuĀɃʚFWUɚOɃɁQJFDROɃɁQJĀɃʚFWUɚVDXPʎLĀʚWVɚQ
SKɠPUDOzKRɮFJLDRFKRNKiFKKjQJ9ɸQJɃʔLFKʞOzJʈPKʄWKɃʔQJKD\\JLʦFKkQQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚFy
WD\\QJKɸEɨQJFiFKWĄQJOɃɁQJWKɃʖQJĀ{LNKLEDRQX{LQJɃʔLWKʚNKLNK{QJFyĀɁQKjQJĉLɸXKjQK
VɚQ[XɜWFʞDQJɃʔLFKʞTXDQJɃʔLWKʚFɚQJɃʔLWKʚFɚOjQJɃʔLĀLɸXSKʈLF{QJYLɾFĀʈLYʒLFiFWKʚNKiF
FKtQKYuYɤ\\PjQJɃʔLWKʚFɚYjWKʚOzĀɃʚF[HPOjFyYDLWUzOʒQKɁQQKʦQJWKʚNKiF
.KLĀɃʚFQKɤQYjROjPYLɾFWKuQJɃʔLWKʚSKɚLWXkQWKʞWKHRTXLĀʂQKFʞDFKʞOzNK{QJĀɃʚFW\\
WLɾQWURQJF{QJYLɾF.ɺFɚNKLQJKʀYuYLɾFULrQJFŹQJSKɚLEiR[LQSKpSWKʚFɚEʈWUtWKD\\WKɶF{QJYLɾF
FKRNʂSWLɶQĀʐĀɚPEɚRFiFNKkXĀɃʚFGX\\WUuNK{QJJLiQĀRɘQYjĀɚPEɚRVɚQSKɠP1KɃYɤ\\G
WURQJTXiWUuQKFKɶWiFWKʞF{QJWʌFKʠFKRɘWĀʐQJFʞDQJKɸJʈPFKRWKɜ\\FyWiFSKRQJFʞDQJɃʔLF{QJ
QKkQF{QJQJKLɾS
7ɤSTXiQWUX\\ɸQQJKɸ
1JKɸJʈPWʢ[ɃDĀɃʚFGX\\WUuWKHRKuQKWKʠFFKDWUX\\ɸQFRQQʈLʕOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQQJɃʔL+RD
KʄFKʀWUX\\ɸQQJKɸJʈPFKRQJɃʔLWKXʐFFʐQJĀʊQJNK{QJWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFKRQJɃʔLQJRjLĉk\\OjTXLĀʂQK
EɜWWKjQKYĄQQKɃQJĀɃʚFWXkQJLʦFKɮWFKɴTXDQKLɸXWKɶKɾ0ʄLF{QJĀRɘQNKkXFKɶWiFWʢĀɞXFKR
ĀɶQVɚQSKɠPKRjQWKjQKĀɸXWKʨFKLɾQTXDQKLɸXQJɃʔLWKʚQKɃQJFyQKʦQJNLQKQJKLɾPWKXʐFGɘQJ
EtPɤWFʞDQJKɸQJKLɾSĀɃʚFJLʦNtQPjFKʀFKʞFɁVʖKD\\QJKɾQKkQQɦPJLʦ+ʄFKʀWKʨFKLɾQQKʦQJ
NLQKQJKLɾPĀyWURQJPʐWNKkXKD\\WiFĀʐQJWURQJTX\\WUuQKFKɶWiFPjQJɃʔLQJRjLKRɮFWKʚNK{QJFy
FKʞĀtFKVɴNKyQKɤQUD1KʦQJNLQKQJKLɾPYjWiFĀʐQJFɚFKʞFɁVʖQJKɾQKkQVɴOj\\ɶXWʈTXDQWUʄQJ
OjPFKRVɚQSKɠPJʈPFʞDFKʞOzQj\\NKiFYʒLFKʞOzNKiF9LɾFWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚJʈP[ɃD
EɨQJSKɃɁQJSKiSFɞPWD\\FKʀYLɾF7KʚOjPJʈPKʄFYLɾFO~FĀɞXFKʂXVʨĀLɸXKjQKFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚFɚ
%DQĀɞXWKʚFɚTXDQViWQJɃʔLKʄFQJKɸTXDFiFKʠQJ[ʤWURQJJLDRWLɶSYjOjPQKʦQJYLɾFFyWtQKFKɜW
´VDLYɮWµSKʜFYʜFKRWKʚFŹ6DXWKʔLJLDQWKuWKʚFɚPʒLJLDRQKʦQJYLɾFWKHRëFʞDPuQK7KʔLJLDQKʄF
QJKɸFʞDQJɃʔLKʄFSKʜWKXʐFYjRVʨWLɶSWKXWUX\\ɸQĀɘWFʞDQJɃʔLWKɞ\\NK{QJFyTXLĀʂQKU}UjQJYɸ
WKʔLJLDQFŹQJQKɃWXʌLWiF
.KLEɦWĀɞXQJɃʔLKʄFĀɃʚFJLDRFiFF{QJYLɾFNKiQɮQJQKʄFQKɃNKXkQYiFQKʊLĀɜWFKɜWOz
OjPĀɜWĀɘSĀɜW¬.KLQKɤQWKɜ\\QJɃʔLKʄFFKĄPFKʀFyVʠFNKRɲWKʚFɚGɞQJLDRQKʦQJF{QJYLɾFNKiF
WɘRKuQKOjPQJXʐL.KLQɦPEɦWĀɃʚFQKʦQJNʮWKXɤWNLQKQJKLɾPWʢQJEɃʒFWKjQKWKʜFFiFNKkXWKu
QJɃʔLKʄFĀɃʚFOjPWKʚSKʜ&iFKWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFʞDWKʚJʈPWKHROʈLFɞPWD\\FKʀYLɾFYʢDFKɤPQKɃQJ

23.10 Page 230

▲back to top
FKɦFNpRGjLWKʔLJLDQ.KLKʄFWKjQKQJKɸQJɃʔLWKʚFyWKɺUʔLNKʆLWKɞ\\ĀɺWʨGRKjQKQJKɸKD\\PʖOz
KRɮFOjPF{QJYʒLWɃFiFKOjPʐWQJɃʔLWKʚFKRFKʞOz7URQJTXiWUuQKOjPYLɾFQJɃʔLWKʚJʈPFŹQJQKɃ
QJɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzTXDKʄFKʆLYjNLQKQJKLɾPU~WUDEjLKʄFTXëJLiFKRFKtQKEɚQWKkQĀyOjVʨĀ~FNɶWWʢ
WKʨFWLɼQ1JɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzOkXQĄPWʨWtFKOXʮNLQKQJKLɾPFyWKɺQKuQNKyLPjĀRiQELɶWQKLɾWĀʐWURQJ
OzPjĀLɸXFKʀQKĀɺVɚQSKɠPĀɘWĀɃʚFFKɜWOɃʚQJWʈWQKɜW7URQJQJKɸJʈPQJɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzĀɃʚFFKʞ
FRLWUʄQJKɁQYjWUɚOɃɁQJFDRKɁQVRYʒLQKʦQJWKʚNKiFEʖLNKkXĀRɘQFXʈLFQJOLrQTXDQĀɶQVɚQ
SKɠPĀɘWKD\\NK{QJĀɘWFKɜWOɃʚQJ1ɶXVɚQSKɠPUDOzĀɘWWKuFKʞOmLtWQɶXĀɘWWUrQWKuFKʞFy
OmLOʒQ9uYɤ\\PjFKʀĀɶQNKLVɚQSKɠPUDOzWKuQJɃʔLFKʞPʒLELɶWĀɃʚFVʈĀɞXWɃFKRĀʚWVɚQ[XɜWVɚQ
SKɠPFyWKɺOʔLKD\\Oʎ.KLQXQJVɚQSKɠPQJɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzĀɃʚFFKʞFɁVʖTXDQWkPɃXiL7KʨFUD
QJɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzOjPKɶWWUiFKQKLɾPYʒLNLQKQJKLɾPĀɺVɚQSKɠPUDOzWʈW7X\\QKLrQFŹQJFyQKʦQJ
ĀʚWVɚQSKɠPGRQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈWiFĀʐQJPjNK{QJĀɘWFKɜWOɃʚQJKRɮFWʀOɾVɚQSKɠPWʈWNK{QJFDR6ʨ
TXDQWkPɃXiLFʞDFKʞOzYʒLWKʚĀʈWOzUɜWTXDQWUʄQJĀɺKʄDQWkPOjPYLɾF
'ɞXFyQKʦQJFiFKNK{QJFKRQJɃʔLNKiFKʄFOɜ\\EtTX\\ɶWFʞDQJɃʔLOjPJʈPJʈF+RDĀʈLYʒL
QJɃʔLQJRjLFʐQJĀʊQJQKɃQJNK{QJYuĀyPjEtTX\\ɶWQj\\NK{QJ´OʄWOʐµUDQJRjL7URQJTXiWUuQKOjP
WKʚFKRFiFFKʞQJɃʔL+RDQKLɸXQJɃʔLTXDQViWNʮFyëWKʠFKʄFOɜ\\EtTX\\ɶWWKuFŹQJFyWKɺQɦPEɦW
ĀɃʚF0ʐWVʈQJɃʔL9LɾWWURQJTXiWUuQKOjPYLɾFĀmKʄFĀɃʚFQKʦQJEtTX\\ɶWQJKɸQJKLɾSFʞDFiFFKʞOz
JʈPQJɃʔL+RD9LɾFWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\QJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDYjRĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;GLɼQUDFyNKRDKʄFKɁQYj
QKDQKKɁQQKʔVʨUDĀʔLFʞDWUɃʔQJ'ɘ\\QJKɸ%LrQ+zDeFROHGC$UWLQGLJqQHGH%LHQ+RDĀɃʚF[HPOj
QɁLWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\QJKɸJʈPĀɞXWLrQFʞDĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJ&iFKWKʠFĀjRWɘRFʞDWUɃʔQJĀmWKD\\WKɶVʨWUX\\ɸQ
QJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃʒFĀk\\1JɃʔLKʄFĀɃʚFKɃʒQJGɢQNʮWKXɤWPʐWFiFKOLQKKRɘW´WKʠFWʀQKVʨViQJ
WɘRYjWUtWK{QJPLQKFʞDKʄFVLQKµ ĀmFKRWKɜ\\VʨWLɶQEʐU}UɾWFʞDKʄFVLQKWURQJWKʔLJLDQQJɦQ
1JɃʔLKʄFFyWD\\QJKɸFDRKɁQYjKʄGɞQWKD\\WKɶFiFTXɚQOëFʞDPuQKWUɃʒFĀy
0ʈLOLrQNɶWFʐQJĀʊQJ
7UɃʒFQĄPOjQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQFyWʌFKʠFFKXQJFʞDOjQJQJKɸPDQJKuQKWKʠFQKɃPʐW
QJKLɾSĀRjQ+RɘWĀʐQJFʞDQJKLɾSĀRjQOjORPDFKD\\F~QJJLʎWʌFʞDOjQJQJKɸ0ʎLFKʞOzFʞDOjQJ
ĀɸFʤQJɃʔLVDXĀyKʄEɞXYjRQJKLɾSĀRjQYjEɞXOjQJɃʔLĀʠQJĀɞXQJKLɾSĀRjQJʄLOj+zQ&ɚ
1KʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚJʈPPʎLWKiQJĀyQJPʐWVʈWLɸQYjRQJKLɾSĀRjQ1JKLɾSĀRjQFyFʤPʐWQJɃʔLFy
FKʠFGDQKWKʞTXʮĀɺTXɚQOëNLQKSKtFʞDWKʚJʈPĀyQJYjR6ʈNLQKSKtQj\\ĀɃʚFGQJFKRFiFF{QJ
YLɾFVDXFKLFKROɼF~QJ7ʌQJKɸFKLKʎWUʚFKRQKʦQJYLɾFOLrQTXDQĀɶQWKʚJʈPNKLJɮSFiFWUɃʔQJ
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\rQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1Kj[XɜWEɚQ7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLWU

24 Pages 231-240

▲back to top

24.1 Page 231

▲back to top
KʚSʈPĀDXWDLQɘQFɃʒL[LQFKɶW7UɃʔQJKʚSWURQJOjQJFyQJɃʔLWKʚQjRĀyPjPɜWWKuQJɃʔL+zQ&ɚ
Oɜ\\PʐWPLɶQJYɚLĀʆĀɃDFKRFiFWKjQKYLrQQJKLɾSĀRjQFŹQJOjFKʞFiFOzJʈP1KʦQJQJɃʔLQj\\Oɜ\\
PLɶQJYɚLĀʆĀy[pUDOjPQKLɸXPɚQKWɃɁQJʠQJYʒLWʢQJNKkXKRɮFNKXOjPYLɾFFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚFʞD
PuQKYjKʄFKʀFɞQGiQPLɶQJYɚLĀʆĀyʖJʈFFʐWQɁLWʢQJQKyPWKʚĀDQJOjPQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚQKuQ
WKɜ\\PLɶQJYɚLĀyWKuELɶWDQKHPWKʚWURQJOjQJFyQJɃʔLPɜWYjKʄWLɶQKjQKWKĄPKʆLFKLDEXʊQĉk\\Oj
WɤSTXiQKD\\FʞDOjQJQJKɸJʈP7kQ9ɘQSKɚQiQKVʨTXDQWkPQKDXFʞDQJɃʔLFKʞOzWKʚOjPJʈPNKL
PʐWWURQJVʈKʄOkPYjRKRjQFɚQKNKyNKĄQKD\\PʐWYɜQĀɸQjRĀyFɞQVʨJL~SĀʘ7tQKJɦQNɶWFʐQJ
ĀʊQJĀɃʚFWKɺKLɾQU}QpWWURQJFʐQJĀʊQJ
7tQQJɃʘQJWʌQJKɸ
7tQQJɃʘQJWKʔ7ʌQJKɸ[XɜWKLɾQNKiVʒPWURQJFʐQJĀʊQJFiFFɃGkQOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJ/jQJ
QJKɸJʈP7kQ9ɘQFŹQJWKʔ7ʌQJKɸQKɃQJNK{QJFyFɁVʖWtQQJɃʘQJ7URQJQĄPWtQKWKHRkPOʂFKWKʚ
OjPOXQJɃʔL+RDʖ7kQ9ɘQWʌFKʠFOɼF~QJ7ʌQJKɸYjRQJj\\WKiQJ7Ƀ1Jj\\JLʎ7ʌFKʞOzYjWɜWFɚ
FiFWKʚĀɸXQJKʀOjP7KHRQKʦQJQJɃʔLOʒQWXʌLWUɃʒFĀk\\WURQJOɼFyF~QJKHRTXD\\7UɃʒFQĄP
OjQJQJKɸFyWʌFKʠFQJKLɾSĀRjQYjFKX\\rQORYɸOɼWʌYjPDFKD\\FʞDOjQJQJKɸ0ʎLQĄPWƓWKHRFKʞOz
ĀĄQJFDLPjQJKLɾSĀRjQEiRFKRFɚOjQJQJKɸELɶW0kPOɼYɤWWURQJOɼF~QJ7ʌJʊPWKʂWJjQJX\\rQ
FRQFKDLUɃʚXWUiLFk\\YjEʐiREɨQJJLɜ\\1JRjLUDWXƓWKHRJLDFKʞFyWKɺWKrPPʐWVʈOɼYɤWNKiFYʒL
VʈOɃʚQJQKLɸXKɁQ1KɃYɤ\\PʎLQĄPĀʂDĀLɺPOɼF~QJ7ʌNK{QJFʈĀʂQK1ɶXFKʞOzQj\\ĀĄQJFDLQĄP
QD\\WKuQĄPVDXVɴĀɶQOɃʚWFKʞOzNKiF&KʞOzĀĄQJFDLVɴOjQJɃʔLĀɘLGLɾQFɚOjQJQJKɸWUuQKF~QJYj
NKɜQ7ʌFɚPɁQPʐWQĄPTXDOjPĄQYjFɞX[LQFKROjQJQJKɸOjPĄQSKiWĀɘWWURQJOjQJNK{QJ[ɚ\\UD
QKʦQJĀLɸX[ɜXFyKɘLĀɶQFKʞOzWKʚOzYjFiFVɚQSKɠPOjPUD6DXNKLF~QJWɜWFɚDQKHPWKʚYjFKʞ
FʞDFɚOjQJJʈPFQJWKDPGʨĄQWLɾF.KLWʌFKʠFOɼF~QJ7ʌNKiFKKjQJFʞDFKʞOzQKʦQJQJɃʔLTXHQ
WKkQJɞQJŹLQKDXWURQJFXʐFVʈQJʖJɞQĀɃʚFPʔLWKDPGʨGɞXKʄNK{QJFQJQJKɸ1KʦQJQJɃʔL
WKDPGʨWXƓWKHRWɜPOzQJPjFyĀHPWKHRPʐWVʈWLɸQJySYjRYʒLFKʞOzWʌFKʠFNK{QJFkXQɾQKLɸX
KD\\tW&KLSKtFzQOɘLQJRjLQJKLɾSĀRjQKʎWUʚWʢNLQKSKtĀyQJJySKɨQJQĄPFKʞOzFKʂXWɜWFɚ
1KʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚĀʈWOzWKuJLʎ7ʌĀʈWOzQJj\\WKiQJ7iP5LrQJYɸWʜFF~QJOzNKLQXQJJʈPWKu
FŹQJWLɶQKjQKPʐWOɼF~QJ7UɃʒFNKLĀʈWOzQJɃʔLWKʚFɚĀHPEjQWKʔ7ʌĀɮWWUɃʒFPLɾQJOzFKtQKYj
Ej\\OɼYɤWWUiLFk\\EuQKKRDQɃʒFWKXʈFOi&yNKLFKʞOzKRɮFQJɃʔLWKʚFɚWKʨFKLɾQOʔLNKɜQ7ʌFKROʤD
FKi\\ĀɸXYjPɲJʈPNKLQXQJ[RQJĀɃʚFVX{QVɲNK{QJKɃKRɘLQKLɸXĉɶQFKLɸXKRɮFTXDQJj\\K{P
VDXWXƓWKXʐFYjROʤDĀɃʚFQXQJWʒLFiFPɦWOzWKuWLɶSWʜFF~QJ/ɞQQj\\OɼYɤWF~QJFyWKʂWJjQJX\\rQ
FRQYjUɃʚX1JɃʔLWKʚFɚNKɜQYʒL7ʌFɞX[LQFKROʤDSKiWPɘQKNK{QJKDRKʜWYjĀʐQyQJĀɸXĀɺVɚQ
SKɠPQXQJĀɃʚFWʈW

24.2 Page 232

▲back to top
7URQJWtQQJɃʘQJFKXQJFʞDOjQJQJKɸWURQJGʂS5ɨPWKiQJ%ɚ\\QKʦQJFKʞOzWʌFKʠFF~QJF{
KʊQĀʊQJWKʔLWɃʖQJQKʒFiFWKʚOjPOXTXiFʈNK{QJQJɃʔLQʈLG}LW{QJĀɃʔQJ1JɃʔLWKʚJʈPQJɃʔL
9LɾWF~QJ7ʌQJKɸQJj\\WKiQJ&KɘS1KʦQJQJKɾQKkQ[XɜWWKkQWʢ7UɃʔQJ0ʮQJKɾWKuF~QJ7LrQVɃ
ĀɃʚFTXDQQLɾPFKXQJOj7ʌGɘ\\QJKɸYjRQJj\\WKiQJGɃɁQJOʂFK7ʜFF~QJQj\\ĀɃʚFEɦWĀɞX
FiFKĀk\\NKRɚQJQĄPGR+ʐL&ʨXKʄFVLQK0ʮQJKɾNKʖL[ɃʒQJ9LɾFWKʔF~QJWʌQJKɸFʞDQKʦQJ
QJɃʔLOjPQJKɸJʈPʖ7kQ9ɘQOjQpWVLQKKRɘWFʞDFʐQJĀʊQJQKɨPWʆOzQJELɶWɁQWULkQQKʦQJEɤF
ViQJOɤSQJKɸĀʊQJWKʔLOjQJKŜDFʤTXëJLiWURQJʠQJ[ʤFʐQJĀʊQJFŹQJOjPʐWSKɃɁQJWKʠFW{QYLQK
YjEɚRWʊQQJKɸKLɾXTXɚ
1JXʊQViQJWɘRYĄQKyDGkQJLDQ
*ʈP%LrQ+zDJySSKɞQOjPSKRQJSK~ĀɘLJLDĀuQKJʈP9LɾW1DPYɸQJKɸOjQJQJKɸQJKɾ
QKkQVɚQSKɠPYʒLQKʦQJJLiWUʂĀɃʚFEɚRWʊQ%rQFɘQKĀyPʐWKLɾQWɃʚQJYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDOjVʠF
VʈQJNK{QJFKʀʖEjQWD\\QJɃʔLWKʚTXDVɚQSKɠPPjFzQWURQJWkPWUtFʞDQJɃʔLGkQĀʂDSKɃɁQJ1JKɸ
JʈPUDĀʔLVʒPYjWUʖWKjQKQpWVLQKKRɘWWKɃʔQJQJj\\ĀLYjRQJXʊQViQJWiFGkQJLDQWURQJĀʔLVʈQJ
FʞDQJɃʔLGkQ1JXʊQViQJWɘRGkQJLDQFʞDQJɃʔLGkQ%LrQ+zDYɸJʈPFŹQJĀDGɘQJ7UrQFɁVʖVɃX
WɞPWʢQKLɸXQJXʊQ[LQĀɃʚFOɃʚFWUtFKPʐWVʈFDGDRKzYqOLrQTXDQĀɶQJʈP7kQ9ɘQ%LrQ+zD
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀLYjRFkXFDĀɃʚFYtYRQWURQJWkPWuQKFʞDF{JiLFiLWUiFKOʈLVX\\QJKŜSKɚQiQK
WkPWUɘQJFRQQJɃʔLPjFK~QJW{LFKRUɨQJFɞQĀɃʚFVɃXWɞPWURQJYʈQYĄQKyDGkQJLDQYɸQJKɸJʈP
QyLULrQJKD\\YĄQKʄFGkQJLDQĉʊQJ1DL²1DP%ʐ
%XʌLPDLĄQPʐWEʜQJFɁPQR
%ɃʒF[XʈQJEɶQĀz
(PPXDFKtQFiLWUiFK
(PEɦWTXiFKOrQOz
0ʐWFiLNKRQJz
+DLFiLNKRFʞFɚL
%DFiLNKRQɚLFKXʈL[DQK
%ʈQFiLQɜXFDQKUDXPi
1ĄPFiLQɜXFiFKLPFKLP
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\rQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1Kj[XɜWEɚQ7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DLWU

24.3 Page 233

▲back to top
6iXFiLNKRULPWKʂWYʂW
%ɚ\\FiLQɜXWKʂWFRQJj
7iPFiLNKRFjWKĀʞ
&KtQFiLQɜXFʞP{Q7k\\
(PWKHRDQKFKRĀɶQQJj\\QD\\
&{QJEɜWWKjQKGDQKEɜWWRɘL
7KuFKtQFiLWUiFKQj\\FŹQJFKɪQJUDFKL
0ʐWGʂEɚQNKiFFʞDĀLYjRWURQJKzFɜ\\FʞDQKʦQJQJɃʔLOjPUXʐQJ
0ʐWFiLWUiFKQɜXFDQKFɚL
+DLFiLWUiFKQɜXQɚLFKXʈL[DQK
%DFiLWUiFKQɜXFDQKGɃDJLi
%ʈQFiLWUiFKQɜXFiNKRULP
1ĄPFiLWUiFKQɜXWKʂWFRQJj
6iXFiLWUiFKNKRFjEDWʐ
%ɚ\\FiLWUiFKQɜXĀXĀʞFɚLWk\\
7DLQJKHWUʈQJĀLɺPWUɃʔQJWKɞ\\
&KʔDQKPʆLPɾWEɚ\\FiLWUiFKQj\\TXrQDQK
+D\\QKʦQJFkXKiW
´'ŜDEjQWKDQJFRQW{PFjQJGʨQJĀʠQJ
3KʜPɢXHPQJKqRNK{QJ[ʠQJVXLJLDµ
´&RQɁLOɜ\\WɃʚQJP~FFDQK
%ɃQJOrQĀmLNKiFKWKʂWKjQKĀɃʔQJ[Dµ
´7UiFKDLFKRWKʈ[DWLɸP
(P[DQJɃʔLQJKŜDĀrPĀrPNKyFUzQJµ
´*KqPi\\FŹQJJʄLJKq[ɃD
7XƓQɁLWXƓO~FFKRYʢDOzQJQKDX
5DV{QJ[iFKQɃʒFEɨQJFKuQK
6ɠ\\WD\\UʒWPɜWQJKŜPuQKY{GX\\rQµ
1KLɸXWiFJLɚĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLWɤS99ĄQKyD²[mKʐL7K{QJWɜQ[m9LɾW1DPWU

24.4 Page 234

▲back to top
´&kXKzW{LĀʨQJPʐWOX
/RPNKRPUʒWPɜWFKʌQJNKXĀLWuP
&kXKzW{LĀʨQJPʐWYz
7{LTXrQĀɤ\\QɦSQyEzVɘFKWUɁQµ
KD\\
´¬QyEzOXQJWXQJµ
&yWKɺYɢQFzQQKLɸXFkXFKX\\ɾQQKɃJLDLWKRɘLKD\\QKʦQJFkXFDGDRWʜFQJʦOLrQTXDQĀɶQQJKɸ
OjPJʈPQKɃQJFRQQJɃʔLʖOjQJQJKɸ¬0ʐWVʈQJKɾQKkQĀmPɜWQrQFŹQJĀHPWKHRQKʦQJYʈQYĄQ
KRiGkQJLDQQj\\&KɦFFKɦQQJXʊQYʈQYĄQKyDGkQJLDQQj\\FŹQJFzQOɃXWUX\\ɸQPjQJj\\QD\\FKɃDFy
ĀLɸXNLɾQVɃXWɞPĀɞ\\Āʞ'VDRQKʦQJQJXʊQYʈQYĄQKyDGkQJLDQQj\\ĀmOjPFKRVʠFVʈQJFʞDQJKɸ
YjOjQJQJKɸJʈPĀɃʚFOɃXWUX\\ɸQPʐWWURQJQKʦQJORɘLKuQKGLVɚQYĄQKRiSKLYɤWWKɺFɞQĀɃʚFEɚRWʊQ
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJʚLPʖYɸEɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQ
*ɦQYʒLYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zDYjĀʔLVʈQJFɃGkQTXDFiFWKʔLNƓJʈP%LrQ+zDFyVʠFVʈQJPɘQKPɴ
YjĀɺOɘLGɜXɜQWURQJOʂFKVʤYĄQKyDFʞDĉʊQJ1DL+RɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJYjGLVɚQWʢ
JʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖWKjQKFɞQĀɃʚFEɚRWʊQYjSKiWKX\\WURQJFXʐFVʈQJĀɃɁQJĀɘL1KLɸXQKjQJKLrQFʠX
JʚLPʖQKʦQJJLɚLSKiSĀɺWURQJNKDLWKiFKjLKzDKʚSOëWjLQJX\\rQJʈP%LrQ+zD
1KɤQGLɾQJʈP%LrQ+zDWʢJLiWUʂYjSKkQWtFKFKXʎLJLiWUʂWURQJGXOʂFKGʨDYjRGLVɚQWKʞF{QJPʮ
QJKɾEj3KDQ7Kʂ7KX+LɸQĀɃDUDQKɤQĀʂQK'LVɚQYĄQKyDJʈPVʠ%LrQ+zDNK{QJFKʀEDRJʊPQKʦQJ
GLVɚQYɤWWKɺQKʦQJĀʊJLDGʜQJQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPPʮQJKɾQKʦQJF{QJWUuQKNLɶQWU~F¬YʒLNʮWKXɤWFKɶ
WiFQJKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĀɮFWUɃQJPjFzQOjQKʦQJGLVɚQSKLYɤWWKɺY{FQJSKRQJSK~SKɚQiQKOʂFKVʤ
YĄQKyDYĄQKyDĀʔLVʈQJKjQJQJj\\WKɺKLɾQODRĀʐQJFKX\\rQFɞQVʨNKpROpRYjYɲĀɰSWkPKʊQFʞD
QKkQGkQFŹQJQKɃNɶWWLQKQKʦQJJLiWUʂWLQKWKɞQFʞDTXrKɃɁQJGkQWʐF%LrQ+zDOjWUɃʔQJKʚSGX\\
QKɜWWURQJFɚQɃʒFPjWKɃɁQJKLɾXJʈPWUQJNKʒSKRjQWRjQYʒLGDQK[ɃQJĀʂDSKɃɁQJPʐWWKjQKSKʈ
WKʞSKʞWKXʐFWʀQKYʒLTX\\P{GkQVʈOʒQQKɜW9LɾW1DP¬.K{QJĀɁQWKXɞQFKʀOjĀʂDGDQK'LVɚQYĄQKyD
JʈPVʠ%LrQ+zDWKɤWVʨ[ʠQJĀiQJQKɃPʐWELɺXWɃʚQJTXDQWUʄQJJySSKɞQQKɤQGLɾQGDQKWLɶQJĀʂD
SKɃɁQJORFDOEUDQGFʞD%LrQ+zDQyLULrQJĉʊQJ1DLQyLFKXQJ'XOʂFKGʨDWUrQGLVɚQYĄQKyDJʈPVʠ
JɦQEyYʒLF{QJQJKLɾSYĄQKyDKɃʒQJWʒL[k\\GʨQJWKjQKSKʈJʈPVʠWKjQKSKʈViQJWɘRFyWKɺJL~S
%LrQ+zDKʐLWʜJLiWUʂFiFWjLQJX\\rQWʨQKLrQWjLQJX\\rQYĄQKyDWjLQJX\\rQQKkQYĄQKʐLWʜFiFKuQK
+RjQJ7KɁ&yPʐWĀʔLVʈQJYĄQKyDJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD7ɘSFKt9ĄQKRiQJKɾWKXɤWVʈWU

24.5 Page 235

▲back to top
WKʠFGXOʂFKGXOʂFKYĄQKyDOʂFKVʤGXOʂFKQJKɾWKXɤWGXOʂFKJLiRGʜFGXOʂFKOɼKʐLGXOʂFKFKʦDOjQK
GXOʂFK0,&(¬WɘRQrQKɾVLQKWKiLGXOʂFKJʈPĀʐFĀiRYjJLjXVʠFFɘQKWUDQKVRYʒLWɜWFɚFiFĀLɺPĀɶQ
GXOʂFKOjQJJʈPKLɾQQD\\FʞDFɚQɃʒF+ɾVLQKWKiLGXOʂFKWKjQKSKʈJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDQkQJFɜSFKXʎL
JLiWUʂFʞDGXOʂFKGʨDWUrQGLVɚQJʈPYɸFɚEʈQSKɃɁQJGLɾQQkQJFɜSVɚQSKɠPTX\\WUuQKFKʠFQĄQJ
OLrQNKXYʨF
1KyPWiFJLɚ7ɘ'X\\/LQK'ɃɁQJĉʠF0LQKWLɶSFɤQJʈP%LrQ+zDWʢJyFĀʐNëʠFGLVɚQFʐQJ
ĀʊQJĀɃDUDTXDQĀLɺPĀɺNKDLWKiFFKRUɨQJSKʠFWKɺNëʠFJʈP%LrQ+zDFɞQJLɚLPmĀɺWĄQJJLiWUʂ
FKRKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zDWK{QJTXDWKʨFKjQKGXOʂFKGLVɚQ7KʠQKɜW7ʢJyFQKuQNKDLWKiFSKiW
WULɺQGXOʂFKGLVɚQWʢ´SKʠFFɚPNëʠFWURQJJLʒLKɘQEjLYLɶWQj\\FK~QJW{LEj\\WʆKDLTXDQĀLɺPFKʞĀɘR
QKɃVDX´3KʠFWKɺNëʠFGLVɚQEɚQVɦFJɦQYʒLKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zDOjFKɜWOLɾXĀɞXYjRYʒLYDL
WUzQKɃPʐWGɘQJWKʠFWjLQJX\\rQGXOʂFKĀʐFĀiRWURQJYLɾFNLɶQWɘRQrQFiFWUɚLQJKLɾPGXOʂFKGLVɚQYj
JɦQYʒLKɾVLQKWKiLJʈPFɞQĀɃʚFPLQKKʄDPʐWFiFKWUʨFTXDQVLQKĀʐQJWK{QJTXDYLɾFNLɶQWɘRFiF
ĀLɺPĀɶQGXOʂFKJɦQYʒLVʨNLɾQOɼKʐLYjVɚQSKɠPGXOʂFKĉLɺPĀɶQGXOʂFKVʨNLɾQOɼKʐLYjVɚQSKɠP
GXOʂFKJʈP%LrQ+zDFɞQĀɃʚFWiLWɘRĀɺ´SKʌGʜQJµYjFKX\\ɺQKyDVʨKLɺXELɶWFʞDGXNKiFKWʢSKɃɁQJ
GLɾQ´KLɺXELɶWWULJLiFĀɶQKLɺXELɶWYLrQPmQµ.ëʠFFʞDKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zDYʢDFɞQĀɃʚF´JLɚL
PmµYjYʢDFɞQĀɃʚF´JLɚLQpQµĀɺWKɜ\\U}WtQKEɚQVɦFQKɤQGLɾQĀɃʚFEɚQVɦFVɴGɼGjQJNLɶQWɘRFiF
VɚQSKɠPGXOʂFKĀɮFWKYjJLɚLQpQĀɺWKɜ\\U}NKɚQĄQJʠQJGʜQJFiFJLiWUʂFʞDGLVɚQWURQJNKDLWKiFYj
SKiWWULɺQGXOʂFK7KʠKDL´3KʠFWKɺNëʠFGLVɚQEɚQVɦFµJɦQYʒLKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zDWK{QJTXD
YLɾFWKʨFKjQKGXOʂFKGLVɚQFzQOjĀʐQJOʨFFKRNKɚQĄQJWĄQJWUɃʖQJEɸQYʦQJ%ʖLOɴFiFJLiWUʂFʞDTXi
NKʠWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀɃʚFWiLWɘRYjNKLĀɃʚFODQWʆDQyVɴOjFiFKWKʠFKʦXKLɾXNKLɶQFKRVʠFVʈQJFʞDGL
VɚQĀɃʚFWtFKOŹ\\WKHRWKʔLJLDQWKD\\YuĀʈLGLɾQYʒLQJX\\FɁEʂPDLPʐW
7iFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQĉɾ3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJJʚLPʖYɸWKjQKOɤS%ɚRWjQJJʈP%LrQ+zDYʢDEɚRWʊQYj
YʢDNKDLWKiFJLiWUʂPDQJWtQKOʚLWKɶĀʐFĀiRWURQJTX\\KRɘFKĀ{WKʂYjSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFK7ʢĀʂQKGDQK
´WKɃɁQJKLɾXµTXDQKLɸXWKʔLNƓOʂFKVʤĀɮFELɾWQJKɸWKʞF{QJJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖWKjQKPʐWKRɘWĀʐQJ
NLQKWɶGX\\WUuWʢNKLUDĀʔLFKRĀɶQQD\\JɦQOLɸQYʒLYQJĀɜWĉʊQJ1DL²%LrQ+zDFK~QJWDFɞQWKɜ\\Āk\\
3KDQ7Kʂ7KX+LɸQ3KiWWULɺQGXOʂFKGʨDWUrQGLVɚQYĄQKyDJʈPVʠKɃʒQJWʒL[k\\GʨQJWKjQKSKʈViQJWɘR7ʢOëOXɤQYj
NLQKQJKLɾPWKɶJLʒLĀɶQQKʦQJJʚLëVɁNKʖLFKR%LrQ+zD.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²
ĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQ.KRDKʄF[mKʐLWU
7ɘ'X\\/LQK'ɃɁQJĉʠF0LQK7ʢSKʠFKɾNëʠFĀɶQWKʨFKjQKGLVɚQJɦQYʒLKɾVLQKWKiLJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DL.ʬ
\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQ.KRDKʄF[mKʐLWU

24.6 Page 236

▲back to top
QKɃPʐWGɜXɜQĀɮFELɾWFʞDOʂFKVʤSKiWWULɺQʖWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDKLɾQWɘL'ɜXWtFKFʞDOjQJQJKɸWUL
WKʠFYɸQJKɸWKʞF{QJFŹQJQKɃFiFGRDQKQJKLɾSKʐJLDĀuQKGX\\WUu KLɾQQD\\WɤSWUXQJWUrQĀʂDJLʒL
FʞDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDYʒLQKʦQJĀɮFĀLɺPĀʐFĀiR9uYɤ\\FɞQPʐWNKʖLĀLɺPWURQJWɃGX\\WKjQKOɤSYɸ
TX\\KRɘFKWURQJVʨSKiWWULɺQFʞDWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDYɸPʐW%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDWʢTX\\KRɘFKSKiW
WULɺQPDQJWtQKFKɜWTXɚQOëQKjQɃʒFFʞDWʌFKʠFKRɮFFʞDWɃQKkQ%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDFKɦFFKɦQ
VɴJySSKɞQFKRVʨSKiWWULɺQQJjQKNLQKWɶYɸQJKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWURQJĀʂQKKɃʒQJSKiWWULɺQ
GXOʂFKĀɃʚF[iFĀʂQKPŹLQKʄQWURQJNLQKWɶKLɾQQD\\9ɜQĀɸWKjQKOɤS%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDʖQKʦQJ
JyFĀʐQjRWKuFɞQSKɚLWXkQWKʞWKHRSKiSOXɤWKLɾQKjQKYjWɘRĀLɺPĀɶQGXOʂFKWK~YʂFKRĀʂDSKɃɁQJ
&iFWiFJLɚQrXQKʦQJWKXɤQOʚLFKRWKjQKOɤS%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDʖQKʦQJJyFĀʐ7KʠQKɜW
YɸNLQKWɶ/jQJQJKɸGRDQKQJKLɾSYjKʐJLDĀuQKKjQKQJKɸKLɾQQD\\YɢQFzQʖ%LrQ+zDPɮFGVʈ
OɃʚQJJLɚPVRYʒLQKʦQJJLDLĀRɘQSKiWWULɺQPɘQKWUɃʒFĀk\\1JKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDOjQJjQKQJKɸWKʞ
F{QJWUX\\ɸQWK{QJKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶ[X\\rQVXʈWĀHPOɘLQJkQViFKFKRĀʂDSKɃɁQJFʞDQKLɸXGRDQK
QJKLɾSKʐJLDĀuQKĀʈLYʒLQJkQViFKĀʂDSKɃɁQJJLɚLTX\\ɶWYLɾFOjPFKRQJɃʔLODRĀʐQJWɘLĀʂDSKɃɁQJ
JySSKɞQWURQJʌQĀʂQKĀʔLVʈQJQJɃʔLGkQKjQKQJKɸ7KʠKDLYɸOʂFKVʤYĄQKyD/jQJQJKɸWULWKʠF
YjQJɃʔLGkQOjPQJKɸYɢQGX\\WUuQKɃPʐWPɘFKQJXʊQFyVʠFVʈQJWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\SKiWWULɺQFʞD
ĉʊQJ1DL%LrQ+zD7KʔLJLDQTXDJyFĀʐEɚRWʊQYɸOjQJQJKɸĀɃʚFTXDQWkPʖQKʦQJPʠFĀʐNKiF
QKDX7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWĉʊQJ1DLFy3KzQJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWURQJOʂFKVʤSKiWWULɺQFʞDWUɃʔQJ
%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLFySKzQJWUɃQJEj\\Yɸ1JKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFQJYʒLQJKɸFKɶWiFĀi%ʤX
/RQJ1Kj9ĄQYɤWNKʈWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDFQJYʒLQKʦQJVɚQSKɠPWLrXELɺXFʞDQJKɸ
ĀiQJKɸJʎĀ~FĀʊQJ¬7UXQJWkP9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQ1KʦQJQKjVɃXWɞPOɃXJLʦQKʦQJWɤSKLɾQYɤW
YɸJʈP%LrQ+zD7UrQEuQKGLɾQFKXQJĀk\\OjVʨĀyQJJySWURQJJuQJLʦQKʦQJQpWYĄQKyDFʞDQJKɸ
JʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLWURQJWKʔLJLDQTXDUɜWĀiQJWUkQWUʄQJ9uYɤ\\YLɾFWKjQKOɤS%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP
%LrQ+zDKLɾQQD\\OjFɞQWKLɶWFyëQJKŜDFQJFKXQJWD\\WʢQKLɸXQJXʊQOʨFWURQJF{QJWiFEɚRWʊQGL
VɚQWURQJGzQJFKɚ\\OʂFKVʤFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD7KʠEDYɸĀʂDĀLɺP[k\\GʨQJ%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zD
*ɦQOLɸQYʒLOʂFKVʤYjVʨSKiWWULɺQFyWtQKFKɜWWLrXELɺXFʞDOjQJQJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDOjNKXYʨFJLiS
V{QJʖSKɃʔQJ7kQ9ɘQ%ʤX+zDYj+yD$Q+LɾQQD\\NKXYʨFQj\\FyQKLɸXKʐGkQGRDQKQJKLɾSĀDQJ
KjQKQJKɸ&ɞQNKɚRViWTX\\KRɘFKYjĀʂQKKɃʒQJSKiWWULɺQʖĀʂDĀLɺPFyWKɺJɦQNɶWYʒLFɚQKTXDQ
V{QJNKXGkQFɃFzQGX\\WUuQJKɸYjGɜXɜQFʞDOzJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃʒFĀk\\7KʠKDLNKXYʨF7UXQJ
WkP9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQJɦQYʒLOjQJQJKɸĀi%ʤX/RQJYjPʐWVʈGLWtFKOʂFKVʤGDQKWKɦQJ%ʤX/RQJ
FKD%ʤX3KRQJFKD7KLrQ+ɤXPLɶX7ʌVɃĀuQK7kQ/ɘL¬7ʢNKL7UXQJWkP9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQĀɃʚF
W{QWɘRSKʜFGʨQJYjSKiWWULɺQFiFKRɘWĀʐQJKLɾQQD\\ĀmWKXK~WQKLɸXNKiFKWKDPTXDQFiFKRɘW

24.7 Page 237

▲back to top
ĀʐQJFʞDWʀQKWKjQKSKʈ.K{QJJLDQYĄQKyDFʞD7UXQJWkP9ĄQPLɶX7UɜQ%LrQĀmĀɃʚFPʖUʐQJYɸ
QJKɾWKXɤWNKLQKʦQJWiFSKɠPFʞDQJKɸĀiWURQJNKXF{QJYLrQEDRTXDQK%ɚRWjQJ*ʈPĀɃʚFWKjQK
OɤSWɘLĀk\\YʒLQʐLGXQJWUɃQJEj\\SKRQJSK~YɸQJKɸPʖUʐQJNK{QJJLDQYĄQKyDYʒL´FXQJĀɃʔQJ
QJKɾWKXɤWJʈPµVɴWKXK~WWKXɤQOʚLWURQJNKDLWKiFGXOʂFKĀʈLYʒLVʨĀDGɘQJFʞDGXNKiFKWKDP
TXDQ¬7URQJP{LWUɃʔQJĀ{WKʂKLɾQĀɘLYjFɚQKTXDQVLQKWKiLFQJYʒLVʨĀDGɘQJORɘLKuQKGLVɚQYHQ
V{QJĉʊQJ1DLWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDTXDQWkPWKjQKOɤS%ɚRWjQJJʈP%LrQ+zD²WUʖWKjQKWKLɶWFKɶYĄQ
KyDYjNKDLWKiFGXOʂFKWʢVʨFKXQJWD\\FʞDQKLɸXQJXʊQOʨF[mKʐLĉʂQKKɃʒQJTX\\KRɘFKYjWKjQKOɤS
%ɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDFKɦFFKɦQVɴFzQQKLɸXQʐLGXQJFɞQWɃYɜQWʢFiFQKjQJKLrQFʠXFKX\\rQP{Q
ĀɺĀHPOɘLKLɾXTXɚ&K~QJWDWKʤKuQKGXQJSKiFKʄDYɸFɚQKTXDQFʞDEɚRWjQJQj\\QɶXĀɃʚF[k\\
GʨQJErQV{QJĉʊQJ1DLYʒLEɶQV{QJJKHFKʖĀɜWFʞLFKʖVɚQSKɠPYʒLOzJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJSKʜF
GʨQJQKʦQJP{KuQKTX\\WUuQKFiFF{QJWKʞF{QJOjPĀɜWWɘRKuQK[RD\\WD\\LQNKX{QUyWJKpSGiQ
ĀɜW[RD\\FDOLSFKɘPNKɦFYjWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQWUiQJPHQQXQJ¬FQJYʒLQɁLWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠPWKʨF
KjQKWUɚLQJKLɾPPʐWVʈF{QJĀRɘQSKʜFYʜGXNKiFK¬FKɦFFKɦQVɴVLQKĀʐQJYjWUʖWKjQKĀLɺPĀɶQ
WK~YʂNKLWKDPTXDQ7URQJWX\\ɶQGXOʂFKV{QJĉʊQJ1DLErQFɘQKQKʦQJGɜXWtFKQj\\FQJYʒLQʐLGXQJ
WUɃQJEj\\FʞDEɚRWjQJWKjQKOɤSVDXQj\\VɴĀɃʚFNKDLWKiFWKjQKĀLɺPGXOʂFKĀʐFĀiRJɦQYʒLNKDLWKiF
GXOʂFKFiFGLWtFKOʂFKVʤWUrQV{QJĉʊQJ1DLQKjFʌĀuQKĀɸQFKD¬
&ŹQJFyPʐWVʈëNLɶQFKRUɨQJUɘFK/z*ʈPʖ&ODR3KʈSKɃʔQJ+LɾS+zDWS%LrQ+zDOjĀʂD
ĀLɺPFyWKɺ[k\\GʨQJEɚRWjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDĉk\\OjĀʂDĀLɺPOLrQTXDQĀɶQQKʦQJGɜXWtFKYɸJʈPFʞD
PʐWFRQUɘFKWʢQKiQKV{QJOʒQV{QJ&iLGɢQYjRNKXFɃGkQWUɃʒFĀk\\4XDNKɚRViWWɘLUɘFK/z*ʈP
FK~QJW{LFKRUɨQJWrQJʄLFʞDUɘFKYjFKLɶFFɞXYɢQFzQĀɃʚFOɃXWUX\\ɸQQKɃQKɦFQKʒYɸGɜXWtFK[ɃD
FʞDQJKɸJʈPWɘLĀk\\WURQJEʈLFɚQKNKL&ODR3KʈOjWKɃɁQJFɚQJVɞPXɜWYjJʈPOjPʐWWURQJQKʦQJ
KjQJKyDĀɃʚFɃDFKXʐQJ7KɶQKɃQJKLɾQQD\\WɘLNKXFɃGkQQj\\ʖUɘFK/z*ʈPNK{QJFzQGX\\WUu
QJKɸ.KXYʨF7kQ9ɘQ+yD$QYHQV{QJĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\YɢQFzQQKʦQJKʐGkQGRDQKQJKLɾSOjP
QJKɸJʈPWKu[k\\GʨQJEɚRWjQJKʚSOëKɁQ1KʦQJGɜXWtFKFʞDOzJʈP[ɃDYjOjQJQJKɸQJKɸWKʞF{QJ
Qj\\YɢQFzQĀɃʚFGX\\WUuVɴWɘRQrQNK{QJJLDQYĄQKyDYjJɦQYʒLGXOʂFKV{QJĉʊQJ1DLVɴWKXɤQOʚL
ĀHPOɘLWUɚLQJKLɾPWK~YʂFQJYʒLFiFF{QJWUuQKYĄQKyDGLWtFKOʂFKVʤ
7ʢJyFĀʐSKiWWULɺQWUrQFɁVʖEɚRWʊQ7iFJLɚ1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾWĀɸFɤSTX\\KRɘFKSKiWWULɺQ
QJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDWURQJFKLɶQOɃʚFWLɺXF{QJQJKLɾSWURQJĀyFyĀɸiQNK{LSKʜFYjSKiWWULɺQQJjQK
1JX\\ɼQĉɾ3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDWURQJOʂFKVʤYjJʚLPʖNKDLWKiFSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKWK{QJTXDKRɘWĀʐQJEɚRWjQJ
.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQ.KRDKʄF[mKʐLWU

24.8 Page 238

▲back to top
QJKɸWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSQJjQKJʈPPʮQJKɾWKʞF{QJPʮQJKɾFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJYjQKɜQPɘQKVʨFɞQ
WKLɶWEɚRWʊQNKDLWKiFQJKɸOjPJʈP%LrQ+zDWURQJSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFK+ɃʒQJĀɶQ[k\\GʨQJFiFĀLɺPGX
OʂFKOjQJQJKɸĀɺPʖUDWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜWɘLFKʎFKRVɚQSKɠPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾS7ĄQJ
FɃʔQJTXɚQJEiVɚQSKɠPFʞDQJjQKQJKɸWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀɶQQJɃʔLWLrXGQJĀɮF
ELɾWOjFK~ë[k\\GʨQJWKɃɁQJKLɾXĀɃʚF[HPOjĀɮFVɚQFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJWK{QJTXDFiFJLɚLSKiSVDX7Kʠ
QKɜWFyJLɚLSKiSQJKLrQFʠXEɚRWʊQOɤSKʊVɁ[ɶSKɘQJGLWtFKFɜSWʀQKQKʦQJOzJʈPFŹFyOʂFKVʤNKi
OkXĀʔLWɤSWUXQJʖSKɃʔQJ7kQ9ɘQWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDĀɺWʢĀyFyELɾQSKiSEɚRWʊQYjSKiWKX\\WURQJ
SKʜFYʜGXOʂFKYĄQKyDʖĀʂDSKɃɁQJ¬ɂXWLrQEɚRWʊQ[ɶSKɘQJFiFOzJʈPFʌKɘQFKɶSKiKʞ\\FiFOz
JʈPWKʞF{QJFyTX\\P{GLɾQWtFKOʒQ¬&ɞQWULɺQNKDLOɤSKʊVɁQJKɸJʈPFʞD%LrQ+zDĀɺWUuQKGX\\ɾW
ĀɃDYjRGDQKPʜFGLVɚQYĄQKyDSKLYɤWWKɺFɜSTXʈFJLD7KʠKDL[~FWLɶQFiFKRɘWĀʐQJWKɃɁQJPɘLQKɃ
KʐLFKʚWULɺQOmPJLʒLWKLɾXFiFVɚQSKɠPJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDFQJFiFVɚQSKɠPWLɺXWKʞF{QJ
QJKLɾSNKiFWKXK~WGXNKiFKĀɶQKʐLFKʚWULɺQOmPWLɶSFɤQYjPXDVɚQSKɠP7KʠEDWULɺQNKDLKLɾXTXɚ
ĀɸiQNK{LSKʜFYjSKiWWULɺQQJjQKQJKɸWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWʀQKĉʊQJ1DL NɶWQʈLGX
OʂFKYʒLOjQJQJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĉɠ\\PɘQKYLɾFJɦQNɶWGXOʂFKOjQJQJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWURQJĀyFyOjQJ
QJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDJɦQYʒLFiFĀLɺPWKDPTXDQGLVɚQYĄQKyDFʞDWʀQK7KʠWɃWiLĀʂQKYʂWiLFɜXWU~FVɚQ
SKɠPGXOʂFKWʌQJWKɺOLrQNɶWQJjQKYjOLrQNɶWYQJJɦQYʒLSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKWɘLWKjQKSKʈ%LrQ+zDĉɸ
[XɜW[k\\GʨQJFiFVɚQSKɠPGXOʂFKJɦQYʒLJʈPKRɘWĀʐQJWUɚLQJKLɾPPDQJEɚQVɦFGXOʂFK%LrQ+zD
7ɘRFɚQKTXDQP{LWUɃʔQJOjPYLɾFWɘLFiFOzJʈPWKjQKĀLɺPWKDPTXDQGXOʂFKOjQJQJKɸĀɺGXNKiFKFy
WKɺWɤQPɦWQKuQWKɜ\\QKʦQJF{QJĀRɘQVɚQ[XɜWWKʞF{QJWʢQJVɚQSKɠPĀɃʚFQJɃʔLWKʚWɤSWUXQJWɘR
KuQKWUDQJWUtĀʈLYʒLVɚQSKɠPWKʞF{QJPʮQJKɾJLDF{QJOjPQJXʐLKRjQFKʀQKVɚQSKɠP+RɮFWKDP
TXDQSKzQJPɢXVɚQSKɠPGXNKiFKFŹQJWɤQPɦWWKDPTXDQQKLɸXPɢXPmĀɃʚFViQJWɘRWURQJFiF
OjQJQJKɸĉɮFELɾWGXNKiFKFyWKɺWKʨFQJKLɾPWɘRUDFiFVɚQSKɠPQJD\\WɘLFiFFɁVʖJʈPSKʜFYʜGX
OʂFK7KʠQĄPTXDQWkPFK~WUʄQJViQJWiFFiFVɚQSKɠPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJFKɜWOɃʚQJFDRPɢXPmSKRQJ
SK~ĀDGɘQJNLɺXGiQJĀɰSPDQJEɚQVɦFYĄQKyDGkQWʐFĀʂDSKɃɁQJ9LɾFNɶWKʚSGXOʂFKYʒLOjQJQJKɸ
WɘRVʨ[~FWLɶQTXɚQJEiGXOʂFKYjWX\\rQWUX\\ɸQĀɺGXNKiFKWKDPTXDQOjQJQJKɸ¬7KʠViX[k\\GʨQJ
FiFWUXQJWkPWKɃɁQJPɘLYɸVɚQSKɠPGXOʂFK%LrQ+zDJɦQYʒLFɜXWU~FVLQKWKiLQKkQYĄQWURQJNK{QJ
JLDQĀ{WKʂYjJɦQYʒLJʈPĉɮFELɾWFK~ëĀɶQFɁVʖKɘWɞQJPʮWKXɤWĀɃʚFKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWKX\\EʖLVɚQ
SKɠPNLɶQWU~FJʈPWURQJNK{QJJLDQĀ{WKʂ%LrQ+zDGLVɚQGLWtFKF{QJYLrQ
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾW%ɚRWʊQYjNKDLWKiFQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDWURQJSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKĉʊQJ1DL.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYj
SKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL1Kj[XɜWEɚQ.KRDKʄF[mKʐLWU

24.9 Page 239

▲back to top
7ʢJyFĀʐQJKLrQFʠXYɸQJXʊQQKkQOʨFWiFJLɚ7UɞQ0LQK&{QJQrXOrQYɜQĀɸĀjRWɘRFʞD7UɃʔQJFDR
ĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLWURQJEʈLFɚQKKLɾQWɘLĉk\\OjQJ{LWUɃʔQJJɦQEyPɤWWKLɶWYjĀɺOɘLGɜXɜQĀʈL
YʒLQJKɸJʈPYjOjQɁLFKɦSFiQKWɘRQrQWKɃɁQJKLɾXJʈP%LrQ+zDWʢNKLWKjQKOɤSYjRĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;0ʐWOʨF
OɃʚQJWKɞ\\F{YjKʄFVLQKTXDFiFWKɶKɾWʢQJ{LWUɃʔQJQj\\ĀmJySSKɞQFKRJʈP%LrQ+zDSKiWWULɺQ9uYɤ\\
WURQJFKLɶQOɃʚFĀjRWɘRFKXQJQJKɸJʈPQyLULrQJWʢWKʨFWLɼQFʞDGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈPWɘL9LɾW1DPQyLFKXQJ
YjWɘLWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLQyLULrQJQKjWUɃʔQJFɞQFyVʨWKDPJLDWtFKFʨFFʞDGRDQKQJKLɾSWURQJTXiWUuQKĀjRWɘR
ODRĀʐQJNʮWKXɤWFDRWʢNKkX[k\\GʨQJFKɃɁQJWUuQKĀjRWɘRĀɶQYLɾFWKDPJLDJLɚQJGɘ\\ĀiQKJLiYjWɘRĀLɸX
NLɾQFKRQJɃʔLKʄFĀɃʚFWKʨFWɤSQJKɸQJKLɾSWKɃʔQJ[X\\rQYj[X\\rQVXʈWFKɃɁQJWUuQKKʄF7X\\ɺQGʜQJJLiR
YLrQJLɚQJGɘ\\QJKɸJʈPWʢQJXʊQVLQKYLrQWʈWQJKLɾSORɘLJLʆL[XɜWVɦFFʨXVLQKYLrQJʈPFRQHPQJKɾQKkQ
WKʚWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWKʚOjQKQJKɸFyQKXFɞXYɸ7UɃʔQJJLɚQJGɘ\\YjSKiWWULɺQĀʐLQJŹJLɚQJYLrQGɘ\\
QJKɸFKXɠQKyDYɸWUuQKĀʐĀjRWɘRNʮQĄQJQJKɸQJKLɾSYʜVɃSKɘPWKHRFiFFɜSĀʐ¬ĉɠ\\PɘQKʠQJGʜQJ
F{QJQJKɾWK{QJWLQYjRF{QJWiFĀjRWɘRWɘLWUɃʔQJQKɨPWɘRUDFɁVʖGʦOLɾXYjOLrQNɶWJLʦDQKj1KjQɃʒF
1KjGRDQKQJKLɾS1KjWUɃʔQJĀɺQJɃʔLKʄFWLɶSFɤQWK{QJWLQPʐWFiFKLɾXTXɚQKɜW/LrQNɶWĀjRWɘRJLʦD
QKjWUɃʔQJYjGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈP1JKLrQFʠXSKiWWULɺQFKɃɁQJWUuQKĀjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPFKɜWOɃʚQJFDR
FKɃɁQJWUuQKĀjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPFKX\\rQVkXYɸFiFKuQKWKʠFFKX\\rQP{QQKɃWɘRKuQKFKɘPNKɦFĀɦSQʌL
FKɜPPHQSKDFKɶPHQPjXĀɶQViQJWiFWKLɶWNɶPɢXPmVɚQSKɠPʠQJGʜQJF{QJQJKɾWK{QJWLQYjRVɚQ
[XɜWFʞDGRDQKQJKLɾSJɦQYʒLFKtQKViFKYɸFKɃɁQJWUuQKNKX\\ɶQF{QJFʞDĀʂDSKɃɁQJ
6ʨKuQKWKjQKYjWULɺQFʞDQJKɸJʈPWUɚLTXDQKLɸXWKĄQJWUɞPYʒLQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈWiFĀʐQJ7ʢFɃGkQWKʔL
WLɸQVɁVʤĀɶQFiFOʒSFɃGkQVDXQj\\9LɾW+RDQJKɸJʈPFyQKʦQJEɃʒFSKiWWULɺQ9ʒLWɃFiFKOjPʐWWURQJ
VLQKNɶFʞDFɃGkQQJKɸWKʞF{QJQj\\ĀmĀyQJJySTXDQWUʄQJWURQJĀʔLVʈQJFʞDFʐQJĀʊQJYjJySSKɞQYjR
JLɚLTX\\ɶWYLɾFOjPWɘRQJXʊQWKXFKRĀʂDSKɃɁQJ6ʨKuQKWKjQKFʞDOjQJQJKɸJʈPSKɚQiQKQKʦQJFKLɸXNtFK
YɸOʂFKVʤSKiWWULɺQFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLVʨĀDGɘQJYĄQKyDWʐFQJɃʔLTXDORɘLKuQKQJKɸWKʞ
F{QJYjWɤSWKjQKQKʦQJWULWKʠFWɤSTXiQWtQQJɃʘQJ¬7URQJTXiWUuQKSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPYjOjQJQJKɸĀm
WLɶSWKXQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈPʒLĀɃʚFiSGʜQJOLQKKRɘWĀɺWɘRQrQQKʦQJVɦFWKiLSKRQJSK~WURQJVɚQSKɠPWɘR
KuQKQkQJFDRWtQKQJKɾWKXɤWPʮWKXɤW¬1KʦQJJLiWUʂFʞDQJKɸYjGɜXɜQFʞDOjQJQJKɸJʈPWUrQĀʂDEjQ
%LrQ+zDFɞQĀɃʚFSKiWKX\\WURQJEʈLFɚQKFʞDTXiWUuQKĀɠ\\PɘQKF{QJQJKLɾSKyDYjĀ{WKʂKyD7KɶQKɃQJ
ĀɺSKiWKX\\KLɾXTXɚKɁQYjJuQJLʦJLiWUʂGLVɚQFʐQJĀʊQJFɞQFyQKʦQJĀɸWjLQJKLrQFʠXNKRDKʄFYɸQJKɸ
JʈPĀʂQKKɃʒQJYjĀɸUDQKʦQJJLɚLSKiSSKiWWULɺQĀɺNKDLWKiFKʚSOëWURQJOŜQKYʨFGXOʂFKOjPWʈWF{QJ
WiFEɚRWʊQGLVɚQ
7UɞQ0LQK&{QJ´7KʨFWUɘQJQJɃʔLOjPQJKɸJʈPQJɃʔLKʄFQJKɸYjYDLWUzĀjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPFʞD7UɃʔQJFDRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJ
WUtĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤW7UDQJWUtĉʊQJ
1DLWU

24.10 Page 240

▲back to top
*ʇ0%,È1+Ò$7521*0ɗ&+&+ə<ĉʓ,6ʇ1*;®+ʏ,
6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ0ĉɛ7ĉ(17Ç19ɗ1
.KXVɚQ[XɜWJʈPĀHQʖ7kQ9ɘQ
&ʤDK{QJOz
EʂWĀɜWVpW
NKLQXQJVɚQSKɠP
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀHQ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀHQVDXNKLQXQJ

25 Pages 241-250

▲back to top

25.1 Page 241

▲back to top
&KɤXE{QJPDL
&KɤXO\\YʢDWɘRKuQK
.KX{QĀ~FYj
NLɺXVɚQSKɠPYX{QJ
.KX{QWKɘFKFDR
%jQWKʔWɘLOzQXQJ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀHQWUDQJWUt

25.2 Page 242

▲back to top
6ə13+ɟ0&ʝ$&Ñ1*7<*ʇ0%,È1+Ò$

25.3 Page 243

▲back to top

25.4 Page 244

▲back to top
6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ075ɂʓ1*7+ɗ1++2­1*0ʭ
&ɁVʖJʈP7UɃʔQJ7KɘQK
.KXWUɃQJEj\\JʈP7UɃʔQJ7KɘQK

25.5 Page 245

▲back to top
6ɚQSKɠPJʈP+RjQJ0ʮ

25.6 Page 246

▲back to top
6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ09,ɽ77+­1+

25.7 Page 247

▲back to top
*ʈP+DL%j7UɃQJ
WUɃʒFQĄP
%uQKJʈPNKɦFKʄD
&KʞWʂFK+ʊ&Kt0LQK

25.8 Page 248

▲back to top
6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ03+21*6ɀ1
6ɲJʈP

25.9 Page 249

▲back to top

25.10 Page 250

▲back to top
6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ07521*6ɂ87ɣ37ɂ1+Ç1ʕ%,È1+Ò$
*ʈPWUDQJWUtEɃʒP
*ʈPWUDQJWUtFi
7ɃʚQJJʈP4XDQJ7UXQJUDWUɤQ
7ɃʚQJJʈPWU~W
*ʈPFKʦ3K~F/ʐF7Kʄ
0ʐWVʈEuQKJʈPPʮQJKɾ
%uQKJʈP

26 Pages 251-260

▲back to top

26.1 Page 251

▲back to top
*ʈPWUDQJWUtOɘFĀj
%uQKJʈPĀɘL
*ʈPWɃʚQJ4XDQÇP
7ɃʚQJJʈPQJKr
%tQKJʈPPHQ[DQKĀʊQJ
WUʌE{QJ
7ɃʚQJJʈPOkQ
7ɃʚQJJʈPFRQYRL

26.2 Page 252

▲back to top
0ʏ76ʇ6ə13+ɟ0*ʇ0%,È1+Ò$
%uQKJʈP%LrQ+zDGR8%1'WʀQKĉʊQJ1DL
WɮQJ7UɃʔQJĉɘLKʄFYĄQKyD73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
%uQKJʈPWUDQJWUtSKRQJWʜF
%uQKJʈPFɚQKVLQKKRɘW
%LɺXWɃʚQJKzDEuQKEɨQJJʈP
%uQKJʈPFʌQKʆ
7ɃʚQJJʈPQJʨDOʊQJ
%uQKJʈPKRDYĄQSKʞ

26.3 Page 253

▲back to top
ĉʊJʈPGQJFKRYLɾFWKʔWʨ
%uQKWUjJʈPFRQFi
ĉqQJʈP
%uQKJʈPOʒQ
WUDQJWUtKRDYjFKLP
%uQKJʈP
WUDQJWUtEiFKKRD
0ɢXFiKyDUʊQJFʞD
7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
WɘL73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
7KʚJʈPF~QJWʌQJKɸ

26.4 Page 254

▲back to top
0ʏ76ʇ7+ʙ*ʇ0+,ɽ11$<
7KʚQʦ
1ʦKʄDVŜWUQJWXJʈP
WURQJGLWtFK

26.5 Page 255

▲back to top
7KʚQDP
7KʚQDP
7KʚJʈPWURQJWUuQKGLɼQF{QJĀRɘQ
7KʚWɘRKuQKJʈP%LrQ+zD
FɁVʖ+LɶQ1DP

26.6 Page 256

▲back to top
.ɵ7/8ɣ1
1JKɸJʈPʖĉʊQJ1DLKuQKWKjQKVʒPJɦQOLɸQYʒLFɃGkQVLQKWʜWUrQYQJĀɜWQj\\TXDQKLɸX
WKʔLNƓOʂFKVʤ1KʦQJKLɾQYɤWFʞDJʈPWLɸQVɁVʤTXDSKiWKLɾQNKDLTXɤWNKɚRFʌĀɃʚFOɃXJLʦWɘL%ɚR
WjQJWʀQKĉʊQJ1DLNKiQKLɸXFŹQJQKɃPʐWVʈEɚRWjQJNKiFVɃXWɤSWɃQKkQ0ʐWVʈKLɾQYɤWJʈP
SKiWKLɾQʖĉʊQJ1DLFyQKʦQJGɜXFKʀYɸORɘLKuQKJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL&KĄP.KPHUQKɃQJNK{QJQKLɸX
6DXQj\\QKʦQJOXʊQJGLGkQĀɶQVDXWLɶSWʜFSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPWUrQYQJĀɜWQj\\WURQJĀyĀɤPQpW
OjJʈPFʞDQJɃʔL+RDQJɃʔL9LɾW5LrQJYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDOɘLPDQJGɜXɜQĀɮFELɾWWUrQFɁVʖFʞDJʈP
QJɃʔL+RDQJɃʔL9LɾWYjWLɶSWKXQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈQJRɘLVLQK7URQJĀyWLrXELɺXOjGɜXɜQFʞDWUɃʔQJ'ɘ\\
QJKɸ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFWKjQKOɤSĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;YjĀyQJJySFʞD{QJEj5REHUW%DFOLNNKLiSGʜQJNʮWKXɤW
FKɶWiFPHQYjTX\\WUuQKVɚQ[XɜWĀɃDVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDSKiWWULɺQPɘQKĉɮFELɾWWURQJJLDL
ĀRɘQWʢQĄPWUʖĀLĀɶQYʒLKRɘWĀʐQJFʞD+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾWKʞF{QJ%LrQ+zDWKjQKOɤS
QĄPĀɃʚF[HPOjWKʔLNƓKRjQJNLPFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zD7ʢĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;JʈP%LrQ+zDĀmWɘRQrQ
WKɃɁQJKLɾXYjWLɶSWʜFSKiWWULɺQYʒLQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈQKkQWʈWiFĀʐQJQKɃQJWUrQKɶWOjWkPKX\\ɶWF{QJ
VʠFVʨNKpROpRFʞDĀʐLQJŹQJKɾQKkQWKʚJʈP[ʠ%LrQ+zDYjJɦQYʒLWKɶKɾWKɞ\\F{KʄFWUz7UɃʔQJ
%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zDWLɸQWKkQFʞD7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQQD\\1KʦQJWKɶKɾKʄFVLQK
WʢQJ{LWUɃʔQJQj\\YjFiFQJKɾQKkQOjPJʈPĀmWLɶSWʜFKʄFKʆLQJKLrQFʠXPʖPDQJYjGX\\WUuSKiW
WULɺQJʈP%LrQ+zDFKRĀɶQK{PQD\\
6DXQĄPJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFGX\\WUuYɃʚWTXDQKʦQJFKɮQJĀɃʔQJNKyNKĄQYjSKiWWULɺQ
YjFXQJFɜSQJXʊQVɚQSKɠPYɸYɤWGʜQJWKLɶW\\ɶXFKRQKXFɞX[mKʐLFRQQJɃʔL0ʐWVʈ+ʚSWiF[m
F{QJW\\WʌKʚSJʈPĀɃʚFKuQKWKjQKWKHRKɃʒQJVɚQ[XɜWYjTXɚQOëFʞDQKjQɃʒF7KʔLNƓ9LɾW1DP
Āɠ\\PɘQKKjQJ[XɜWNKɠXQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDFyĀLɸXNLɾQSKiWWULɺQPɘQKWKXK~WQKLɸXODRĀʐQJ
OɃʚQJVɚQSKɠPQKLɸXKjQJKyDĀDGɘQJYjJySSKɞQWURQJNLQKWɶTXD[XɜWNKɠX6DXQj\\NKLFyFKʞ
WUɃɁQJĀɃʚFSKiWWULɺQNLQKWɶWɃQKkQQKLɸXKʐOjPJʈPĀmĀɞXWɃĀɠ\\PɘQKSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ%rQFɘQK
ĀyFiFF{QJW\\VɚQ[XɜWJʈPĀmĀɞXWɃYʈQWɤSWUXQJĀɠ\\PɘQKVɚQ[XɜWWKHRKɃʒQJF{QJQJKLɾSYʒL
WUDQJWKLɶWEʂKLɾQĀɘLTXɚQOëYjYɤQKjQKVɚQ[XɜWWKHRKɃʒQJFKX\\rQQJKLɾSĀɃDQJKɸJʈPSKiW
WULɺQWKHR[XWKɶPʒL

26.7 Page 257

▲back to top
*ʈP%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJJLiWUʂĀɮFELɾWWURQJTXiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQWUrQYQJĀɜW%LrQ
+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL7ʢJyFĀʐOʂFKVʤVʨKuQKWKjQKFʞDQJKɸJʈPOjTXiWUuQKVLQKWʜFʞDFʐQJĀʊQJGkQFɃ
WɘLFKʎYjWʢFiFQɁLNKiFWUɚLTXDQKLɸXWKʔLĀRɘQ*ʈP%LrQ+zDKuQKWKjQKQKʦQJOjQJQJKɸWKʞF{QJ
WUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWURQJOʂFKVʤFʞDYQJĀɜW1DP%ʐKLɾQQD\\OjQJQJKɸJʈP7kQ9ɘQOjPʐWWURQJOjQJ
QJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJJʈPFyWLɶQJFʞD9LɾW1DP7ʢJyFĀʐYĄQKyDJʈP%LrQ+zDOjNɶWWLQKFʞDQKʦQJ
JLiWUʂWULWKʠFGkQJLDQFʞDFiFWKɶKɾWLɸQQKkQNK{QJFKʀWURQJFiFKRɘWĀʐQJVLQKNɶPjFRQEɚROɃX
WUX\\ɸQJLʦQKʦQJQpWĀɰSYĄQKyDWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJGkQWʐF1KʦQJĀɸWjLWUDQJWUtWUrQJʈP%LrQ+zDNKiĀD
GɘQJVLQKĀʐQJSKɚQiQKP{LWUɃʔQJWɤSTXiQSKRQJWʜFĀLɺQWtFKVʨNLɾQOʂFKVʤGDQKQKkQ¬ĉʊQJ
WKʔLSKɚQiQKTXiWUuQKNɶWKʢDJLDROɃXYjWLɶSELɶQYĄQKyDWURQJQJjQKQJKɸYjFKɶWɘRVɚQSKɠP
KjQJKyDĉyOjVʨJLDRWKRDĀɞ\\VLQKĀʐQJFʞDQKʦQJ\\ɶXWʈJLʦDFiFYQJPLɸQFʐQJĀʊQJGkQFɃ
WURQJNKXYʨFĀɮFELɾWOjJLDROɃXYĄQKyDĉ{QJ²7k\\WK{QJTXDP{LWUɃʔQJĀjRWɘRFŹQJQKɃFŹQJNKRD
KʄFNʮWKXɤWFKɶWɘRPHQĀɺKRjQWKLɾQVɚQSKɠP7ʢFiFORɘLKuQKVɚQSKɠPĀDGɘQJPDQJWtQKQJKɾ
WKXɤW FDR FʞD JʈP %LrQ +zD Ām JyS SKɞQ WURQJ QKLɸX F{QJ WUuQK [k\\ GʨQJ NLɶQ WU~F WKLɶW FKɶ WtQ
QJɃʘQJW{QJLiRWɃʚQJĀjL¬WURQJYjQJRjLĀʂDSKɃɁQJ&QJYʒLQKʦQJJLiWUʂOLrQTXDQPʐWVʈF{QJ
WUuQKNLɶQWU~FOʂFKVʤWKLɶWFKɶWtQQJɃʘQJW{QJLiROLrQTXDQĀɶQJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚF[ɶSKɘQJGLWtFK
OʂFKVʤYĄQKyD7ʢJyFĀʐ QJKɾWKXɤWPʮWKXɤWPʎLVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDOjNɶWWLQKFʞDPʐWTXi
WUuQKWʢSKɃɁQJSKiSFiFKWKʠFFKɶELɶQQJX\\rQOLɾXPHQYʒLQKLɸXNʮWKXɤWWɘRKuQKĀLrXNKɦFQXQJ¬
SKɚQiQKVʨViQJWɘRYjEjQWD\\NKpROpRFʞDQJɃʔLWKʚQJKɾQKkQ.KLWLɶSELɶQYĄQKyDĉ{QJ²7k\\PʐW
FiFKOLQKKRɘWYjWLQKWɶJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖWKjQKGzQJJʈPPʮQJKɾĀʐFĀiRYDQJGDQKWKɶJLʒLJɦQYʒL
ĀʂDGDQK%LrQ+zD9LɾW1DP+LɾQQD\\WʢQKʦQJFKɜWOLɾXJʈPWKʞSKiSWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJYjiSGʜQJPʐW
VʈF{QJĀRɘQNʮWKXɤWF{QJQJKɾJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFQkQJWɞPYʒLQKʦQJWiFSKɠPPʮWKXɤWPDQJJLi
WUʂFDRĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXWKɃʖQJQJRɘQQJKɾWKXɤW7ʢJyFĀʐNLQKWɶJʈP%LrQ+zDĀmĀHPOɘLKLɾXTXɚ
WKLɶWWKʨFFKRFʐQJĀʊQJFɃGkQWURQJKRɘWĀʐQJNLQKWɶWʢQJKɸWKʞF{QJĀiSʠQJQKXFɞXGkQVLQK
NKDLWKiFWjLQJX\\rQWʢP{LWUɃʔQJJLɚLTX\\ɶWYLɾFOjPFKRFRQQJɃʔLĀyQJJySYjRQJkQViFKFʞD[m
KʐL+LɾQQD\\QJKɸJʈPʖ%LrQ+zDĀDQJĀɃʚFTX\\KRɘFKSKiWWULɺQKɃʒQJĀɶQWɘROʚLWKɶWURQJNKDL
WKiFWjLQJX\\rQĀɺSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFK1KʦQJQJKɾQKkQWKʚJLʆLFʞDQJKɸOjQKʦQJEiXYɤWQKkQYĄQ
QɦPJLʦNKRWjQJWULWKʠFQKLɸXNLQKQJKLɾPNʮWKXɤWWKjQKWKɘRWLɶSWʜFGX\\WUuQJKɸYjWUX\\ɸQGɘ\\FKR
WKɶKɾWUɲ
4XiWUuQKSKiWWULɺQFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDNK{QJWKɺNKʆLEʈLFɚQK[mKʐLYʒLQKʦQJWiFĀʐQJWUʨFWLɶS
YjJLiQWLɶSWʢQKLɸXOŜQKYʨF*ʈP%LrQ+zDFyFiFJLDLĀRɘQYʒLQKʦQJGɜXɜQULrQJFyWKĄQJFyWUɞP
7KʔLNƓWʢWKɤSQLrQWKɶNʬ;;WUʖYɸWUɃʒFĀɃʚF[HPOjKRjQJNLPĀɘWĀʀQKFDRQKɜWYʒLVɚQSKɠP

26.8 Page 258

▲back to top
FKɜWOɃʚQJĀɮFWUɃQJĀʐFĀiRYjĀɘWĀɃʚFQKʦQJJLɚLWKɃʖQJOʒQWURQJQɃʒFNKXYʨFYjTXʈFWɶ7ʢWKɤS
QLrQYjQKʦQJQĄPĀɞXWKɤSQLrQJʈP%LrQ+zDFKX\\ɺQVDQJJLDLĀRɘQPʒLYʒLVʨWKD\\ĀʌLF{QJ
QJKɾVɚQ[XɜWVɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɃʚFVɚQ[XɜWĀɘLWUjWKʔLJLDQQXQJOzU~WQJɦQOɘL+ɞXKɶWQJX\\rQOLɾXSKD
FKɶPHQĀɸXPXDWʢQJXʊQKyDFKɜWEiQWUrQWKʂWUɃʔQJNK{QJVʤGʜQJQJX\\rQOLɾXNKDLWKiFQʐLĀʂDYjWɜW
QKLrQFKɜWOɃʚQJPjXPHQFŹQJNKiF6DXQĄPPʐWWKʔLJLDQGjLJʈP%LrQ+zDKRɘWĀʐQJFɞP
FKʢQJFKRĀɶQNKLĀɜWQɃʒFWKʨFKLɾQĀʌLPʒLWKuQJKɸJʈPEɦWĀɞXNKʖLVɦFYjKRɘWĀʐQJPɘQKPɴVɚQ
SKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zD[XɜWNKɠXUDWKʂWUɃʔQJWKɶJLʒLPɘQKPɴQKɃQJNK{QJNpRGjL
7URQJOʂFKVʤQKʦQJELɶQFʈ[mKʐLFŹQJĀmWiFĀʐQJĀɶQQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDFKLɶQWUDQKNKʞQJ
KRɚQJNLQKWɶWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜJLɚPPɘQKVʨFDQKWUDQKPɘQKPɴJLʦDFiFPɮWKjQJWLɺXWKʞF{QJ
QJKLɾS¬JʈP%LrQ+zDĀL[XʈQJQKLɸXFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWĀyQJFʤDSKiVɚQVɚQSKɠPOjPUDNK{QJWLrXWKʜ
ĀɃʚFWKʚJʈPWKɜWQJKLɾSFKX\\ɺQQJKɸ¬1KLɸXQJɃʔLĀmFKɘQKOzQJWUɃʒFFɚQKKRDQJWjQFʞDOzJʈP
PʐWWKʔLĀʆOʤDOLrQWʜFVʨĀuXKLXFʞDQKʦQJFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈPQKʦQJGʜQJFʜĀɺWUɁWUʄLPi\\PyFLP
OuPQKj[ɃʖQJPɘQJQKɾQJLĄQJĀɞ\\¬WKʈWOrQ´WKʔLYjQJVRQFzQĀkXµYjkXORFKRPʐWWɃɁQJODLɚPĀɘP
FʞDQJKɸ+DLWKɤSQLrQĀɞXWKɶNʬ;;,JʈP%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJWKXɤQOʚLĀɺNK{LSKʜFSKiWWULɺQYʒLĀʂQK
KɃʒQJTX\\KRɘFKWURQJ[XWKɶĀɜWQɃʒFKʐLQKɤSVkXUʐQJYʒLWKɶJLʒL
'zQJPɘFKJʈP%LrQ+zDYɢQWLɶSWʜFWKHRGzQJWKʔLJLDQOʂFKVʤYĄQKyDFʞDYQJĀɜW%LrQ+zD²
ĉʊQJ1DL7ʢWURQJQKʦQJWKLɶWFKɶFʞD[mKʐLKLɾQQD\\JʈP%LrQ+zDYɢQĀɃʚFEɚRWʊQJuQJLʦWUkQTXë
%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLOɃXJLʦQKLɸXKLɾQYɤWKuQKɚQKVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDTXDFiFWKʔLNƓEʈWUtSKzQJ
WUɃQJEj\\WUX\\ɸQWKʈQJYɸQJKɸWKʞF{QJYjĀLɺPQKɜQĀɮFELɾWYɸJʈP1J{LWUɃʔQJGɘ\\JʈPĀɞXWLrQFʞD
[ʠĉ{QJ'ɃɁQJGWUɚLTXDQKLɸXOɞQWKD\\ĀʌLYɸWrQJʄLYɢQGX\\WUuĀjRWɘRQJKɸJʈPWKHRKɃʒQJKLɾQĀɘL
0ʐWVʈF{QJW\\[tQJKLɾSFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈP%LrQ+zD[k\\GʨQJQKjWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJWUɃQJEj\\VɚQSKɠP
1KʦQJQJKɾQKkQWKʚJLʆLFʞDQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zDYʒLWkPKX\\ɶWEɚRWʊQYjWUX\\ɸQQJKɸFKRQKʦQJ
QJɃʔL\\rXWKtFKWKɶKɾWUɲ1JKɸOjPJʈPYjGLVɚQYĄQKyDJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖWKjQKQLɸPĀDPPrFʞD
QJɃʔLWURQJQJKLrQFʠXViQJWiFQJKɾWKXɤW1KʦQJORɘLKuQKVɚQSKɠPJʈP%LrQ+zDYɢQKLɾQGLɾQĀiS
ʠQJQKXFɞXFʞDFRQQJɃʔLWURQJFXʐFVʈQJWKɃʔQJQKɤWOjWKjQKWʈPʮWKXɤWKLɾQKʦXWURQJQKLɸXF{QJ
WUuQKWʢGkQGʜQJĀɶQNLɶQWU~FGLWtFK¬6ʨĀDGɘQJORɘLKuQKFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDWUʖWKjQKQLɸPĀDPPrĀʈL
YʒLFiFQKjVɃXWɤSYʈQFʌWuPNLɶPVɃXWɞP
'LVɚQJʈP%LrQ+zDĀmJɦQEyNK{QJFKʀOjQLɸPĀDPPrPjFzQOjWuQK\\rXVkXVɦFĀʈLYʒLFRQ
QJɃʔL%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLEʐFEɘFKQLɸPPRQJɃʒFYɸFKɮQJĀɃʔQJWʈWĀɰSSKtDWUɃʒFYʒLGLVɚQJʈP
࢚࢝.LP1JkQ7LɶFPʐWWKʔLKRjQJNLPFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDGɢQWKHRKWWSVEDRGRQJQDLFRPYQWUX\\FɤSQJj\\

26.9 Page 259

▲back to top
%LrQ+zD1JKɾQKkQ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7UtWURQJJLDĀuQKQʈLQJKɸWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJJʈPQKLɸXĀʔLViQJWiF
QKʦQJWiFSKɠPJLiWUʂĀɃʚF%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DLOɃXJLʦWkPWɃ1pWĀɮFVɦFFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDĀɮFELɾWOj
JʈPFʌWKuUɜWQKLɸXQKɃQJQKʦQJDLWʢQJJɦQEyYjFyQJKLrQFʠXEjLEɚQYɸJʈP%LrQ+zDVɴWKɜ\\
JʈPYQJQj\\ĀɮFELɾWFyWtQKPʮWKXɤWFDRPʐWSKɞQOjGRFyWUɃʔQJGɘ\\QJKɸOjPJʈPUɜWEjLEɚQYʒL
FiFKʄDVŜQKjĀLrXNKɦFWɘRKuQK¬QʌLWLɶQJWKʔL3KiSWKXʐF0ʐWWKʔLJʈP%LrQ+zDQʌLWLɶQJYʒL
QKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚOjQKQJKɸĀʐWLQK[ɚROjPUDJʈPNK{QJYQJQjRWKHRĀɃʚF6DXQj\\JʈP%LrQ+zD
YɢQFzQQKɃQJOɘLWʊQWɘLYjSKiWWULɺQGɃʒLKuQKWKʠFVɚQ[XɜWJʈPF{QJQJKLɾSQKLɸXKɁQ´KʊQYtDµ
FŹQJSK{LSKDLtWQKLɸX7ʢQKʦQJWUɚLQJKLɾPYʒLQJKɸW{LWKɜ\\FyWKɺFyKɃʒQJĀL0ʐWOjYɢQWLɶSWʜF
SKiWWULɺQJʈPF{QJQJKLɾSJʈP[XɜWNKɠXEɨQJFiFKQkQJFDRWtQKFɘQKWUDQK%rQFɘQKĀyQrQJLʦ
JuQGzQJJʈP%LrQ+zDWKʞF{QJYuĀk\\FKtQKOjFiLKʊQFʞDJʈPWK{QJTXDYLɾFFKʄQOʨDĀjRWɘREjL
EɚQWʢQKʦQJQJɃʔLQJKɾQKkQQKʦQJQJɃʔLWKʚJLʆLĀɺKʄJL~SJLʦOʤDFKRQJKɸWUX\\ɸQĀɘWOɘLFiFK
OjPÑQJ1JX\\ɼQ+iR7KRɘLWKɞ\\JLiRWɘL7UɃʔQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUt%LrQ+zDNƓYʄQJ%LrQ+zDYɢQFy
QKLɸXQJKɾQKkQJʈPJLʆLQKLɸXJLDĀuQKVʈQJEDRQĄPYʒLQJKɸFzQJuQJLʦQKʦQJNʮWKXɤWWLQK[ɚR
ĀʐFĀiRFʞDQJKɸJʈPQKLɸXWKɶKɾWUɲKɁQFyNLɶQWKʠFYj\\rXQJKɸ¬9ɜQĀɸOjĀʂDSKɃɁQJFɞQFy
KjQKĀʐQJFʜWKɺQKɃ[k\\GʨQJKɃʒQJEɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPQKɃWKɶQjRFKRKʚSOë ¬ÑQJ+XƓQK
ĉʠF7KɁFKʞGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈP7KiL9LQKKʊLWɃʖQJYjJʚLPʖQKʦQJJLɚLSKiS'JʈP%LrQ+zD
ĉʊQJ1DLWKʔLJLDQTXDFyPDLPʐWQKɃQJVɴNK{QJGɼGjQJEʂ´[yDVʌµ%ʖLYɢQFzQQKʦQJQJɃʔLWkP
KX\\ɶWYʒLQJKɸPXʈQJLʦQJKɸYjSKiWWULɺQĉɮFELɾWOjWʀQKWKjQKSKʈFŹQJUɜWTXDQWkPĀɶQF{QJWiF
EɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈP¬&ʜPF{QJQJKLɾSJʈPVʠ7kQ+ɘQKĀmGɞQNK{LSKʜFWUʖOɘLQkQJF{QJ
VXɜWYjPʖUʐQJWKʂWUɃʔQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLKLɾQ[XɜWNKɠXYjRKɁQTXʈFJLDYQJOmQKWKʌ
YjSKɞQOʒQOj[XɜWNKɠXWUʨFWLɶSĉLɸXQj\\FKʠQJWʆJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLYɢQJLʦĀɃʚFJLiWUʂYɸNLQK
WɶYĄQKyDWKɠPPʮʖWKʂWUɃʔQJWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒF&iFFɁVʖJʈPWɘLĉʊQJ1DLYɢQNK{QJQJʢQJ
QJKLrQFʠXĀɃDUDQKʦQJPɢXVɚQSKɠPPʒLOɘĀɰS&jQJYɸVDXNʮWKXɤWOjPJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DL
FjQJĀɃʚFFɚLWLɶQPDQJOɘLQKʦQJQpWĀɮFVɦFKɁQ0XʈQJʈP%LrQ+zDĉʊQJ1DLSKiWWULɺQPɘQKKɁQ
[ʠQJWɞPKɁQWKuĀzLKʆLUɜWQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈQKɃQKkQOʨFWKʂWUɃʔQJFɁFKɶFKtQKViFKFʞDWʀQKWKjQKSKʈ
PʠFĀʐFɚLWLɶQPɢXPmWKHRNʂS[XKɃʒQJFʞDWKʂWUɃʔQJ[~FWLɶQWKɃɁQJPɘLĀɺTXɚQJEiJLʒLWKLɾXVɚQ
SKɠP1KjQɃʒFFɞQFyFKtQKViFKɃXĀmLFKRSKiWWULɺQQJKɸJʈPYɸYʈQYD\\ĀɜWĀDLPʖUʐQJQKj
[ɃʖQJQkQJF{QJVXɜW[~FWLɶQWKɃɁQJPɘLPʖUʐQJWKʂWUɃʔQJ[XɜWNKɠX4XDQWkPSKiWWULɺQQJKɸ
JʈPJɦQSKiWWULɺQGXOʂFKYʒLOjQJQJKɸJʈPĀɺPʖUʐQJWKʂWUɃʔQJWLrXWKʜWURQJQɃʒFµÑQJ0DL
7KDQK;LQFKʞGRDQKQJKLɾSJʈP%LrQ+zDEj\\WʆëQJX\\ɾQ´&K~QJW{LNKiWYʄQJSKʜFGʨQJYjSKiW
WULɺQĀɺJʈPWKʞF{QJPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zDĀɃʚFKzDFKXQJGzQJFKɚ\\OʂFKVʤFQJFiFGzQJJʈP9LɾW
NKiF*ʈPFK~QJW{LOjPUDPDQJOLQKKʊQ9LɾWPDQJTXiNKʠĀɶQJɞQKɁQYʒLKLɾQWɘLµ

26.10 Page 260

▲back to top
7KɶQKɃQJJʈP%LrQ+zDFŹQJFyQKLɸXWKiFKWKʠFNKLSKiWWULɺQEʖLQKLɸX\\ɶXWʈWiFĀʐQJ+LɾQ
QD\\&ʜPJʈPVʠ7kQ+ɘQKĀɃʚFTX\\KRɘFKPʐWVʈFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈPWʢFiFYQJ%ʤX+zD+yD$Q
7kQ9ɘQ¬FKX\\ɺQĀɶQWɤSWUXQJVɚQ[XɜWQKɃQJYɢQFzQĀyQKʦQJNKyNKĄQ6ʈOɃʚQJFiFGRDQKQJKLɾS
VɚQ[XɜWJʈPWɘLĀk\\QJj\\FjQJJLɚPVRYʒLJLDLĀRɘQEDQĀɞXYjFKʀFzQFɁVʖKRɘWĀʐQJ.KXYʨF
TX\\KRɘFKSKKʚSYʒLVɚQ[XɜWJʈPYʒLOzQXQJJDĀLɾQEɚRĀɚPNK{QJJk\\{QKLɼPP{LWUɃʔQJ0ʐW
VʈFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWJʈPĀɜWĀHQFKX\\ɺQĀʌLVDQJVɚQ[XɜWJʈPPHQJʈPPʮQJKɾWɘL&ʜPJʈPVʠ7kQ
+ɘQKVRQJYɢQGX\\WUuFiFKRɘWĀʐQJWɘL7kQ9ɘQ'zQJJʈPĀHQNKiĀʐFĀiRFʞD%LrQ+zDFyWtQKFKɜW
ĀɮFWKFʞDFiFKWKʠFQXQJEɨQJOzFʞLYuYɤ\\SKɚLGX\\WUuOzQXQJFʞLʖNKXYʨF7kQ9ɘQWURQJWuQKWUɘQJ
FKɃDELɶWFyWKɺEʂ´[yDVʌµO~FQjRWUɃʒF\\rXFɞXĀɚPEɚRP{LWUɃʔQJ6ɚQSKɠPJʈPĀɜWĀHQYɢQFzQ
ĀiSʠQJQKʦQJQKXFɞXFʞDFXʐFVʈQJFRQQJɃʔLNK{QJFKʀĀɁQWKXɞQYɸGkQGʜQJPjFzQFɚLWLɶQFKR
QKXFɞXWUDQJWUtPʮWKXɤW6ʨPDLPʐWKD\\[yDVʌFʞDGzQJJʈPĀɜWĀHQVɴOjPJLɚPYjGɞQEʂPDLPʐW
QJKɸYjQJKɾQKkQWKʚJʈPFyQKLɸXNLQKQJKLɾPYLɾFOjPFʞDPʐWEʐSKɤQQJɃʔLODRĀʐQJNK{QJFzQ
FʞDQJKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJQj\\ĉʈLYʒLGzQJJʈPPʮWKXɤWKLɾQFiFFɁVʖVɚQ[XɜWĀmĀɞXWɃYj
WuPKɃʒQJĀLWKHRSKRQJFiFKULrQJĀɞXWɃF{QJQJKɾWLɶSFɤQYʒLWKʂWUɃʔQJWURQJYjQJRjLQɃʒFFiFK
WkQPɢXPmVɚQ[XɜWWKHRĀɁQĀɮWKjQJ*ʈP%LrQ+zDKLɾQQD\\FŹQJWUʖWKjQKORɘLKuQKVɚQSKɠP
ĀɃʚFFiFQKjVɃXWɤSWuPNLɶPJySSKɞQEɚRWʊQWKHRQLɸPYXLVʖWKtFKFʞDJʈP[ɃDYjFɚJʈPQD\\
WURQJGzQJPɘFKSKiWWULɺQFʞDVɚQSKɠPQJKɸWKʞF{QJĀʐFĀiRQj\\
1KɨPEɚRWʊQYjSKiWKX\\QKʦQJJLiWUʂFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDFKɦFFKɦQFɞQFyVʨFKXQJWD\\FʞD
FʐQJĀʊQJKRɘWĀʐQJQJKɸYjVʨTXDQWkPWURQJFKtQKViFKĀɞXWɃKʎWUʚFʞDQKjQɃʒFWURQJSKiW
WULɺQNLQKWɶQJjQKWLɺXWKʞF{QJQJKLɾSYjQJKɸJʈP7URQJ[XWKɶWRjQFɞXKyDQJj\\FjQJGLɼQUD
PɘQKPɴNKRDKʄFF{QJQJKɾSKiWWULɺQPɘQK¬JʈP%LrQ+zDFyQKʦQJFɁKʐLWKXɤQOʚLYjFɚQKʦQJ
WKiFKWKʠFFɞQQʎOʨFYɃʚWTXDĀɺKɃʒQJĀɶQSKiWWULɺQEɸQYʦQJ7LɸPQĄQJYjWjLQJX\\rQWʢJʈP%LrQ
+zDYʢDOjGLVɚQYjQJXʊQYʈQTXDQWUʄQJFɞQĀɃʚFQJKLrQFʠXWKʨFWUɘQJĀɺĀɃDUDQKʦQJJLɚLSKiS
KLɾXTXɚQKɨPNKDLWKiFSKiWKX\\KʚSOë'LVɚQJʈP%LrQ+zDYɢQOjPɘFKFKɚ\\WURQJĀʔLVʈQJ[mKʐL
%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DLWLɶSWʜFĀɃʚFGX\\WUuEʖLQJKɸWKʞF{QJWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJQj\\NK{QJFKʀOjKRɘWĀʐQJ
NLQKWɶĀɁQWKXɞQPjFzQOjGLVɚQYĄQKyDJɦQEyPɤWWKLɶWYʒLFɃGkQOʂFKVʤNKDLNKɠQPʖPDQJYQJ
ĀɜWĀʂDĀɞX1DP%ʐ
࢚࢟.LP1JkQ7LɶFPʐWWKʔLKRjQJNLPFʞDJʈP%LrQ+zDGɢQWKHRKWWSVEDRGRQJQDLFRPYQWUX\\FɤSQJj\\
*ʈP%LrQ+zDĀmWKjQKPʐWSKɞQFXʐFVʈQJFʞDW{L
&{QJW\\*ʈP%LrQ+zDNKiWYʄQJWuPOɘLKjRTXDQJFKRGzQJJʈPFʌ

27 Pages 261-270

▲back to top

27.1 Page 261

▲back to top
7­,/,ɽ87+$0.+ə2
ĉLQK&{QJ/DL7{9ĄQ7KĄQJ&iFJLiRWUuQKGɘ\\JʈP7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
+RjQJ7KɁ&yPʐWĀʔLVʈQJYĄQKyDJʈPʖ%LrQ+zD7ɘSFKt9ĄQKRiQJKɾWKXɤWVʈ
+ʐL.KRDKʄFOʂFKVʤ73&+01DP%ʐĀɜWYjQJɃʔLWɤS1[EĉɘLKʄFTXʈFJLD73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
+ʐL0ʮWKXɤW73+&07UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
*ʈPĉʊQJ1DLYjFiFYQJSKʜFɤQWʢWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJĀɶQKLɾQĀɘL.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR
+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJFKʞELrQYjQQN*ʈP/iL7KLrX%ɚRWjQJ0ʮWKXɤW73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJ QQN7ɃʚQJJʈPĉʊQJ1DL²*LDĉʂQK1[EĉʊQJ1DL
+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJ1JX\\ɼQ$QK.LɾW+ʊ+RjQJ7XɜQ*ʈP6jL*zQ1[E7Uɲ
+XƓQK1JʄF7UɚQJ1JX\\ɼQĉɘL3K~F*ʈP&k\\0DL1[E7Uɲ
/r;XkQ'LɾP3KɘP4XDQJ6ɁQ%L&Kt+RjQJ.KɚRFʌĉʊQJ1DLWKʔLWLɸQVʤ1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DL
/ɃɁQJ9ĄQ/ʨX%LrQ+zDVʤOɃʚFWiFJLɚ[XɜWEɚQ
1JX\\ɼQĉʠF7KɘFKĉɜWVpW1[E7ʌQJKɁSĉʊQJ1DL
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ+ɤX9QJJʈPĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ1JX\\ɾW9ĄQKyDYĄQYɤWĉʊQJ1DL1[EĉʊQJ1DL
1JX\\ɼQ7Kʂ7X\\ɶW+ʊQJ9jLQpWYɸQJjQKJʈPPʮWKXɤWĉʊQJ1DLNKyDOXɤQ7UɃʔQJĀɘLKʄF7ʌQJKʚS73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
1JX\\ɼQ;XkQ7LrQ1JKɾWKXɤWWUDQJWUtPLɸQĉ{QJ1DP%ʐ7ɘSFKt9ĄQKyDQJKɾWKXɤWVʈ
1Kj%ɚRWjQJĉʊQJ1DL&ODR3KʈOʂFKVʤYjYĄQKyD1[EĉʊQJ1DL
1KLɸXWiFJLɚĉʂDFKtĉʊQJ1DLWɤS,,ĉʂDOëWɤS,,,/ʂFKVʤ1[EĉʊQJ1DL
1KLɸXWiFJLɚ0ʮWKXɤWĉ{QJ1DP%ʐSKiWWULɺQYjKʐLQKɤS1[E7jLFKtQK
1KLɸXWiFJLɚ%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL1[E.KRDKʄF[mKʐL
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJ1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ7K{QJ1JX\\ɼQ<rQ7UL*ʈP%LrQ+zD1[EĉʊQJ1DL
7UɞQ.KiQK&KɃɁQJ*ʈP9LɾW1DPWʢĀɜWQXQJĀɶQVʠ1[E0ʮWKXɤW
7UʂQK+RjLĉʠF*LDĉʂQKWKjQKWK{QJFKt/ë9LɾW'ŹQJGʂFK+XƓQK9ĄQ7ʒLKLɾXĀtQK1[E7ʌQJKʚSĉʊQJ1DL
7UɃɁQJ0LQK7~ FʐQJVʨ*LiRWUuQK*ʈPĉʊQJ1DL%ɚQĀiQKPi\\OɃXWɘL7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJPʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DLQĄPKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULɺQ1[E7ʌQJKʚS
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL7UɃʔQJ%iQJKɾ%LrQ+zD²
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL1[EĉʊQJ1DLWU
7UɃʔQJ&DRĀɪQJ0ʮWKXɤWWUDQJWUtĉʊQJ1DL%ɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQJʈPWUX\\ɸQWKʈQJ%LrQ+zD²ĉʊQJ1DL
.ʬ\\ɶXKʐLWKɚR
-&%DXUDF1DP.ƓYjFɃGkQFiFWʀQKPLɸQĉ{QJ+XƓQK1JʄF/LQKGʂFK1[E7ʌQJKʚS7KjQKSKʈ+ʊ&Kt0LQK
9LɾQ'kQWʐFKʄF7F'kQWʐFKʄFVʈ
9LɾQNKɚRFʌ1KʦQJSKiWKLɾQPʒLYɸNKɚRFʌKʄFQĄP1[E.KRDKʄF[mKʐL+j1ʐL
9LɾQNKɚRFʌ1KʦQJSKiWKLɾQPʒLYɸNKɚRFʌKʄFQĄP1[E.KRDKʄF[mKʐL+j1ʐL
9ɃɁQJ+ʊQJ6ɺQ.KɚRYɸĀʊVʠFʌ7UXQJ+RDWiFJLɚ[XɜWEɚQ

27.2 Page 262

▲back to top
0ʛ&/ʛ&
/ʔLQJʆ
&+ɂɀ1*,75ɝ07Ì&+*ʇ07,ɷ16ʣ75È1ĉɛ7ĉʉ1*1$,
'ɢQOXɤQ
'LYɤWJʈPWLɸQVʤWURQJGLFKʀNKɚRFʌ
ĉɮFĀLɺPJʈPWLɸQVʤĉʊQJ1DL
WUDQJ
&+ɂɀ1*,,'ɛ87Ì&+*ʇ0ʕĉʉ1*1$,7ʡĉɝ8&Ñ1*1*8<È1ĉɵ17+ɵ.ʫ;9,,
'ɢQOXɤQ
'LYɤWJʈPWURQJPʐWVʈGLFKʀNKɚRFʌ
ĉɮFĀLɺPJʈPʖĉʊQJ1DLĀɞX&{QJQJX\\rQĀɶQWKɶNʬ;9,,
&+ɂɀ1*,,,1+ʥ1*/­1**ʇ0ʕ%,È1+Ò$
'ɜXWtFKJʈPʖ&ODR3Kʈ+LɾS+zD%LrQ+zD
/jQJJʈP7kQ9ɘQ%LrQ+zD
/jQJJʈP%ʤX/RQJ%LrQ+zD
&+ɂɀ1*,91*Ñ,75ɂʓ1*ĉʁ1++Ï1+*ʇ00ʭ1*+ɽ%,È1+Ò$
'ɢQOXɤQ
'ɜXɜQFʞDQJ{LWUɃʔQJYʒLQJKɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
&+ɂɀ1*9.ʭ7+8ɣ7/­0*ʇ0%,È1+2­7ʡĉɝ87+ɵ.ʫ;;
1JX\\rQOLɾXYjNKRiQJYɤW
1JX\\rQOLɾX
.KRiQJYɤW
3KɃɁQJSKiS[ʤOëQJX\\rQOLɾX
3KɃɁQJSKiSWɘRKuQK
;RD\\WD\\
,QNKX{Q
3KɃɁQJSKiSNʮWKXɤWUyW
*KpSGiQĀɜW
;RD\\&DOLS
&KɘPNKɦFWUDQJWUtKRDYĄQ

27.3 Page 263

▲back to top
0HQJʈP
7KjQKSKɞQPHQ
&{QJWKʠFYjWRDPHQ
3KkQORɘLPHQ
3KɃɁQJSKiSĀLɸXFKɶPHQ
0HQJʈPPʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
&KɜPPHQ
1XQJJʈP
3KkQORɘLYjĀɮFWtQKOzQXQJ
/zʈQJYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
/zEDRYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
/zJDYjFiFKWKʠFYɤQKjQK
&+ɂɀ1*9,1+ʥ1*1*ɂʓ,/­05ɗ1*'$1+*ʇ0%,È1+Ò$
'ɢQOXɤQ
1KʦQJFiQKkQWLrXELɺX
1KʦQJ[mYLrQ+ʚSWiF[m0ʮQJKɾ%LrQ+zD
&+ɂɀ1*9,,*ʇ07521*&Ñ1*75Ï1+.,ɵ175Ó&7,È8%,ɹ8
'ɢQOXɤQ
6ɚQSKɠPJʈPWURQJPʐWVʈGLWtFKWLrXELɺX
&+ɂɀ1*9,,,*ʇ0%,È1+Ò$²1+ʥ1**Ð&ĉʏ7,ɵ3&ɣ1
7ʌQJTXDQYɸFiFF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFʠXYɸJʈP%LrQ+zD
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJyFQKuQĀDGLɾQ
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJLiWUʂQKkQYĄQ
1JXʊQViQJWɘRYĄQKRiGkQJLDQ
*ʈP%LrQ+zDQKʦQJJʚLPʖYɸEɚRWʊQYjSKiWWULɺQ
0ʐWVʈKuQKɚQKYɸJʈP%LrQ+Rj
.ɵ7/8ɣ1
7­,/,ɽ87+$0.+ə2
0ʛ&/ʛ&
WUDQJ

27.4 Page 264

▲back to top
3KDQĉuQK'ŹQJFKʞELrQ
0m,6%1
&KʂXWUiFKQKLɾP[XɜWEɚQ
*,É0ĉʇ&²7ʋ1*%,È17ɣ3
%Õ,7+ʁ/Ç01*ʃ&
&KʂXWUiFKQKLɾPEɚQWKɚR
3+Ð*,É0ĉʇ&
75ɂɀ1*9ă178ɛ1
%LrQWɤS1J{7Kʂ+X\\ɸQ
%LrQWɤSNŜWKXɤW1JX\\ɼQ9ĄQ/ʢQJ
6ʤDEɚQLQ1J{7Kʂ+X\\ɸQ
7UuQKEj\\PʮWKXɤW1JX\\ɼQ0LQK
%uD1JX\\ɼQ0LQK
,QEɚQ.Kʌ[FP,QWɘL&{QJW\\7KLrQ1J{Q+RjQJ+RD
7KiP347kQ%uQK73+ʊ&Kt0LQK
6ʈ[iFQKɤQĉ.;%²&;%,3+²'R1&ʜF;XɜWEɚQ,QYj3KiW
KjQK[iFQKɤQQJD\\4X\\ɶWĀʂQK[XɜWEɚQVʈ4ĉ1;%ĉ1GR
1;%ĉʊQJ1DLFɜSQJj\\,Q[RQJYjQʐSOɃXFKLɺXTXë
1Kj[XɜWEɚQĉʊQJ1DL
-VʈFŹ1JX\\ɼQÉL4XʈF73%LrQ+RjĉʊQJ1DL
%DQ%LrQWɤS3.LQKGRDQK3.ɶWRiQ
)D[(PDLOGRQJQDLQ[E#JPDLOFRP

27.5 Page 265

▲back to top

27.6 Page 266

▲back to top